Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DC4796I)

• Drug Combination Name: Baclofen + Desipramine
• Indication: GERD; Status: Phase 1 [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Baclofen (DM0QV1J): Small molecular drug
  Desipramine (DMT2FDC): Small molecular drug

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Baclofen

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Multiple sclerosis	8A40	Approved	[2]
Fragile X syndrome	LD55	Phase 3	[3]

Baclofen Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Gamma-aminobutyric acid B receptor (GABBR)	TTDCVZW	GABR1_HUMAN; GABR2_HUMAN	Modulator	[5]

Baclofen Interacts with 3 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)	OT4IE164	TNFA_HUMAN	Decreases Secretion	[6]
Adenosine receptor A1 (ADORA1)	OTI7X39E	AA1R_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[7]
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 4 (ABCC4)	OTO27PAL	MRP4_HUMAN	Increases Transport	[8]

Indication(s) of Desipramine

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder	6A05.Z	Approved	[4]
Depression	6A70-6A7Z	Approved	[4]

Desipramine Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Norepinephrine transporter (NET)	TTAWNKZ	SC6A2_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[9]

Desipramine Interacts with 2 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1)	DTUGYRD	MDR1_HUMAN	Substrate	[10]
Organic cation transporter 1 (SLC22A1)	DTT79CX	S22A1_HUMAN	Substrate	[11]

Desipramine Interacts with 5 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[12]
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2)	DEJGDUW	CP1A2_HUMAN	Metabolism	[13]
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)	DECB0K3	CP2D6_HUMAN	Metabolism	[14]
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6)	DEPKLMQ	CP2B6_HUMAN	Metabolism	[15]
Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase (CYP2C19)	DEGTFWK	CP2CJ_HUMAN	Metabolism	[16]

Desipramine Interacts with 13 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19)	OTFMJYYE	CP2CJ_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[17]
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	OTQGYY83	CP3A4_HUMAN	Increases Response To Substance	[18]
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)	OTHQ17JG	CP2E1_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[17]
Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6)	OT52TWG3	CP2A6_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[17]
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9)	OTGLBN29	CP2C9_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[17]
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)	OT4IE164	TNFA_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[19]
Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase (SMPD1)	OTZSMA54	ASM_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[20]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3)	OTCYKGKO	MK03_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[21]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1)	OTH85PI5	MK01_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[21]
Caspase-3 (CASP3)	OTIJRBE7	CASP3_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[21]
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 (KCNH2)	OTZX881H	KCNH2_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[22]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (MAPK14)	OT5TCO3O	MK14_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[21]
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NFE2L2)	OT0HENJ5	NF2L2_HUMAN	Affects Response To Substance	[18]

References

• [1] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01265550) A Randomized Trial of Medical and Surgical Treatments for Patients With GERD Symptoms That Are Refractory to Proton Pump Inhibitors
• [2] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 1084).
• [3] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01706523) Open Label Extension Study of STX209 (Arbaclofen) in Autism Spectrum Disorders. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
• [4] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 2399).
• [5] Synthesis and pharmacology of the baclofen homologues 5-amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)pentanoic acid and the R- and S-enantiomers of 5-amino-3-(4-chlorop... J Med Chem. 1999 Jun 3;42(11):2053-9.
• [6] Anti-inflammatory effects of the GABA(B) receptor agonist baclofen in allergic contact dermatitis. Exp Dermatol. 2010 Jul 1;19(7):661-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01076.x. Epub 2010 Feb 25.
• [7] ADReCS-Target: target profiles for aiding drug safety research and application. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D911-D917. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx899.
• [8] Multichannel liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry cocktail method for comprehensive substrate characterization of multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 transporter. Pharm Res. 2007 Dec;24(12):2281-96.
• [9] Augmentation effect of combination therapy of aripiprazole and antidepressants on forced swimming test in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2009 Sep;206(1):97-107.
• [10] A novel screening strategy to identify ABCB1 substrates and inhibitors. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2009 Jan;379(1):11-26.
• [11] Implications of genetic polymorphisms in drug transporters for pharmacotherapy. Cancer Lett. 2006 Mar 8;234(1):4-33.
• [12] Variability in metabolism of imipramine and desipramine using urinary excretion data. J Anal Toxicol. 2014 Jul-Aug;38(6):368-74.
• [13] Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):83-448.
• [14] Dose-dependent inhibition of CYP1A2, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 by citalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine and paroxetine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1996;51(1):73-8.
• [15] Drugs that may have potential CYP2B6 interactions.
• [16] Eight inhibitory monoclonal antibodies define the role of individual P-450s in human liver microsomal diazepam, 7-ethoxycoumarin, and imipramine metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 Jan;27(1):102-9.
• [17] Inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes participating in p-nitrophenol hydroxylation by drugs known as CYP2E1 inhibitors. Chem Biol Interact. 2004 Apr 15;147(3):331-40.
• [18] Development of a highly sensitive cytotoxicity assay system for CYP3A4-mediated metabolic activation. Drug Metab Dispos. 2011 Aug;39(8):1388-95. doi: 10.1124/dmd.110.037077. Epub 2011 May 3.
• [19] Anti-inflammatory properties of desipramine and fluoxetine. Respir Res. 2007 May 3;8(1):35. doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-8-35.
• [20] Coadministration of histone deacetylase inhibitors and perifosine synergistically induces apoptosis in human leukemia cells through Akt and ERK1/2 inactivation and the generation of ceramide and reactive oxygen species. Cancer Res. 2005 Mar 15;65(6):2422-32. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-2440.
• [21] Desipramine-induced Ca-independent apoptosis in Mg63 human osteosarcoma cells: dependence on P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-regulated activation of caspase 3. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2009 Mar;36(3):297-303. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.05065.x. Epub 2008 Oct 15.
• [22] Block of the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) K+ channel by the antidepressant desipramine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010 Apr 9;394(3):536-41. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.03.010. Epub 2010 Mar 6.