Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DC1JEAH)

• Drug Combination Name: Vemurafenib + Acitretin
• Indication: Malignant Melanoma; Status: Phase 2 [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Vemurafenib (DM62UG5): Small molecular drug
  Acitretin (DM8BKU9): Small molecular drug

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Vemurafenib

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Melanoma	2C30	Approved	[2]

Vemurafenib Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Serine/threonine-protein kinase B-raf (BRAF)	TTWCGQT	BRAF_HUMAN	Modulator	[6]

Vemurafenib Interacts with 3 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1)	DTUGYRD	MDR1_HUMAN	Substrate	[7]
Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (SLCO1B1)	DT3D8F0	SO1B1_HUMAN	Substrate	[8]
Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B3 (SLCO1B3)	DT9C1TS	SO1B3_HUMAN	Substrate	[8]

Vemurafenib Interacts with 1 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[9]

Vemurafenib Interacts with 19 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF)	OT6XJCZH	MITF_HUMAN	Affects Expression	[4]
Myc proto-oncogene protein (MYC)	OTPV5LUK	MYC_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[10]
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4)	OT7EP05T	CDK4_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[11]
C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2)	OTAD2HEL	CCL2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[12]
G1/S-specific cyclin-D1 (CCND1)	OT8HPTKJ	CCND1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[11]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3)	OTCYKGKO	MK03_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[5]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1)	OTH85PI5	MK01_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[5]
CD70 antigen (CD70)	OTHB2AL1	CD70_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[13]
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 (PTGS2)	OT75U9M4	PGH2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[11]
Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBF1)	OTWBRPAI	SRBP1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[14]
Melanocyte protein PMEL (PMEL)	OTCDDHHM	PMEL_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[4]
Melanoma-associated antigen 1 (MAGEA1)	OTXAO193	MAGA1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[4]
Thyroxine 5-deiodinase (DIO3)	OTNTITOT	IOD3_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[15]
Melanoma antigen recognized by T-cells 1 (MLANA)	OT1N2S2K	MAR1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[4]
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1A)	OTADSC03	HIF1A_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[12]
GTPase KRas (KRAS)	OT78QCN8	RASK_HUMAN	Affects Response To Substance	[16]
Serine/threonine-protein kinase B-raf (BRAF)	OT7S81XQ	BRAF_HUMAN	Increases Response To Substance	[17]
Heat shock 70 kDa protein 1A (HSPA1A)	OTKGIE76	HS71A_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[18]
GTPase NRas (NRAS)	OTVQ1DG3	RASN_HUMAN	Affects Response To Substance	[16]

Indication(s) of Acitretin

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Psoriasis vulgaris	EA90	Approved	[3]

Acitretin Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)	TTH8FZW	STAT3_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[19]

Acitretin Interacts with 14 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1)	OTE4EFH8	CP1A1_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[20]
Poly polymerase 1 (PARP1)	OT310QSG	PARP1_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[21]
Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 (BCL2)	OT9DVHC0	BCL2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[22]
Retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha (RXRA)	OTP1TBDM	RXRA_HUMAN	Affects Binding	[23]
G1/S-specific cyclin-D1 (CCND1)	OT8HPTKJ	CCND1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[24]
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 (FAS)	OTP9XG86	TNR6_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3)	OTCYKGKO	MK03_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[24]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1)	OTH85PI5	MK01_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[24]
Caspase-3 (CASP3)	OTIJRBE7	CASP3_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[25]
Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 (FASLG)	OTZARCHH	TNFL6_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
Caspase-9 (CASP9)	OTD4RFFG	CASP9_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[21]
Apoptosis regulator BAX (BAX)	OTAW0V4V	BAX_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
FAS-associated death domain protein (FADD)	OTV7GFHH	FADD_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
Caspase-8 (CASP8)	OTA8TVI8	CASP8_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[21]

References

• [1] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02050321) A Phase II Study of Vemurafenib Combined With Acitretin in Patients With Advanced Melanoma
• [2] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 5893).
• [3] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7598).
• [4] PLX4032 Mediated Melanoma Associated Antigen Potentiation in Patient Derived Primary Melanoma Cells. J Cancer. 2015 Oct 29;6(12):1320-30. doi: 10.7150/jca.11126. eCollection 2015.
• [5] Actin remodeling confers BRAF inhibitor resistance to melanoma cells through YAP/TAZ activation. EMBO J. 2016 Mar 1;35(5):462-78. doi: 10.15252/embj.201592081. Epub 2015 Dec 14.
• [6] Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
• [7] Differential effects of the oncogenic BRAF inhibitor PLX4032 (vemurafenib) and its progenitor PLX4720 on ABCB1 function. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2014;17(1):154-68.
• [8] Contribution of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 to the disposition of sorafenib and sorafenib-glucuronide. Clin Cancer Res. 2013 Mar 15;19(6):1458-66.
• [9] Vemurafenib for the treatment of melanoma. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2012 Dec;13(17):2533-43.
• [10] Perturbation biology nominates upstream-downstream drug combinations in RAF inhibitor resistant melanoma cells. Elife. 2015 Aug 18;4:e04640. doi: 10.7554/eLife.04640.
• [11] Role of the protein kinase BRAF in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2016 Aug;20(8):1017-29. doi: 10.1080/14728222.2016.1180367. Epub 2016 May 4.
• [12] Overcoming melanoma resistance to vemurafenib by targeting CCL2-induced miR-34a, miR-100 and miR-125b. Oncotarget. 2016 Jan 26;7(4):4428-41. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.6599.
• [13] Melanoma Expressed-CD70 Is Regulated by RhoA and MAPK Pathways without Affecting Vemurafenib Treatment Activity. PLoS One. 2016 Feb 1;11(2):e0148095. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148095. eCollection 2016.
• [14] Sustained SREBP-1-dependent lipogenesis as a key mediator of resistance to BRAF-targeted therapy. Nat Commun. 2018 Jun 27;9(1):2500. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-04664-0.
• [15] MAPK and SHH pathways modulate type 3 deiodinase expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2016 Mar;23(3):135-46. doi: 10.1530/ERC-15-0162.
• [16] Paradoxical activation of MEK/ERK signaling induced by B-Raf inhibition enhances DR5 expression and DR5 activation-induced apoptosis in Ras-mutant cancer cells. Sci Rep. 2016 May 25;6:26803. doi: 10.1038/srep26803.
• [17] The BRAFT1799A mutation confers sensitivity of thyroid cancer cells to the BRAFV600E inhibitor PLX4032 (RG7204). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011 Jan 28;404(4):958-62. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.12.088. Epub 2010 Dec 23.
• [18] HSP70 Inhibition Limits FAK-Dependent Invasion and Enhances the Response to Melanoma Treatment with BRAF Inhibitors. Cancer Res. 2016 May 1;76(9):2720-30. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-2137. Epub 2016 Mar 16.
• [19] Effects of acitretin on the expression of signaling pathway-related genes in epidermal squamous-cell carcinoma cells. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 2006 Jan;28(1):21-4.
• [20] Association of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 inhibition in in vitro assays with drug-induced liver injury. J Toxicol Sci. 2021;46(4):167-176. doi: 10.2131/jts.46.167.
• [21] Acitretin induces apoptosis through CD95 signalling pathway in human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cell line SCL-1. J Cell Mol Med. 2009 Sep;13(9A):2888-98. doi: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00397.x. Epub 2009 Jun 20.
• [22] [Effects of all-trans-retinoic acid, acitretin and tazarotene on apoptosis and Bax/Bcl-2 expressions of human melanoma cells A375 and the significance]. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao. 2005 Aug;25(8):972-4, 978.
• [23] Limited Chemical Structural Diversity Found to Modulate Thyroid Hormone Receptor in the Tox21 Chemical Library. Environ Health Perspect. 2019 Sep;127(9):97009. doi: 10.1289/EHP5314. Epub 2019 Sep 30.
• [24] [Acitretin induces apoptosis and changes of relative signaling pathway in epidermoid carcinoma cell line A431]. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2006 Mar;35(2):182-8. doi: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2006.02.013.
• [25] Effects of ATRA, acitretin and tazarotene on growth and apoptosis of Tca8113 cells. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2005;25(4):393-6. doi: 10.1007/BF02828205.