Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DCKPDCJ)

• Drug Combination Name: Ritonavir + AMD-070
• Indication: HIV Infections; Status: Phase 1 [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Ritonavir (DMU764S): Small molecular drug
  AMD-070 (DMVOY6B): Small molecular drug

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Ritonavir

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Human immunodeficiency virus infection	1C62	Approved	[2]

Ritonavir Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Human immunodeficiency virus Protease (HIV PR)	TT5FNQT	POL_HV1B1	Inhibitor	[8]

Ritonavir Interacts with 3 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (ABCC2)	DTFI42L	MRP2_HUMAN	Substrate	[9]
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1)	DTUGYRD	MDR1_HUMAN	Substrate	[10]
Organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1 (SLCO2B1)	DTPFTEQ	SO2B1_HUMAN	Substrate	[11]

Ritonavir Interacts with 5 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[12]
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)	DECB0K3	CP2D6_HUMAN	Metabolism	[13]
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)	DEIBDNY	CP3A5_HUMAN	Metabolism	[14]
Cytochrome P450 3A7 (CYP3A7)	DERD86B	CP3A7_HUMAN	Metabolism	[12]
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6)	DEPKLMQ	CP2B6_HUMAN	Metabolism	[15]

Ritonavir Interacts with 42 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBF2)	OTBXUNPL	SRBP2_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[16]
Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19)	OTFMJYYE	CP2CJ_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[17]
Bile salt export pump (ABCB11)	OTRU7THO	ABCBB_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[18]
Growth-regulated alpha protein (CXCL1)	OT3WCTZV	GROA_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[19]
C-C motif chemokine 4 (CCL4)	OT6B8P25	CCL4_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[19]
Sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2)	OTPAFCPQ	SCP2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[19]
MHC class II transactivator (CIITA)	OTRJNZFO	C2TA_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[19]
C-X-C motif chemokine 5 (CXCL5)	OTZOUPCA	CXCL5_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[19]
C-C motif chemokine 20 (CCL20)	OTUCJY4N	CCL20_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[19]
C-X-C motif chemokine 6 (CXCL6)	OTFTCQ4O	CXCL6_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[19]
Organic solute transporter subunit alpha (SLC51A)	OTDJRZ0P	OSTA_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[19]
Protein NLRC5 (NLRC5)	OTY8X6MC	NLRC5_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[19]
Heat shock protein 105 kDa (HSPH1)	OTVRR73T	HS105_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[19]
Bile acid receptor (NR1H4)	OTWZLPTB	NR1H4_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[19]
7-alpha-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one 12-alpha-hydroxylase (CYP8B1)	OTRI4UR1	CP8B1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[19]
Transcription factor E2F3 (E2F3)	OT5VQMWY	E2F3_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5 (BIRC5)	OTILXZYL	BIRC5_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[21]
Protein c-Fos (FOS)	OTJBUVWS	FOS_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Myc proto-oncogene protein (MYC)	OTPV5LUK	MYC_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[21]
Prelamin-A/C (LMNA)	OT3SG7ZR	LMNA_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[23]
Albumin (ALB)	OTVMM513	ALBU_HUMAN	Affects Binding	[24]
Transcription factor Jun (JUN)	OTCYBO6X	JUN_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Retinoblastoma-associated protein (RB1)	OTQJUJMZ	RB_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
Poly polymerase 1 (PARP1)	OT310QSG	PARP1_HUMAN	Increases Cleavage	[20]
Interleukin-8 (CXCL8)	OTS7T5VH	IL8_HUMAN	Increases Secretion	[23]
C-C motif chemokine 3 (CCL3)	OTW2H3ND	CCL3_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[25]
Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (SRC)	OTETYX40	SRC_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[26]
C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2)	OTAD2HEL	CCL2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[25]
Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit (NFKB1)	OTNRRD8I	NFKB1_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[21]
Phosphatidylcholine translocator ABCB4 (ABCB4)	OTE6PY83	MDR3_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[27]
Retinoblastoma-like protein 1 (RBL1)	OTDEBFYC	RBL1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
G1/S-specific cyclin-D2 (CCND2)	OTDULQF9	CCND2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[21]
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (CDKN1A)	OTQWHCZE	CDN1A_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor B (CDKN2B)	OTAG24N1	CDN2B_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B)	OTNY5LLZ	CDN1B_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 (FASLG)	OTZARCHH	TNFL6_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[28]
Transcription factor E2F1 (E2F1)	OTLKYBBC	E2F1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
Transcription factor p65 (RELA)	OTUJP9CN	TF65_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[21]
Bcl-2-like protein 1 (BCL2L1)	OTRC5K9O	B2CL1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[21]
Retinoblastoma-like protein 2 (RBL2)	OTBQSOE6	RBL2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer (BAK1)	OTDP6ILW	BAK_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
AP-2 complex subunit alpha-2 (AP2A2)	OTD1UGUN	AP2A2_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[16]

Indication(s) of AMD-070

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Whim syndrome	4A00.Y	Phase 3	[3]
Human immunodeficiency virus infection	1C62	Phase 1/2	[4]
Melanoma	2C30	Phase 1/2	[5]
Merkel cell carcinoma	2C34	Phase 1/2	[5]
Renal cell carcinoma	2C90	Phase 1/2	[5]
Solid tumour/cancer	2A00-2F9Z	Phase 1/2	[5]

AMD-070 Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4)	TTBID49	CXCR4_HUMAN	Antagonist	[29]

References

• [1] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00063804) Safety of AMD070 When Administered Alone or Boosted With Low-Dose Ritonavir in HIV Uninfected Men
• [2] Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. J Nat Prod. 2007 Mar;70(3):461-77.
• [3] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03995108) Efficacy and Safety Study of Mavorixafor in Participants With Warts, Hypogammaglobulinemia, Infections, and Myelokathexis (WHIM) Syndrome. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
• [4] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 8580).
• [5] Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)
• [6] A potent HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir, does not inhibit ZMPSTE24 or lead to an accumulation of farnesyl-prelamin A in cells. J Biol Chem. 2008 Apr 11;283(15):9797-804. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M709629200. Epub 2008 Jan 28.
• [7] Modulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 in primary human hepatocytes by prototypical inducers. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2005;19(2):96-108. doi: 10.1002/jbt.20058.
• [8] Anti-HIV drugs: 25 compounds approved within 25 years after the discovery of HIV. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009 Apr;33(4):307-20.
• [9] Interaction of eight HIV protease inhibitors with the canalicular efflux transporter ABCC2 (MRP2) in sandwich-cultured rat and human hepatocytes. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2010 Mar;31(2-3):178-88.
• [10] MDR1 G1199A polymorphism alters permeability of HIV protease inhibitors across P-glycoprotein-expressing epithelial cells. AIDS. 2005 Oct 14;19(15):1617-25.
• [11] pH dependence of organic anion-transporting polypeptide 2B1 in Caco-2 cells: potential role in antiretroviral drug oral bioavailability and drug-drug interactions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010 Sep 1;334(3):1009-22.
• [12] Effect of extended exposure to grapefruit juice on cytochrome P450 3A activity in humans: comparison with ritonavir. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Mar;79(3):243-54.
• [13] Reversible coma caused by risperidone-ritonavir interaction. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2002 Sep-Oct;25(5):251-3.
• [14] Drug Interactions Flockhart Table
• [15] Evaluation of CYP2B6 induction and prediction of clinical drug-drug interactions: considerations from the IQ consortium induction working group-an industry perspective. Drug Metab Dispos. 2016 Oct;44(10):1720-30.
• [16] ADReCS-Target: target profiles for aiding drug safety research and application. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D911-D917. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx899.
• [17] Severe interaction between ritonavir and acenocoumarol. Ann Pharmacother. 2002 Apr;36(4):621-3.
• [18] Interference with bile salt export pump function is a susceptibility factor for human liver injury in drug development. Toxicol Sci. 2010 Dec; 118(2):485-500.
• [19] Transcriptional profiling suggests that Nevirapine and Ritonavir cause drug induced liver injury through distinct mechanisms in primary human hepatocytes. Chem Biol Interact. 2016 Aug 5;255:31-44.
• [20] Ritonavir blocks AKT signaling, activates apoptosis and inhibits migration and invasion in ovarian cancer cells. Mol Cancer. 2009 Apr 22;8:26. doi: 10.1186/1476-4598-8-26.
• [21] Efficient intervention of growth and infiltration of primary adult T-cell leukemia cells by an HIV protease inhibitor, ritonavir. Blood. 2006 Jan 15;107(2):716-24. doi: 10.1182/blood-2005-02-0735. Epub 2005 Sep 20.
• [22] The HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir synergizes with butyrate for induction of apoptotic cell death and mediates expression of heme oxygenase-1 in DLD-1 colon carcinoma cells. Br J Pharmacol. 2004 Dec;143(7):890-8. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706023. Epub 2004 Oct 25.
• [23] Premature senescence of vascular cells is induced by HIV protease inhibitors: implication of prelamin A and reversion by statin. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010 Dec;30(12):2611-20. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.110.213603. Epub 2010 Sep 30.
• [24] Binding of anti-HIV drugs to human serum albumin. IUBMB Life. 2004 Oct;56(10):609-14. doi: 10.1080/15216540400016286.
• [25] Some HIV antiretrovirals increase oxidative stress and alter chemokine, cytokine or adiponectin production in human adipocytes and macrophages. Antivir Ther. 2007;12(4):489-500.
• [26] The human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor ritonavir inhibits lung cancer cells, in part, by inhibition of survivin. J Thorac Oncol. 2011 Apr;6(4):661-70. doi: 10.1097/JTO.0b013e31820c9e3c.
• [27] Evaluating the Role of Multidrug Resistance Protein 3 (MDR3) Inhibition in Predicting Drug-Induced Liver Injury Using 125 Pharmaceuticals. Chem Res Toxicol. 2017 May 15;30(5):1219-1229. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00048. Epub 2017 May 4.
• [28] HIV-1 protease inhibitor ritonavir modulates susceptibility to apoptosis of uninfected T cells. J Hum Virol. 1999 Sep-Oct;2(5):261-9.
• [29] Pharmacokinetic effect of AMD070, an Oral CXCR4 antagonist, on CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 substrates midazolam and dextromethorphan in healthy volunteers. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008 Apr 15;47(5):559-65.