Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DCQTIMD)

• Drug Combination Name: Atovaquone + Furazolidone
• Indication: Chronic myelogenous leukemia; Status: Investigative [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Atovaquone (DMY4UMW): Small molecular drug
  Furazolidone (DM3P6V7): Small molecular drug
• High-throughput Screening Result:
  Testing Cell Line: KBM-7
  Zero Interaction Potency (ZIP) Score: 6.66
  Bliss Independence Score: 6.66
  Loewe Additivity Score: 20.28
  LHighest Single Agent (HSA) Score: 20.28

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Atovaquone

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Fungal infection	1F29-1F2F	Approved	[2]

Atovaquone Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Plasmodium Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (Malaria DHOdehase)	TT3PQ2Y	PYRD_PLAF7	Inhibitor	[4]

Atovaquone Interacts with 1 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[5]

Atovaquone Interacts with 2 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH)	OTAKFN78	PYRD_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[6]
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2)	OTLLBX48	CP1A2_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[7]

Indication(s) of Furazolidone

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Diarrhea	ME05.1	Approved	[3]

Furazolidone Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Bacterial Deoxyribonucleic acid (Bact DNA)	TTS1W4A	NOUNIPROTAC	Modulator	[8]

Furazolidone Interacts with 17 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk1 (CHEK1)	OTTTI622	CHK1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[9]
Heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1)	OTC1W6UX	HMOX1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[10]
Poly polymerase 1 (PARP1)	OT310QSG	PARP1_HUMAN	Increases Cleavage	[10]
Endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP (HSPA5)	OTFUIRAO	BIP_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[9]
G1/S-specific cyclin-D1 (CCND1)	OT8HPTKJ	CCND1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[11]
Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 alpha (GADD45A)	OTDRV63V	GA45A_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[12]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1)	OTH85PI5	MK01_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[9]
G1/S-specific cyclin-D3 (CCND3)	OTNKPQ22	CCND3_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[11]
RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT1)	OT8H2YY7	AKT1_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[10]
DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein (DDIT3)	OTI8YKKE	DDIT3_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[9]
Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1)	OT5BN6VH	BRCA1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[9]
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (CDKN1A)	OTQWHCZE	CDN1A_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[10]
Caspase-3 (CASP3)	OTIJRBE7	CASP3_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[10]
Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6)	OTR95N0X	CDK6_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[11]
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NFE2L2)	OT0HENJ5	NF2L2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[10]
Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme (ALPL)	OTG7J4BP	PPBT_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[13]
Alanine aminotransferase 1 (GPT)	OTOXOA0Q	ALAT1_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[13]

References

• [1] Recurrent recessive mutation in deoxyguanosine kinase causes idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension.Hepatology. 2016 Jun;63(6):1977-86. doi: 10.1002/hep.28499. Epub 2016 Mar 31.
• [2] The fight against drug-resistant malaria: novel plasmodial targets and antimalarial drugs. Curr Med Chem. 2008;15(2):161-71.
• [3] FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (NDA) 011270.
• [4] Inhibitor binding in a class 2 dihydroorotate dehydrogenase causes variations in the membrane-associated N-terminal domain. Protein Sci. 2004 Apr;13(4):1031-42.
• [5] Time-dependent pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism of atovaquone plus proguanil (Malarone) when taken as chemoprophylaxis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2002 Apr;58(1):19-27.
• [6] Kinetics of inhibition of human and rat dihydroorotate dehydrogenase by atovaquone, lawsone derivatives, brequinar sodium and polyporic acid. Chem Biol Interact. 2000 Jan 3;124(1):61-76.
• [7] Application of higher throughput screening (HTS) inhibition assays to evaluate the interaction of antiparasitic drugs with cytochrome P450s. Drug Metab Dispos. 2001 Jan;29(1):30-5.
• [8] Interaction of furazolidone with DNA. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1975 Aug 21;402(2):161-5.
• [9] Involvement of the activation of Nrf2/HO-1, p38 MAPK signaling pathways and endoplasmic reticulum stress in furazolidone induced cytotoxicity and S phase arrest in human hepatocyte L02 cells: modulation of curcumin. Toxicol Mech Methods. 2017 Mar;27(3):165-172. doi: 10.1080/15376516.2016.1273424. Epub 2017 Jan 8.
• [10] P21(Waf1/Cip1) plays a critical role in furazolidone-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells through influencing the caspase-3 activation and ROS generation. Food Chem Toxicol. 2016 Feb;88:1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.12.004. Epub 2015 Dec 11.
• [11] Involvement of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway in S-phase cell-cycle arrest induced by Furazolidone in human hepatoma G2 cells. J Appl Toxicol. 2013 Dec;33(12):1500-5. doi: 10.1002/jat.2829. Epub 2012 Oct 30.
• [12] The Effect of GADD45a on Furazolidone-Induced S-Phase Cell-Cycle Arrest in Human Hepatoma G2 Cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2015 Oct;29(10):489-495. doi: 10.1002/jbt.21719. Epub 2015 Jun 11.
• [13] ADReCS-Target: target profiles for aiding drug safety research and application. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D911-D917. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx899.