Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DCVI721)

• Drug Combination Name: Loperamide + Teriflunomide
• Indication: Chronic myelogenous leukemia; Status: Investigative [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Loperamide (DMOJZQ9): Small molecular drug
  Teriflunomide (DMQ2FKJ): Small molecular drug
• High-throughput Screening Result:
  Testing Cell Line: KBM-7
  Zero Interaction Potency (ZIP) Score: 1.59
  Bliss Independence Score: 1.59
  Loewe Additivity Score: 14.98
  LHighest Single Agent (HSA) Score: 14.98

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Loperamide

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Diarrhea	ME05.1	Approved	[2]
Traveler's diarrhea	ME05.1	Approved	[3]
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)	1D64	Preclinical	[4]
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)	1D65	Preclinical	[4]

Loperamide Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Opioid receptor delta (OPRD1)	TT27RFC	OPRD_HUMAN	Binder	[8]

Loperamide Interacts with 1 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1)	DTUGYRD	MDR1_HUMAN	Substrate	[9]

Loperamide Interacts with 5 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[10]
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)	DECB0K3	CP2D6_HUMAN	Metabolism	[11]
Cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8)	DES5XRU	CP2C8_HUMAN	Metabolism	[11]
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6)	DEPKLMQ	CP2B6_HUMAN	Metabolism	[11]
Oxygen-insensitive NADPH nitroreductase A (nfsA)	DEDPI65	NFSA_ECOLI	Metabolism	[12]

Indication(s) of Teriflunomide

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Hyperlipidaemia	5C80	Approved	[5]
Lupus nephritis	4A40.0Y	Approved	[6]
Multiple sclerosis	8A40	Approved	[7]
Psoriatic arthritis	FA21	Approved	[6]
Rheumatoid arthritis	FA20	Phase 3	[7]
Hepatitis B virus infection	1E51.0	Phase 1	[5]

Teriflunomide Interacts with 3 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Plasmodium Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (Malaria DHOdehase)	TT3PQ2Y	PYRD_PLAF7	Inhibitor	[13]
HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR)	TTPADOQ	HMDH_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[5]
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH)	TTLVP78	PYRD_HUMAN	Modulator	[14]

Teriflunomide Interacts with 1 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2)	DTI7UX6	ABCG2_HUMAN	Substrate	[15]

Teriflunomide Interacts with 20 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Ornithine aminotransferase, mitochondrial (OAT)	OTEKO8CT	OAT_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[16]
Heat shock 70 kDa protein 1-like (HSPA1L)	OTC2V1K6	HS71L_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[16]
Bcl-2-like protein 1 (BCL2L1)	OTRC5K9O	B2CL1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[16]
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) 24-hydroxylase, mitochondrial (CYP24A1)	OTG2T749	CP24A_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[16]
BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3)	OT4SO7J4	BNIP3_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[16]
Mitochondrial adenyl nucleotide antiporter SLC25A25 (SLC25A25)	OTMNPSNY	SCMC2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[16]
Mitochondrial fission regulator 2 (MTFR2)	OTLOR68D	MTFR2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[16]
Choline dehydrogenase, mitochondrial (CHDH)	OTO2DPGL	CHDH_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[16]
Dimethyladenosine transferase 1, mitochondrial (TFB1M)	OTFCUSAZ	TFB1M_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[16]
Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX28 (DDX28)	OTIIHNYN	DDX28_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[16]
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, cytosolic (PCK1)	OTNWEJ5Y	PCKGC_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[17]
Glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 1 (G6PC1)	OTJ6FM9F	G6PC1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[17]
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3)	OTS3SGH7	NR1I3_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[17]
Glycophorin-A (GYPA)	OTABU4YV	GLPA_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[18]
Retinoblastoma-associated protein (RB1)	OTQJUJMZ	RB_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[19]
G1/S-specific cyclin-D2 (CCND2)	OTDULQF9	CCND2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[19]
M-phase inducer phosphatase 1 (CDC25A)	OTSLKKCO	MPIP1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[19]
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (CDKN1A)	OTQWHCZE	CDN1A_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[18]
Heat shock factor protein 1 (HSF1)	OTYNJ4KP	HSF1_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[20]
Interleukin-10 receptor subunit alpha (IL10RA)	OTOX3D1D	I10R1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]

References

• [1] CheMBL Affinity Phenotypic Cellular Interaction Assay ID: CHEMBL1125966
• [2] Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
• [3] Loperamide FDA Label
• [4] Screening of an FDA-approved Compound Library Identifies Four Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Replication in Cell Culture Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014 Aug;58(8):4875-84.
• [5] Emerging drugs in peripheral arterial disease. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2006 Mar;11(1):75-90.
• [6] Teriflunomide FDA Label
• [7] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6844).
• [8] Loperamide: evidence of interaction with mu and delta opioid receptors. Life Sci. 1983;33 Suppl 1:315-8.
• [9] In vitro P-glycoprotein assays to predict the in vivo interactions of P-glycoprotein with drugs in the central nervous system. Drug Metab Dispos. 2008 Feb;36(2):268-75.
• [10] Loperamide: a pharmacological review. Rev Gastroenterol Disord. 2007;7 Suppl 3:S11-8.
• [11] Identification of cytochrome P450 isoforms involved in the metabolism of loperamide in human liver microsomes. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2004 Oct;60(8):575-81.
• [12] Reduction of the prodrug loperamide oxide to its active drug loperamide in the gut of rats, dogs, and humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 1995 Mar;23(3):354-62.
• [13] Expression and characterization of E. coli-produced soluble, functional human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase: a potential target for immunosuppression. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol. 1999 Aug;1(1):183-8.
• [14] Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2013 Feb;12(2):87-90.
• [15] MDR-ABC transporters: biomarkers in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2013 Sep-Oct;31(5):779-87.
• [16] Mitochondrial dysfunction induced by leflunomide and its active metabolite. Toxicology. 2018 Mar 1;396-397:33-45.
• [17] Teriflunomide is an indirect human constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) activator interacting with epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling. Front Pharmacol. 2018 Oct 11;9:993.
• [18] A77 1726 induces differentiation of human myeloid leukemia K562 cells by depletion of intracellular CTP pools. Mol Pharmacol. 2002 Sep;62(3):463-72. doi: 10.1124/mol.62.3.463.
• [19] Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor A771726 (leflunomide) induces apoptosis and diminishes proliferation of multiple myeloma cells. Mol Cancer Ther. 2009 Feb;8(2):366-75. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-08-0664. Epub 2009 Jan 27.
• [20] A Gene Expression Biomarker Predicts Heat Shock Factor 1 Activation in a Gene Expression Compendium. Chem Res Toxicol. 2021 Jul 19;34(7):1721-1737. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00510. Epub 2021 Jun 25.
• [21] Differential modulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine receptors by N-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-2-cyano-3-hydroxy-crotonic acid amide (A77 1726), the physiologically active metabolite of the novel immunomodulator leflunomide. Biochem Pharmacol. 1998 May 1;55(9):1523-9. doi: 10.1016/s0006-2952(97)00677-1.