Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DC2RXM4)

• Drug Combination Name: KN-62 + Primaquine
• Indication: DD2; Status: Investigative [1]
• Component Drugs:
  KN-62 (DMLZ89P): Small molecular drug
  Primaquine (DMWQ16I): Small molecular drug
• High-throughput Screening Result:
  Testing Cell Line: DD2
  Zero Interaction Potency (ZIP) Score: 10.28
  Bliss Independence Score: 12.164
  Loewe Additivity Score: 7.845
  LHighest Single Agent (HSA) Score: 10.301

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of KN-62

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Discovery agent	N.A.	Investigative	[2]

KN-62 Interacts with 13 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
LCK tyrosine protein kinase (LCK)	TT860QF	LCK_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[4]
Protein kinase C alpha (PRKCA)	TTFJ8Q1	KPCA_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[4]
Stress-activated protein kinase JNK1 (JNK1)	TT0K6EO	MK08_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[4]
Rho-associated protein kinase 1 (ROCK1)	TTZN7RP	ROCK1_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[4]
Stress-activated protein kinase 2b (p38 beta)	TT73U6C	MK11_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[4]
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2)	TT4TQBX	MK01_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[4]
Checkpoint kinase-1 (CHK1)	TTTU902	CHK1_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[4]
P2X purinoceptor 7 (P2RX7)	TT473XN	P2RX7_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[5]
Serine/threonine-protein kinase Sgk1 (SGK1)	TTTV8EJ	SGK1_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[4]
Stress-activated protein kinase 2a (p38 alpha)	TTQBR95	MK14_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[4]
RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT1)	TTWTSCV	AKT1_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[4]
MAP kinase p38 (MAPK12)	TTYT93M	MK12_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[4]
Ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 (S6K1)	TTG0U4H	KS6B1_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[4]

KN-62 Interacts with 4 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAPK2)	OT460SBO	MAPK2_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[4]
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3B)	OTL3L14B	GSK3B_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[4]
MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 5 (MAPKAPK5)	OTAZHPVK	MAPK5_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[4]
Integrin alpha-M (ITGAM)	OTAG6HWU	ITAM_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[6]

Indication(s) of Primaquine

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Malaria	1F40-1F45	Approved	[3]

Primaquine Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Plasmodium Deoxyribonucleic acid (Malaria DNA)	TT698WO	NOUNIPROTAC	.	[7]

Primaquine Interacts with 2 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[8]
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2)	DEJGDUW	CP1A2_HUMAN	Metabolism	[9]

Primaquine Interacts with 17 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2)	OTLLBX48	CP1A2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[10]
Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1)	OTE4EFH8	CP1A1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[10]
Cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1)	OTYXFLSD	CP1B1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[11]
Bile salt export pump (ABCB11)	OTRU7THO	ABCBB_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[12]
Proepiregulin (EREG)	OTRM4NQY	EREG_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[13]
Interleukin-1 alpha (IL1A)	OTPSGILV	IL1A_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[13]
Interleukin-1 beta (IL1B)	OT0DWXXB	IL1B_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[13]
Antileukoproteinase (SLPI)	OTUNFUU8	SLPI_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[13]
Interleukin-8 (CXCL8)	OTS7T5VH	IL8_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[13]
Tissue factor (F3)	OT3MSU3B	TF_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[14]
Phosphatidylcholine translocator ABCB4 (ABCB4)	OTE6PY83	MDR3_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[15]
Hemoglobin subunit gamma-2 (HBG2)	OT4J48JJ	HBG2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[16]
Interleukin-24 (IL24)	OT4VUWH1	IL24_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[13]
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase (G6PD)	OT300SMK	G6PD_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[17]
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)	OTHQ17JG	CP2E1_HUMAN	Increases Metabolism	[16]
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6)	OTOYO4S7	CP2B6_HUMAN	Increases Metabolism	[16]
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)	OTZJC802	CP2D6_HUMAN	Increases Metabolism	[16]

References

• [1] Recurrent recessive mutation in deoxyguanosine kinase causes idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension.Hepatology. 2016 Jun;63(6):1977-86. doi: 10.1002/hep.28499. Epub 2016 Mar 31.
• [2] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6001).
• [3] FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (NDA) 008316.
• [4] Specificity and mechanism of action of some commonly used protein kinase inhibitors. Biochem J. 2000 Oct 1;351(Pt 1):95-105.
• [5] Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of pyrazolodiazepine derivatives as human P2X7 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2009 Nov 1;19(21):6053-8.
• [6] CaMKII regulates retinoic acid receptor transcriptional activity and the differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells. J Clin Invest. 2007 May;117(5):1412-21. doi: 10.1172/JCI30779. Epub 2007 Apr 12.
• [7] Primaquine-induced differential gene expression analysis in mice liver using DNA microarrays. Toxicology. 2007 Sep 24;239(1-2):96-107.
• [8] Primaquine metabolism by human liver microsomes: effect of other antimalarial drugs. Biochem Pharmacol. 1992 Aug 4;44(3):587-90.
• [9] Identification of human cytochrome P(450)s that metabolise anti-parasitic drugs and predictions of in vivo drug hepatic clearance from in vitro data. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2003 Sep;59(5-6):429-42.
• [10] Cytochrome P450 1A1/2 induction by antiparasitic drugs: dose-dependent increase in ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity and mRNA caused by quinine, primaquine and albendazole in HepG2 cells. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2002 Nov;58(8):537-42.
• [11] Time-dependent transcriptional induction of CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 mRNAs by H+/K+ -ATPase inhibitors and other xenobiotics. Xenobiotica. 2003 Feb;33(2):107-18.
• [12] Interference with bile salt export pump function is a susceptibility factor for human liver injury in drug development. Toxicol Sci. 2010 Dec; 118(2):485-500.
• [13] An in vitro coculture system of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with hepatocellular carcinoma-derived cells for predicting drug-induced liver injury. Arch Toxicol. 2021 Jan;95(1):149-168. doi: 10.1007/s00204-020-02882-4. Epub 2020 Aug 20.
• [14] Elucidating mechanisms of toxicity using phenotypic data from primary human cell systems--a chemical biology approach for thrombosis-related side effects. Int J Mol Sci. 2015 Jan 5;16(1):1008-29. doi: 10.3390/ijms16011008.
• [15] Evaluating the Role of Multidrug Resistance Protein 3 (MDR3) Inhibition in Predicting Drug-Induced Liver Injury Using 125 Pharmaceuticals. Chem Res Toxicol. 2017 May 15;30(5):1219-1229. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00048. Epub 2017 May 4.
• [16] Cytochrome P(450)-dependent toxic effects of primaquine on human erythrocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2009 Nov 15;241(1):14-22. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.07.012. Epub 2009 Jul 17.
• [17] Understanding the mechanisms for metabolism-linked hemolytic toxicity of primaquine against glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient human erythrocytes: evaluation of eryptotic pathway. Toxicology. 2012 Mar 29;294(1):54-60. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.01.015. Epub 2012 Feb 6.