Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DC7Q6R1)

• Drug Combination Name: Thioguanine + Digitoxin
• Indication: Glioma; Status: Investigative [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Thioguanine (DM7NKEV): Small molecular drug
  Digitoxin (DMWVIGP): Small molecular drug
• High-throughput Screening Result:
  Testing Cell Line: SF-295
  Zero Interaction Potency (ZIP) Score: 0.54
  Bliss Independence Score: 1.31
  Loewe Additivity Score: 2.39
  LHighest Single Agent (HSA) Score: 2.39

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Thioguanine

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Acute lymphocytic leukaemia	2B33.3	Approved	[2]
Acute myelogenous leukaemia	2A41	Approved	[3]
Acute myeloid leukaemia	2A60	Approved	[4]
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)	1D64	Preclinical	[5]
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)	1D65	Preclinical	[5]

Thioguanine Interacts with 3 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
MERS-CoV papain-like proteinase (PL-PRO)	TTYJOLE	R1AB_CVEMC (854-2740)	Inhibitor	[5]
Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH)	TTCAQMW	NOUNIPROTAC	Intercalator	[7]
SARS-CoV papain-like proteinase (PL-PRO)	TTRGHB2	R1AB_CVHSA (819-2740)	Inhibitor	[5]

Thioguanine Interacts with 3 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2)	DTI7UX6	ABCG2_HUMAN	Substrate	[8]
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (ABCC4)	DTCSGPB	MRP4_HUMAN	Substrate	[9]
Concentrative Na(+)-nucleoside cotransporter 3 (SLC28A3)	DT4YL5R	S28A3_HUMAN	Substrate	[10]

Thioguanine Interacts with 2 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT)	DEFQ8VO	TPMT_HUMAN	Metabolism	[11]
Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT1)	DEVXTP5	HPRT_HUMAN	Metabolism	[12]

Thioguanine Interacts with 3 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Occludin (OCLN)	OTSUTVWL	OCLN_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[13]
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 5 (ABCC5)	OT34G4US	MRP5_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[14]
Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 2 (BIRC2)	OTFXFREP	BIRC2_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[15]

Indication(s) of Digitoxin

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Arrhythmia	BC9Z	Approved	[6]
Congestive cardiac insufficiency	BD1Z	Approved	[6]
Heart failure	BD10-BD13	Approved	[6]

Digitoxin Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase (SPT ATPase)	TTQ38E9	AT1A1_HUMAN; AT1A2_HUMAN; AT1A3_HUMAN; AT1B1_HUMAN; AT1B2_HUMAN; AT1B3_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[16]

Digitoxin Interacts with 1 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1)	DTUGYRD	MDR1_HUMAN	Substrate	[17]

Digitoxin Interacts with 3 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[18]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1)	DEYGVN4	UD11_HUMAN	Metabolism	[19]
Sulfotransferase 1A1 (SULT1A1)	DEYWLRK	ST1A1_HUMAN	Metabolism	[20]

Digitoxin Interacts with 11 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1 (ABCB1)	OTEJROBO	MDR1_HUMAN	Increases Transport	[21]
Serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk1 (CHEK1)	OTTTI622	CHK1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[22]
Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5 (BIRC5)	OTILXZYL	BIRC5_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[22]
Serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk2 (CHEK2)	OT8ZPCNS	CHK2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[22]
Interleukin-8 (CXCL8)	OTS7T5VH	IL8_HUMAN	Decreases Secretion	[23]
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 6 (PTPN6)	OT33XNZM	PTN6_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[24]
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (CDKN1A)	OTQWHCZE	CDN1A_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[22]
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B)	OTNY5LLZ	CDN1B_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[22]
Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase PTEN (PTEN)	OTOWDUNT	PTEN_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[24]
Cytochrome c (CYCS)	OTBFALJD	CYC_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
E3 SUMO-protein ligase PIAS3 (PIAS3)	OT3TWH9R	PIAS3_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[24]

Test Results of This Drug Combination in Other Disease Systems

Indication	DrugCom ID	Cell Line	Status	REF
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma	DCJXNV2	SR	Investigative	[1]
Glioblastoma	DC1GAOS	SNB-75	Investigative	[1]
Mixed endometrioid and clear cell carcinoma	DCT7LTX	IGROV1	Investigative	[25]

References

• [1] CheMBL Affinity Phenotypic Cellular Interaction Assay ID: CHEMBL1125966
• [2] Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
• [3] Thioguanine FDA Label
• [4] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6845).
• [5] Thiopurine analogs and mycophenolic acid synergistically inhibit the papain-like protease of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Antiviral Res. 2015 Mar;115:9-16.
• [6] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6782).
• [7] Immune effector cells produce lethal DNA damage in cells treated with a thiopurine. Cancer Res. 2009 Mar 15;69(6):2393-9.
• [8] ABC transporters and their role in nucleoside and nucleotide drug resistance. Biochem Pharmacol. 2012 Apr 15;83(8):1073-83.
• [9] Multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4/ABCC4) mediates efflux of bimane-glutathione. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2004 Feb;36(2):247-57.
• [10] Involvement of the concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 and equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 in the resistance of T-lymphoblastic cell lines to thiopurines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Apr 28;343(1):208-15.
• [11] Usefulness of thiopurine methyltransferase and thiopurine metabolite analysis in clinical practice in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2010 Jul-Sep;73(3):331-5.
• [12] Qualitative and quantitative difference in mutation induction between carbon- and neon-ion beams in normal human cells. Biol Sci Space. 2003 Dec;17(4):302-6.
• [13] The thiopurine methyltransferase genetic polymorphism is associated with thioguanine-related veno-occlusive disease of the liver in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Oct;80(4):375-83. doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2006.07.002.
• [14] The multidrug resistance protein 5 (ABCC5) confers resistance to 5-fluorouracil and transports its monophosphorylated metabolites. Mol Cancer Ther. 2005 May;4(5):855-63.
• [15] Expression and prognostic significance of IAP-family genes in human cancers and myeloid leukemias. Clin Cancer Res. 2000 May;6(5):1796-803.
• [16] Treatment of congestive heart failure--current status of use of digitoxin. Eur J Clin Invest. 2001;31 Suppl 2:10-7.
• [17] The association of ABCB1 polymorphisms and elevated serum digitoxin concentrations in geriatric patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2008 Apr;64(4):367-72.
• [18] Species differences in the toxicity and cytochrome P450 IIIA-dependent metabolism of digitoxin. Mol Pharmacol. 1991 Nov;40(5):859-67.
• [19] Use of a human liver microsome bank in drug glucuronidation studies. Toxicol In Vitro. 1991;5(5-6):559-62.
• [20] Hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase and a specific UDP-glucuronosyltransferase are involved in the metabolism of digitoxin in man. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1992 Aug;346(2):226-33.
• [21] Heterogeneous transport of digitalis-like compounds by P-glycoprotein in vesicular and cellular assays. Toxicol In Vitro. 2016 Apr;32:138-45. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.12.009. Epub 2015 Dec 17.
• [22] Digitoxin and a synthetic monosaccharide analog inhibit cell viability in lung cancer cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2012 Jan 1;258(1):51-60. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.10.007. Epub 2011 Oct 18.
• [23] Digitoxin mimics gene therapy with CFTR and suppresses hypersecretion of IL-8 from cystic fibrosis lung epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 May 18;101(20):7693-8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0402030101. Epub 2004 May 10.
• [24] Digitoxin promotes apoptosis and inhibits proliferation and migration by reducing HIF-1 and STAT3 in KRAS mutant human colon cancer cells. Chem Biol Interact. 2022 Jan 5;351:109729. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109729. Epub 2021 Oct 28.
• [25] CheMBL Affinity Phenotypic Cellular Interaction Assay ID: CHEMBL1125976