Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DC84O6C)

• Drug Combination Name: Dronedarone + Clopidogrel
• Indication: Chronic myelogenous leukemia; Status: Investigative [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Dronedarone (DMA8FS5): Small molecular drug
  Clopidogrel (DMOL54H): Small molecular drug
• High-throughput Screening Result:
  Testing Cell Line: KBM-7
  Zero Interaction Potency (ZIP) Score: 6.84
  Bliss Independence Score: 6.84
  Loewe Additivity Score: 19.9
  LHighest Single Agent (HSA) Score: 19.91

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Dronedarone

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Angina pectoris	BA40	Approved	[2]
Atrial fibrillation	BC81.3	Withdrawn from market	[2]

Dronedarone Interacts with 2 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.5 (KCNA5)	TTW0CMT	KCNA5_HUMAN	Blocker	[6]
Potassium channel unspecific (KC)	TT1VOHK	NOUNIPROTAC	Inhibitor	[7]

Dronedarone Interacts with 3 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[8]
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)	DECB0K3	CP2D6_HUMAN	Metabolism	[9]
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)	DEIBDNY	CP3A5_HUMAN	Metabolism	[10]

Dronedarone Interacts with 4 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Superoxide dismutase , mitochondrial (SOD2)	OTIWXGZ9	SODM_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[11]
Histone H2AX (H2AX)	OT18UX57	H2AX_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[12]
G1/S-specific cyclin-D3 (CCND3)	OTNKPQ22	CCND3_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[12]
Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19)	OTFMJYYE	CP2CJ_HUMAN	Increases Metabolism	[12]

Indication(s) of Clopidogrel

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Acute coronary syndrome	BA41	Approved	[3]
Atherosclerosis	BD40	Approved	[3]
Myocardial infarction	BA41-BA43	Approved	[3]
Thrombosis	DB61-GB90	Approved	[4]
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)	1D6Y	Phase 2	[5]
Intracranial embolism	8B22.1	Investigative	[3]

Clopidogrel Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
P2Y purinoceptor 12 (P2RY12)	TTZ1DT0	P2Y12_HUMAN	Antagonist	[13]

Clopidogrel Interacts with 1 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1)	DTUGYRD	MDR1_HUMAN	Substrate	[14]

Clopidogrel Interacts with 6 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[15]
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2)	DEJGDUW	CP1A2_HUMAN	Metabolism	[16]
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)	DEIBDNY	CP3A5_HUMAN	Metabolism	[17]
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9)	DE5IED8	CP2C9_HUMAN	Metabolism	[17]
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6)	DEPKLMQ	CP2B6_HUMAN	Metabolism	[18]
Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase (CYP2C19)	DEGTFWK	CP2CJ_HUMAN	Metabolism	[19]

Clopidogrel Interacts with 11 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1 (ABCB1)	OTEJROBO	MDR1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[14]
Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19)	OTFMJYYE	CP2CJ_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[20]
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD)	OTB1073G	SCD_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[21]
C-C motif chemokine 4 (CCL4)	OT6B8P25	CCL4_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
C-C motif chemokine 5 (CCL5)	OTSCA5CK	CCL5_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, cytosolic (PCK1)	OTNWEJ5Y	PCKGC_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
Glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 1 (G6PC1)	OTJ6FM9F	G6PC1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[21]
Tight junction protein ZO-1 (TJP1)	OTBDCUPK	ZO1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[23]
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3)	OTS3SGH7	NR1I3_HUMAN	Affects Localization	[21]
Occludin (OCLN)	OTSUTVWL	OCLN_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[23]
Thyroid hormone-inducible hepatic protein (THRSP)	OTKYE01L	THRSP_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]

References

• [1] CheMBL Affinity Phenotypic Cellular Interaction Assay ID: CHEMBL1125966
• [2] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7465).
• [3] Clopidogrel FDA Label
• [4] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7150).
• [5] Preventing Cardiac Complication of COVID-19 Disease With Early Acute Coronary Syndrome Therapy: A Randomised Controlled Trial. (C-19-ACS)
• [6] New antiarrhythmic agents for atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2005 May;10(2):311-22.
• [7] Antibodies and venom peptides: new modalities for ion channels. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2019 May;18(5):339-357.
• [8] Drug safety evaluation of dronedarone in atrial fibrillation. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2012 Nov;11(6):1023-45.
• [9] Effect of dronedarone on the pharmacokinetics of carvedilol following oral administration to rats. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2018 Jan 1;111:13-19.
• [10] Inactivation of human cytochrome P450 3A4 and 3A5 by dronedarone and N-desbutyl dronedarone. Mol Pharmacol. 2016 Jan;89(1):1-13.
• [11] Mechanisms of hepatocellular toxicity associated with dronedarone--a comparison to amiodarone. Toxicol Sci. 2013 Feb;131(2):480-90. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs298. Epub 2012 Nov 7.
• [12] The role of hepatic cytochrome P450s in the cytotoxicity of dronedarone. Arch Toxicol. 2018 Jun;92(6):1969-1981. doi: 10.1007/s00204-018-2196-x. Epub 2018 Apr 3.
• [13] P2Y12, a new platelet ADP receptor, target of clopidogrel. Semin Vasc Med. 2003 May;3(2):113-22.
• [14] Impact of P-glycoprotein on clopidogrel absorption. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Nov;80(5):486-501.
• [15] Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675.
• [16] Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of clopidogrel. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2015 Feb;54(2):147-66.
• [17] Cytochrome P450 3A inhibition by ketoconazole affects prasugrel and clopidogrel pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics differently. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007 May;81(5):735-41.
• [18] Clopidogrel pathway. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2010 Jul;20(7):463-5.
• [19] Impact of the CYP2C19 gene polymorphism on clopidogrel personalized drug regimen and the clinical outcomes. Clin Lab. 2016 Sep 1;62(9):1773-1780.
• [20] Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guidelines for CYP2C19 genotype and clopidogrel therapy: 2013 update. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013 Sep;94(3):317-23. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2013.105. Epub 2013 May 22.
• [21] Identification of novel agonists by high-throughput screening and molecular modelling of human constitutive androstane receptor isoform 3. Arch Toxicol. 2019 Aug;93(8):2247-2264. doi: 10.1007/s00204-019-02495-6. Epub 2019 Jul 16.
• [22] Clopidogrel increases expression of chemokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with coronary artery disease: results of a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Thromb Haemost. 2006 Oct;4(10):2140-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.02131.x. Epub 2006 Jul 17.
• [23] Attenuated expression of the tight junction proteins is involved in clopidogrel-induced gastric injury through p38 MAPK activation. Toxicology. 2013 Feb 8;304:41-8. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.11.020. Epub 2012 Dec 7.