Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DCBCNJH)

• Drug Combination Name: Efavirenz + Acitretin
• Indication: Chronic myelogenous leukemia; Status: Investigative [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Efavirenz (DMC0GSJ): Small molecular drug
  Acitretin (DM8BKU9): Small molecular drug
• High-throughput Screening Result:
  Testing Cell Line: KBM-7
  Zero Interaction Potency (ZIP) Score: 8.2
  Bliss Independence Score: 8.2
  Loewe Additivity Score: 21.25
  LHighest Single Agent (HSA) Score: 21.28

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Efavirenz

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Human immunodeficiency virus infection	1C62	Approved	[2]

Efavirenz Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Human immunodeficiency virus Reverse transcriptase (HIV RT)	TT84ETX	POL_HV1B1	Modulator	[4]

Efavirenz Interacts with 2 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1)	DTUGYRD	MDR1_HUMAN	Substrate	[5]
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 (ABCC3)	DTQ3ZHF	MRP3_HUMAN	Substrate	[6]

Efavirenz Interacts with 3 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[7]
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2)	DEJGDUW	CP1A2_HUMAN	Metabolism	[8]
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6)	DEPKLMQ	CP2B6_HUMAN	Metabolism	[9]

Efavirenz Interacts with 32 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	OTQGYY83	CP3A4_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[10]
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9)	OTGLBN29	CP2C9_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[11]
Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19)	OTFMJYYE	CP2CJ_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[11]
Bile salt export pump (ABCB11)	OTRU7THO	ABCBB_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[12]
Dynamin-1-like protein (DNM1L)	OTXK1Q1G	DNM1L_HUMAN	Affects Localization	[13]
Bcl-2-like protein 11 (BCL2L11)	OTNQQWFJ	B2L11_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[14]
Dynamin-like 120 kDa protein, mitochondrial (OPA1)	OTJGNWPW	OPA1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[13]
Mitofusin-2 (MFN2)	OTPYN8A3	MFN2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[13]
Thyroglobulin (TG)	OT3ELHIJ	THYG_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[15]
Albumin (ALB)	OTVMM513	ALBU_HUMAN	Affects Binding	[16]
Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (SERPINE1)	OTT0MPQ3	PAI1_HUMAN	Increases Secretion	[17]
Interleukin-6 (IL6)	OTUOSCCU	IL6_HUMAN	Increases Secretion	[17]
Transcription factor Jun (JUN)	OTCYBO6X	JUN_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[14]
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)	OTTW0267	LIPL_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[17]
Thyroid peroxidase (TPO)	OTJJLL20	PERT_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[15]
Interleukin-8 (CXCL8)	OTS7T5VH	IL8_HUMAN	Increases Secretion	[17]
C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2)	OTAD2HEL	CCL2_HUMAN	Increases Secretion	[17]
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)	OTGHUA23	HGF_HUMAN	Increases Secretion	[17]
Thyrotropin receptor (TSHR)	OT0BC8LB	TSHR_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[15]
Calnexin (CANX)	OTYP1F6J	CALX_HUMAN	Affects Localization	[13]
DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein (DDIT3)	OTI8YKKE	DDIT3_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[13]
Lon protease homolog, mitochondrial (LONP1)	OT665WYT	LONM_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[13]
Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBF1)	OTWBRPAI	SRBP1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[17]
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG)	OTHMARHO	PPARG_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[17]
Leptin (LEP)	OT5Q7ODW	LEP_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[17]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (MAPK8)	OTEREYS5	MK08_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[14]
CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBPA)	OTOM9OE4	CEBPA_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[17]
Adiponectin (ADIPOQ)	OTNX23LE	ADIPO_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[17]
Regulator of microtubule dynamics protein 3 (RMDN3)	OTKO7AUM	RMD3_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[13]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 (MAP3K5)	OTQR6ENW	M3K5_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[14]
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 (EIF2AK3)	OT0DZGY4	E2AK3_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[13]
Mitochondrial fission 1 protein (FIS1)	OT2HL10J	FIS1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[13]

Indication(s) of Acitretin

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Psoriasis vulgaris	EA90	Approved	[3]

Acitretin Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)	TTH8FZW	STAT3_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[18]

Acitretin Interacts with 14 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1)	OTE4EFH8	CP1A1_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[19]
Poly polymerase 1 (PARP1)	OT310QSG	PARP1_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[20]
Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 (BCL2)	OT9DVHC0	BCL2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[21]
Retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha (RXRA)	OTP1TBDM	RXRA_HUMAN	Affects Binding	[22]
G1/S-specific cyclin-D1 (CCND1)	OT8HPTKJ	CCND1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[23]
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 (FAS)	OTP9XG86	TNR6_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3)	OTCYKGKO	MK03_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[23]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1)	OTH85PI5	MK01_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[23]
Caspase-3 (CASP3)	OTIJRBE7	CASP3_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[24]
Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 (FASLG)	OTZARCHH	TNFL6_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
Caspase-9 (CASP9)	OTD4RFFG	CASP9_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[20]
Apoptosis regulator BAX (BAX)	OTAW0V4V	BAX_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
FAS-associated death domain protein (FADD)	OTV7GFHH	FADD_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
Caspase-8 (CASP8)	OTA8TVI8	CASP8_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[20]

References

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• [2] Approved antiretroviral drugs. Antiretroviral Drugs. Company report of AVERT. 2009.
• [3] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7598).
• [4] Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
• [5] Human intestinal transporter database: QSAR modeling and virtual profiling of drug uptake, efflux and interactions. Pharm Res. 2013 Apr;30(4):996-1007.
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• [7] Induction of CYP3A4 by efavirenz in primary human hepatocytes: comparison with rifampin and phenobarbital. J Clin Pharmacol. 2004 Nov;44(11):1273-81.
• [8] CYP2B6 genotype-dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 and induction of CYP2A6 by the antiretroviral drug efavirenz in healthy volunteers. Clin Transl Sci. 2019 Nov;12(6):657-666.
• [9] Evaluation of CYP2B6 induction and prediction of clinical drug-drug interactions: considerations from the IQ consortium induction working group-an industry perspective. Drug Metab Dispos. 2016 Oct;44(10):1720-30.
• [10] Use of immortalized human hepatocytes to predict the magnitude of clinical drug-drug interactions caused by CYP3A4 induction. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 Oct;34(10):1742-8.
• [11] Inhibition of human cytochrome P450 isoforms by nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. J Clin Pharmacol. 2001 Jan;41(1):85-91.
• [12] Early identification of clinically relevant drug interactions with the human bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11). Toxicol Sci. 2013 Dec;136(2):328-43.
• [13] Lon protease: a novel mitochondrial matrix protein in the interconnection between drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Br J Pharmacol. 2017 Dec;174(23):4409-4429. doi: 10.1111/bph.14045. Epub 2017 Nov 7.
• [14] Efavirenz and 8-hydroxyefavirenz induce cell death via a JNK- and BimEL-dependent mechanism in primary human hepatocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2011 Dec 1;257(2):227-34. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.09.008. Epub 2011 Sep 19.
• [15] Reverse transcriptase inhibitors down-regulate cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo and restore thyrotropin signaling and iodine uptake in human thyroid anaplastic carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Oct;90(10):5663-71. doi: 10.1210/jc.2005-0367. Epub 2005 Jul 19.
• [16] Binding of anti-HIV drugs to human serum albumin. IUBMB Life. 2004 Oct;56(10):609-14. doi: 10.1080/15216540400016286.
• [17] Effects of nevirapine and efavirenz on human adipocyte differentiation, gene expression, and release of adipokines and cytokines. Antiviral Res. 2011 Aug;91(2):112-9. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.04.018. Epub 2011 May 17.
• [18] Effects of acitretin on the expression of signaling pathway-related genes in epidermal squamous-cell carcinoma cells. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 2006 Jan;28(1):21-4.
• [19] Association of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 inhibition in in vitro assays with drug-induced liver injury. J Toxicol Sci. 2021;46(4):167-176. doi: 10.2131/jts.46.167.
• [20] Acitretin induces apoptosis through CD95 signalling pathway in human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cell line SCL-1. J Cell Mol Med. 2009 Sep;13(9A):2888-98. doi: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00397.x. Epub 2009 Jun 20.
• [21] [Effects of all-trans-retinoic acid, acitretin and tazarotene on apoptosis and Bax/Bcl-2 expressions of human melanoma cells A375 and the significance]. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao. 2005 Aug;25(8):972-4, 978.
• [22] Limited Chemical Structural Diversity Found to Modulate Thyroid Hormone Receptor in the Tox21 Chemical Library. Environ Health Perspect. 2019 Sep;127(9):97009. doi: 10.1289/EHP5314. Epub 2019 Sep 30.
• [23] [Acitretin induces apoptosis and changes of relative signaling pathway in epidermoid carcinoma cell line A431]. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2006 Mar;35(2):182-8. doi: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2006.02.013.
• [24] Effects of ATRA, acitretin and tazarotene on growth and apoptosis of Tca8113 cells. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2005;25(4):393-6. doi: 10.1007/BF02828205.