Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DCBI7G4)

• Drug Combination Name: Mechlorethamine + Nilotinib
• Indication: Adenocarcinoma; Status: Investigative [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Mechlorethamine (DM0CVXA): Small molecular drug
  Nilotinib (DM7HXWT): Small molecular drug
• High-throughput Screening Result:
  Testing Cell Line: HCT-15
  Zero Interaction Potency (ZIP) Score: 2.11
  Bliss Independence Score: 4.56
  Loewe Additivity Score: 0.56
  LHighest Single Agent (HSA) Score: 0.83

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Mechlorethamine

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Chronic myelogenous leukaemia	2A20.0	Approved	[2]
Lung cancer	2C25.0	Approved	[2]
Mycosis fungoides	2B01	Approved	[2]
Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma	N.A.	Approved	[2]
Small lymphocytic lymphoma	2A82.0	Approved	[2]
T-cell lymphoma	2A90	Approved	[3]
Hodgkin lymphoma	2B30	Phase 3	[4]
Classic Hodgkin lymphoma	N.A.	Investigative	[2]

Mechlorethamine Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Human Deoxyribonucleic acid (hDNA)	TTUTN1I	NOUNIPROTAC	Intercalator	[8]

Mechlorethamine Interacts with 19 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 (ERBB2)	OTOAUNCK	ERBB2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[9]
Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53)	OTIE1VH3	P53_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[10]
Transcription factor Jun (JUN)	OTCYBO6X	JUN_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[11]
Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1)	OTW1SC2N	CDK1_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[12]
Glutathione S-transferase A2 (GSTA2)	OTW7UB1H	GSTA2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[13]
Interleukin-8 (CXCL8)	OTS7T5VH	IL8_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[11]
Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 (BCL2)	OT9DVHC0	BCL2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[14]
G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-B1 (CCNB1)	OT19S7E5	CCNB1_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[12]
Transcription factor JunB (JUNB)	OTG2JXV5	JUNB_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[11]
Transcription factor JunD (JUND)	OTNKACJD	JUND_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[11]
Cyclin-A2 (CCNA2)	OTPHHYZJ	CCNA2_HUMAN	Increases Stability	[12]
Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2)	OTB5DYYZ	CDK2_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[12]
Protein S100-P (S100P)	OTJCXNJG	S100P_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[15]
Caspase-3 (CASP3)	OTIJRBE7	CASP3_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[16]
Caspase-2 (CASP2)	OTUDYSPP	CASP2_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[14]
Caspase-9 (CASP9)	OTD4RFFG	CASP9_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[14]
Laminin subunit gamma-2 (LAMC2)	OTJMTM72	LAMC2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[17]
Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer (BAK1)	OTDP6ILW	BAK_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[18]
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1 (TRPA1)	OTRDIR5M	TRPA1_HUMAN	Increases Response To Substance	[19]

Indication(s) of Nilotinib

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Chronic myelogenous leukaemia	2A20.0	Approved	[5]

Nilotinib Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Fusion protein Bcr-Abl (Bcr-Abl)	TTS7G69	BCR_HUMAN-ABL1_HUMAN	Modulator	[23]

Nilotinib Interacts with 5 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (ABCC2)	DTFI42L	MRP2_HUMAN	Substrate	[24]
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1)	DTUGYRD	MDR1_HUMAN	Substrate	[25]
Breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2)	DTI7UX6	ABCG2_HUMAN	Substrate	[24]
Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (SLCO1B1)	DT3D8F0	SO1B1_HUMAN	Substrate	[26]
Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B3 (SLCO1B3)	DT9C1TS	SO1B3_HUMAN	Substrate	[26]

Nilotinib Interacts with 2 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[27]
Cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8)	DES5XRU	CP2C8_HUMAN	Metabolism	[28]

Nilotinib Interacts with 35 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Broad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2 (ABCG2)	OTW8V2V1	ABCG2_HUMAN	Affects Response To Substance	[29]
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1 (ABCB1)	OTEJROBO	MDR1_HUMAN	Affects Response To Substance	[30]
Caspase-3 (CASP3)	OTIJRBE7	CASP3_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[31]
Caspase-7 (CASP7)	OTAPJ040	CASP7_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[31]
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 (KCNH2)	OTZX881H	KCNH2_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[31]
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACACA)	OT5CQPZY	ACACA_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[31]
Retinal dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH1A2)	OTJB560Z	AL1A2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[21]
Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 (ABL1)	OT09YVXH	ABL1_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[22]
Protein c-Fos (FOS)	OTJBUVWS	FOS_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53)	OTIE1VH3	P53_HUMAN	Increases Secretion	[32]
Transcription factor Jun (JUN)	OTCYBO6X	JUN_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Homeobox protein Hox-B7 (HOXB7)	OTC7WYU8	HXB7_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
Poly polymerase 1 (PARP1)	OT310QSG	PARP1_HUMAN	Increases Cleavage	[33]
Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 (BCL2)	OT9DVHC0	BCL2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[33]
Endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP (HSPA5)	OTFUIRAO	BIP_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Breakpoint cluster region protein (BCR)	OTCN76C1	BCR_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[34]
Transcription factor JunB (JUNB)	OTG2JXV5	JUNB_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Homeobox protein Hox-B9 (HOXB9)	OTMVHQOU	HXB9_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 alpha (ATF6)	OTAFHAVI	ATF6A_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[22]
Histidine decarboxylase (HDC)	OT4WA5YQ	DCHS_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[35]
Paired box protein Pax-3 (PAX3)	OTN5PJZV	PAX3_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[21]
Alanine aminotransferase 1 (GPT)	OTOXOA0Q	ALAT1_HUMAN	Increases Secretion	[36]
Paired box protein Pax-6 (PAX6)	OTOC9876	PAX6_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein (DDIT3)	OTI8YKKE	DDIT3_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Crk-like protein (CRKL)	OTOYSD1R	CRKL_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[22]
Glutamate--cysteine ligase regulatory subunit (GCLM)	OT6CP234	GSH0_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Homeobox protein MOX-1 (MEOX1)	OTJEMT2D	MEOX1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[21]
Caspase-9 (CASP9)	OTD4RFFG	CASP9_HUMAN	Increases Cleavage	[33]
Mesoderm posterior protein 2 (MESP2)	OT7H4LYA	MESP2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[21]
Transcription factor 15 (TCF15)	OTA6UCWC	TCF15_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[21]
Oligodendrocyte transcription factor 3 (OLIG3)	OTU8XLAF	OLIG3_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
ER degradation-enhancing alpha-mannosidase-like protein 1 (EDEM1)	OTWHN69S	EDEM1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Eyes absent homolog 1 (EYA1)	OTHU807A	EYA1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[21]
Forkhead box protein C2 (FOXC2)	OT83P1E0	FOXC2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[21]
Neurogenin-2 (NEUROG2)	OTAEMIGT	NGN2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]

Test Results of This Drug Combination in Other Disease Systems

Indication	DrugCom ID	Cell Line	Status	REF
Childhood T acute lymphoblastic leukemia	DCDMAD1	CCRF-CEM	Investigative	[37]
Plasma cell myeloma	DCIY505	RPMI-8226	Investigative	[37]
Invasive ductal carcinoma	DCONJZR	T-47D	Investigative	[38]
Adenocarcinoma	DCEPWMM	DU-145	Investigative	[1]
Adenocarcinoma	DCBTEH5	HCC-2998	Investigative	[1]

References

• [1] Loss of function mutations in VARS encoding cytoplasmic valyl-tRNA synthetase cause microcephaly, seizures, and progressive cerebral atrophy.Hum Genet. 2018 Apr;137(4):293-303. doi: 10.1007/s00439-018-1882-3. Epub 2018 Apr 24.
• [2] Mechlorethamine FDA Label
• [3] Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
• [4] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7218).
• [5] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 5697).
• [6] Thioredoxin Cross-Linking by Nitrogen Mustard in Lung Epithelial Cells: Formation of Multimeric Thioredoxin/Thioredoxin Reductase Complexes and Inhibition of Disulfide Reduction. Chem Res Toxicol. 2015 Nov 16;28(11):2091-103. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00194. Epub 2015 Oct 19.
• [7] Cross-linking of thioredoxin reductase by the sulfur mustard analogue mechlorethamine (methylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine) in human lung epithelial cells and rat lung: selective inhibition of disulfide reduction but not redox cycling. Chem Res Toxicol. 2014 Jan 21;27(1):61-75. doi: 10.1021/tx400329a. Epub 2013 Dec 9.
• [8] Proteomic analysis of DNA-protein cross-linking by antitumor nitrogen mustards. Chem Res Toxicol. 2009 Jun;22(6):1151-62.
• [9] Down-regulation of HER-2 expression in human breast cancer cell HBC-4 and ZR75-1 by nitrogen-mustard-N-oxide. Kobe J Med Sci. 2007;53(4):135-42.
• [10] Nitrogen Mustard Alkylates and Cross-Links p53 in Human Keratinocytes. Chem Res Toxicol. 2022 Apr 18;35(4):636-650. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00420. Epub 2022 Mar 21.
• [11] Nitrogen mustard prevents transport of Fra-1 into the nucleus to promote c-Fos- and FosB-dependent IL-8 induction in injured mouse epidermis. Toxicol Lett. 2020 Feb 1;319:256-263. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.10.006. Epub 2019 Oct 19.
• [12] G2 delay induced by nitrogen mustard in human cells affects cyclin A/cdk2 and cyclin B1/cdc2-kinase complexes differently. J Biol Chem. 1993 Apr 15;268(11):8298-308.
• [13] Overexpression of GSTA2 protects against cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by the DNA inter-strand crosslinking nitrogen mustard, mechlorethamine. J Cell Biochem. 2005 May 15;95(2):339-51. doi: 10.1002/jcb.20440.
• [14] Inhibition of caspase-dependent mitochondrial permeability transition protects airway epithelial cells against mustard-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis. 2006 Sep;11(9):1545-59. doi: 10.1007/s10495-006-8764-1.
• [15] S100P is selectively upregulated in tumor cell lines challenged with DNA cross-linking agents. Leuk Res. 2005 Oct;29(10):1181-90. doi: 10.1016/j.leukres.2005.03.012.
• [16] Ebselen reduces the toxicity of mechlorethamine in A-431 cells via inhibition of apoptosis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2013 Jun;27(6):313-22. doi: 10.1002/jbt.21490. Epub 2013 May 6.
• [17] Histopathologic and immunohistochemical features in human skin after exposure to nitrogen and sulfur mustard. Am J Dermatopathol. 1998 Feb;20(1):22-8. doi: 10.1097/00000372-199802000-00005.
• [18] Increased expression of VDAC1 sensitizes carcinoma cells to apoptosis induced by DNA cross-linking agents. Biochem Pharmacol. 2012 May 1;83(9):1172-82. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.01.017. Epub 2012 Jan 21.
• [19] Activation of the human TRPA1 channel by different alkylating sulfur and nitrogen mustards and structurally related chemotherapeutic drugs. Toxicol Lett. 2023 Mar 1;376:51-59. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.01.007. Epub 2023 Jan 21.
• [20] Assessment of the inhibition potential of Licochalcone A against human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Food Chem Toxicol. 2016 Apr;90:112-22.
• [21] Exposure-based assessment of chemical teratogenicity using morphogenetic aggregates of human embryonic stem cells. Reprod Toxicol. 2020 Jan;91:74-91. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.10.004. Epub 2019 Nov 8.
• [22] Endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis in imatinib-resistant leukemic K562-r cells triggered by AMN107 combined with arsenic trioxide. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2013 Aug 1;238(8):932-42. doi: 10.1177/1535370213492689. Epub 2013 Jul 24.
• [23] 2007 FDA drug approvals: a year of flux. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2008 Feb;7(2):107-9.
• [24] Interaction of nilotinib, dasatinib and bosutinib with ABCB1 and ABCG2: implications for altered anti-cancer effects and pharmacological properties. Br J Pharmacol. 2009 Oct;158(4):1153-64.
• [25] KEGG: new perspectives on genomes, pathways, diseases and drugs. Nucleic Acids Res. 2017 Jan 4;45(D1):D353-D361. (dg:DG01665)
• [26] Contribution of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 to the disposition of sorafenib and sorafenib-glucuronide. Clin Cancer Res. 2013 Mar 15;19(6):1458-66.
• [27] Drug interactions with the tyrosine kinase inhibitors imatinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib. Blood. 2011 Feb 24;117(8):e75-87.
• [28] Role of cytochrome P450 2C8 in drug metabolism and interactions. Pharmacol Rev. 2016 Jan;68(1):168-241.
• [29] Resistance to daunorubicin, imatinib, or nilotinib depends on expression levels of ABCB1 and ABCG2 in human leukemia cells. Chem Biol Interact. 2014 Aug 5;219:203-10. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.06.009. Epub 2014 Jun 19.
• [30] Reversal of ABCB1 mediated efflux by imatinib and nilotinib in cells expressing various transporter levels. Chem Biol Interact. 2017 Aug 1;273:171-179. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.06.012. Epub 2017 Jun 13.
• [31] Multi-parameter in vitro toxicity testing of crizotinib, sunitinib, erlotinib, and nilotinib in human cardiomyocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2013 Oct 1;272(1):245-55.
• [32] p53 Gene (NY-CO-13) Levels in Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: The Role of Imatinib and Nilotinib. Diseases. 2018 Jan 25;6(1):13. doi: 10.3390/diseases6010013.
• [33] Nilotinib reduced the viability of human ovarian cancer cells via mitochondria-dependent apoptosis, independent of JNK activation. Toxicol In Vitro. 2016 Mar;31:1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.11.002. Epub 2015 Nov 6.
• [34] AP24534, a pan-BCR-ABL inhibitor for chronic myeloid leukemia, potently inhibits the T315I mutant and overcomes mutation-based resistance. Cancer Cell. 2009 Nov 6;16(5):401-12. doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.09.028.
• [35] The CML-related oncoprotein BCR/ABL induces expression of histidine decarboxylase (HDC) and the synthesis of histamine in leukemic cells. Blood. 2006 Nov 15;108(10):3538-47. doi: 10.1182/blood-2005-12-028456. Epub 2006 Jul 18.
• [36] Cytotoxicity of 34 FDA approved small-molecule kinase inhibitors in primary rat and human hepatocytes. Toxicol Lett. 2018 Jul;291:138-148. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.04.010. Epub 2018 Apr 12.
• [37] Recurrent recessive mutation in deoxyguanosine kinase causes idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension.Hepatology. 2016 Jun;63(6):1977-86. doi: 10.1002/hep.28499. Epub 2016 Mar 31.
• [38] Biologically active neutrophil chemokine pattern in tonsillitis.Clin Exp Immunol. 2004 Mar;135(3):511-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2003.02390.x.