Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DCBXIL7)

• Drug Combination Name: Levamisole + Amodiaquine
• Indication: Chronic myelogenous leukemia; Status: Investigative [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Levamisole (DM5EN79): Small molecular drug
  Amodiaquine (DME4RA8): Small molecular drug
• High-throughput Screening Result:
  Testing Cell Line: KBM-7
  Zero Interaction Potency (ZIP) Score: 66.91
  Bliss Independence Score: 66.91
  Loewe Additivity Score: 81.43
  LHighest Single Agent (HSA) Score: 81.44

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Levamisole

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Parasitic infection	1D0Y-1G2Z	Approved	[2]
Colon cancer	2B90.Z	Withdrawn from market	[3]

Levamisole Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Alkaline phosphatase tissue-nonspecific (ALPL)	TTMR5UV	PPBT_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[6]

Levamisole Interacts with 8 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53)	OTIE1VH3	P53_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[7]
Endothelin-1 (EDN1)	OTZCACEG	EDN1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[7]
Retinoblastoma-associated protein (RB1)	OTQJUJMZ	RB_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[7]
Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 (BCL2)	OT9DVHC0	BCL2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[7]
Clusterin (CLU)	OTQGG0JM	CLUS_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[7]
Nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3)	OTLDT7NR	NOS3_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[7]
Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer (BAK1)	OTDP6ILW	BAK_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[7]
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)	OT4IE164	TNFA_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[8]

Indication(s) of Amodiaquine

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Malaria	1F40-1F45	Approved	[4]
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)	1D64	Preclinical	[5]
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)	1D65	Preclinical	[5]

Amodiaquine Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Histamine N-methyltransferase (HNMT)	TT2B6EV	HNMT_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[9]

Amodiaquine Interacts with 5 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1)	DE6OQ3W	CP1A1_HUMAN	Metabolism	[10]
Cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8)	DES5XRU	CP2C8_HUMAN	Metabolism	[11]
Cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1)	DE9QHP6	CP1B1_HUMAN	Metabolism	[10]
Glutathione S-transferase mu-4 (GSTM4)	DERQ52Z	GSTM4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[12]
Cytochrome P450 102A1 (cyp102)	DE4OGUF	CPXB_BACMB	Metabolism	[13]

Amodiaquine Interacts with 34 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1)	OTE4EFH8	CP1A1_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[14]
Cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1)	OTYXFLSD	CP1B1_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[15]
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2)	OTLLBX48	CP1A2_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[16]
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9)	OTGLBN29	CP2C9_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[16]
Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19)	OTFMJYYE	CP2CJ_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[16]
Proepiregulin (EREG)	OTRM4NQY	EREG_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[17]
Interleukin-1 alpha (IL1A)	OTPSGILV	IL1A_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[17]
Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53)	OTIE1VH3	P53_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[18]
Retinoblastoma-associated protein (RB1)	OTQJUJMZ	RB_HUMAN	Affects Phosphorylation	[19]
Cathepsin D (CTSD)	OTQZ36F3	CATD_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[19]
Procathepsin L (CTSL)	OTYTUW29	CATL1_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[19]
Cathepsin B (CTSB)	OTP9G5QB	CATB_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[19]
Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (MET)	OT7K55MU	MET_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[17]
Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 (BCL2)	OT9DVHC0	BCL2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[15]
Bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6)	OT9WN536	BMP6_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[17]
G1/S-specific cyclin-D1 (CCND1)	OT8HPTKJ	CCND1_HUMAN	Affects Expression	[19]
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 (PTGS2)	OT75U9M4	PGH2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[17]
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (CDKN1A)	OTQWHCZE	CDN1A_HUMAN	Affects Expression	[19]
Caspase-3 (CASP3)	OTIJRBE7	CASP3_HUMAN	Increases Cleavage	[15]
Tumor necrosis factor-inducible gene 6 protein (TNFAIP6)	OT1SLUZH	TSG6_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[17]
Transcription factor E2F1 (E2F1)	OTLKYBBC	E2F1_HUMAN	Affects Expression	[19]
Apoptosis regulator BAX (BAX)	OTAW0V4V	BAX_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[15]
Induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 (MCL1)	OT2YYI1A	MCL1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[15]
PTB-containing, cubilin and LRP1-interacting protein (PID1)	OT5YJ7FI	PCLI1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[17]
Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6)	OT52TWG3	CP2A6_HUMAN	Increases Metabolism	[15]
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)	OTHQ17JG	CP2E1_HUMAN	Increases Metabolism	[15]
Myeloperoxidase (MPO)	OTOOXLIN	PERM_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[20]
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6)	OTOYO4S7	CP2B6_HUMAN	Increases Metabolism	[15]
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	OTQGYY83	CP3A4_HUMAN	Increases Metabolism	[12]
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)	OTSXFBXB	CP3A5_HUMAN	Increases Metabolism	[15]
Cytochrome P450 3A7 (CYP3A7)	OTTCDHHM	CP3A7_HUMAN	Increases Metabolism	[15]
Cytochrome P450 2A13 (CYP2A13)	OTVUDLT3	CP2AD_HUMAN	Increases Metabolism	[15]
Cytochrome P450 2C18 (CYP2C18)	OTY687L9	CP2CI_HUMAN	Increases Metabolism	[15]
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)	OTZJC802	CP2D6_HUMAN	Increases Metabolism	[12]

References

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• [2] Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
• [3] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7210).
• [4] Drug information of Amodiaquine, 2008. eduDrugs.
• [5] Repurposing of clinically developed drugs for treatment of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014 Aug;58(8):4885-93.
• [6] Characterization of rat heart alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes and modulation of activity. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2008 Jul;41(7):600-9.
• [7] Levamisole induced apoptosis in cultured vascular endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol. 2000 Dec;131(8):1577-83.
• [8] Levamisole can reduce the high serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha level to a normal level in patients with erosive oral lichen planus. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2007 May;32(3):308-10. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2006.02343.x.
• [9] Effect of amodiaquine, a histamine N-methyltransferase inhibitor, on, Propionibacterium acnes and lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatitis in mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 Mar 8;558(1-3):179-84.
• [10] Amodiaquine clearance and its metabolism to N-desethylamodiaquine is mediated by CYP2C8: a new high affinity and turnover enzyme-specific probe substrate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Feb;300(2):399-407.
• [11] Amodiaquine metabolism is impaired by common polymorphisms in CYP2C8: implications for malaria treatment in Africa. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Aug;82(2):197-203.
• [12] Human glutathione S-transferases- and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1-catalyzed inactivation of reactive quinoneimines of amodiaquine and N-desethylamodiaquine: possible implications for susceptibility to amodiaquine-induced liver toxicity. Toxicol Lett. 2017 Jun 5;275:83-91.
• [13] The bacterial P450 BM3: a prototype for a biocatalyst with human P450 activities. Trends Biotechnol. 2007 Jul;25(7):289-98.
• [14] Cytochrome P450 1A1/2 induction by antiparasitic drugs: dose-dependent increase in ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity and mRNA caused by quinine, primaquine and albendazole in HepG2 cells. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2002 Nov;58(8):537-42.
• [15] Apoptosis contributes to the cytotoxicity induced by amodiaquine and its major metabolite N-desethylamodiaquine in hepatic cells. Toxicol In Vitro. 2020 Feb;62:104669. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104669. Epub 2019 Oct 16.
• [16] Application of higher throughput screening (HTS) inhibition assays to evaluate the interaction of antiparasitic drugs with cytochrome P450s. Drug Metab Dispos. 2001 Jan;29(1):30-5.
• [17] An in vitro coculture system of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with hepatocellular carcinoma-derived cells for predicting drug-induced liver injury. Arch Toxicol. 2021 Jan;95(1):149-168. doi: 10.1007/s00204-020-02882-4. Epub 2020 Aug 20.
• [18] High-throughput measurement of the Tp53 response to anticancer drugs and random compounds using a stably integrated Tp53-responsive luciferase reporter. Carcinogenesis. 2002 Jun;23(6):949-57. doi: 10.1093/carcin/23.6.949.
• [19] The antimalarial amodiaquine causes autophagic-lysosomal and proliferative blockade sensitizing human melanoma cells to starvation- and chemotherapy-induced cell death. Autophagy. 2013 Dec;9(12):2087-102. doi: 10.4161/auto.26506. Epub 2013 Oct 8.
• [20] ADReCS-Target: target profiles for aiding drug safety research and application. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D911-D917. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx899.