General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DCEX5VI)

Drug Combination Name
Sorafenib Mepacrine
Indication
Disease Entry Status REF
Adenocarcinoma Investigative [1]
Component Drugs Sorafenib   DMS8IFC Mepacrine   DMU8L7C
Small molecular drug Small molecular drug
2D MOL 2D MOL
3D MOL 3D MOL
High-throughput Screening Result Testing Cell Line: OVCAR3
Zero Interaction Potency (ZIP) Score: 4.01
Bliss Independence Score: 8.68
Loewe Additivity Score: 0.21
LHighest Single Agent (HSA) Score: 2.87

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA)
Indication(s) of Sorafenib
Disease Entry ICD 11 Status REF
Adenocarcinoma 2D40 Approved [2]
Carcinoma 2A00-2F9Z Approved [2]
Clear cell renal carcinoma N.A. Approved [2]
Lung cancer 2C25.0 Approved [2]
Medullary thyroid gland carcinoma N.A. Approved [2]
Non-small-cell lung cancer 2C25.Y Approved [2]
Renal cell carcinoma 2C90 Approved [3]
Thyroid cancer 2D10 Approved [2]
Hepatocellular carcinoma 2C12.02 Phase 3 [3]
Myelodysplastic syndrome 2A37 Phase 2 [3]
Sorafenib Interacts with 4 DTT Molecule(s)
DTT Name DTT ID UniProt ID Mode of Action REF
Tyrosine-protein kinase Kit (KIT) TTX41N9 KIT_HUMAN Modulator [10]
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRB) TTI7421 PGFRB_HUMAN Modulator [10]
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) TTGKNB4 EGFR_HUMAN Inhibitor [11]
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (KDR) TTUTJGQ VGFR2_HUMAN Modulator [10]
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Sorafenib Interacts with 7 DTP Molecule(s)
DTP Name DTP ID UniProt ID Mode of Action REF
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (ABCC2) DTFI42L MRP2_HUMAN Substrate [12]
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1) DTUGYRD MDR1_HUMAN Substrate [13]
Breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) DTI7UX6 ABCG2_HUMAN Substrate [14]
Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (SLCO1B1) DT3D8F0 SO1B1_HUMAN Substrate [15]
Organic cation transporter 1 (SLC22A1) DTT79CX S22A1_HUMAN Substrate [16]
Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B3 (SLCO1B3) DT9C1TS SO1B3_HUMAN Substrate [15]
RalBP1-associated Eps domain-containing protein 2 (RALBP1) DTYEM9B REPS2_HUMAN Substrate [17]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 7 DTP(s)
Sorafenib Interacts with 6 DME Molecule(s)
DME Name DME ID UniProt ID Mode of Action REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) DE4LYSA CP3A4_HUMAN Metabolism [18]
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) DEJGDUW CP1A2_HUMAN Metabolism [19]
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5) DEIBDNY CP3A5_HUMAN Metabolism [20]
Cytochrome P450 3A7 (CYP3A7) DERD86B CP3A7_HUMAN Metabolism [20]
Cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8) DES5XRU CP2C8_HUMAN Metabolism [18]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9 (UGT1A9) DE85D2P UD19_HUMAN Metabolism [21]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 6 DME(s)
Sorafenib Interacts with 63 DOT Molecule(s)
DOT Name DOT ID UniProt ID Mode of Action REF
Mast/stem cell growth factor receptor Kit (KIT) OTHUY3VZ KIT_HUMAN Decreases Phosphorylation [22]
DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein (DDIT3) OTI8YKKE DDIT3_HUMAN Increases Expression [23]
DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 protein (DDIT4) OTHY8SY4 DDIT4_HUMAN Increases Expression [23]
Bile salt export pump (ABCB11) OTRU7THO ABCBB_HUMAN Decreases Activity [24]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3) OTCYKGKO MK03_HUMAN Decreases Activity [25]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) OTH85PI5 MK01_HUMAN Decreases Activity [25]
Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 3-kinase C2 domain-containing subunit alpha (PIK3C2A) OTFBU4GD P3C2A_HUMAN Decreases Expression [5]
Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5 (BIRC5) OTILXZYL BIRC5_HUMAN Decreases Expression [5]
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform (PIK3CA) OTTOMI8J PK3CA_HUMAN Decreases Expression [5]
Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2) OTOP7LTE GRB2_HUMAN Decreases Expression [5]
Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) OT8SIIAP IRF5_HUMAN Increases Expression [5]
Serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK3 (PLK3) OT19CT2Z PLK3_HUMAN Increases Expression [5]
Serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK2 (PLK2) OTKMJXJ8 PLK2_HUMAN Increases Expression [5]
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10B (TNFRSF10B) OTA1CPBV TR10B_HUMAN Increases Expression [23]
CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator (CFLAR) OTX14BAS CFLAR_HUMAN Decreases Expression [26]
Bcl-2-like protein 11 (BCL2L11) OTNQQWFJ B2L11_HUMAN Decreases Expression [27]
Zinc finger protein SNAI2 (SNAI2) OT7Y8EJ2 SNAI2_HUMAN Decreases Expression [6]
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase parkin (PRKN) OTJBN41W PRKN_HUMAN Increases Ubiquitination [28]
Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 beta (GADD45B) OTL9I7LO GA45B_HUMAN Increases Expression [29]
Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 15A (PPP1R15A) OTYG179K PR15A_HUMAN Increases Expression [7]
Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 gamma (GADD45G) OT8V1J4M GA45G_HUMAN Increases Expression [30]
Apoptosis-inducing factor 1, mitochondrial (AIFM1) OTKPWB7Q AIFM1_HUMAN Affects Localization [27]
Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein (TGFB1) OTV5XHVH TGFB1_HUMAN Decreases Activity [31]
RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase (RAF1) OT51LSFO RAF1_HUMAN Decreases Activity [22]
Transcription factor Jun (JUN) OTCYBO6X JUN_HUMAN Increases Expression [29]
Tyrosine-protein kinase Lck (LCK) OT883FG9 LCK_HUMAN Decreases Phosphorylation [32]
Retinoblastoma-associated protein (RB1) OTQJUJMZ RB_HUMAN Decreases Expression [33]
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (EIF4E) OTDAWNLA IF4E_HUMAN Decreases Phosphorylation [27]
Poly polymerase 1 (PARP1) OT310QSG PARP1_HUMAN Increases Cleavage [34]
Cadherin-1 (CDH1) OTFJMXPM CADH1_HUMAN Increases Expression [6]
Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (SRC) OTETYX40 SRC_HUMAN Decreases Activity [35]
Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 (ATF4) OTRFV19J ATF4_HUMAN Increases Expression [23]
G1/S-specific cyclin-D2 (CCND2) OTDULQF9 CCND2_HUMAN Decreases Expression [36]
G1/S-specific cyclin-D3 (CCND3) OTNKPQ22 CCND3_HUMAN Decreases Expression [37]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (MAPK8) OTEREYS5 MK08_HUMAN Decreases Phosphorylation [38]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 (MAPK9) OTCEVJ9E MK09_HUMAN Decreases Phosphorylation [38]
Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MAP2K4) OTZPZX11 MP2K4_HUMAN Decreases Phosphorylation [38]
Crk-like protein (CRKL) OTOYSD1R CRKL_HUMAN Decreases Phosphorylation [39]
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B) OTNY5LLZ CDN1B_HUMAN Increases Expression [40]
CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein delta (CEBPD) OTNBIPMY CEBPD_HUMAN Increases Expression [30]
Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 10 (TNFSF10) OT4PXBTA TNF10_HUMAN Increases Response To Substance [41]
Gasdermin-D (GSDMD) OTH39BKI GSDMD_HUMAN Increases Expression [42]
Sestrin-2 (SESN2) OT889IXY SESN2_HUMAN Increases Expression [43]
Small ribosomal subunit protein eS6 (RPS6) OTT4D1LN RS6_HUMAN Decreases Phosphorylation [44]
Cytochrome c (CYCS) OTBFALJD CYC_HUMAN Affects Localization [45]
Bcl-2-like protein 1 (BCL2L1) OTRC5K9O B2CL1_HUMAN Decreases Expression [27]
Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 3 (BIRC3) OT3E95KB BIRC3_HUMAN Decreases Expression [46]
Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1 (PMAIP1) OTXEE550 APR_HUMAN Decreases Expression [47]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (MAPK14) OT5TCO3O MK14_HUMAN Decreases Expression [48]
Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer (BAK1) OTDP6ILW BAK_HUMAN Decreases Expression [27]
Bcl2-associated agonist of cell death (BAD) OT63ERYM BAD_HUMAN Increases Expression [8]
Docking protein 1 (DOK1) OTGVRLW6 DOK1_HUMAN Decreases Phosphorylation [39]
Serine/threonine-protein kinase PINK1, mitochondrial (PINK1) OT50NR57 PINK1_HUMAN Increases Expression [28]
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A (EIF2A) OTWXELQP EIF2A_HUMAN Increases Phosphorylation [7]
Autophagy protein 5 (ATG5) OT4T5SMS ATG5_HUMAN Increases Expression [49]
Transcription factor SOX-17 (SOX17) OT9H4WWE SOX17_HUMAN Decreases Localization [50]
Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase CYLD (CYLD) OT37FKH0 CYLD_HUMAN Increases Expression [51]
Diablo IAP-binding mitochondrial protein (DIABLO) OTHJ9MCZ DBLOH_HUMAN Affects Localization [47]
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 (EIF2AK3) OT0DZGY4 E2AK3_HUMAN Increases Phosphorylation [7]
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM62 (TRIM62) OT15YO6N TRI62_HUMAN Affects Response To Substance [52]
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3 (ABCC3) OTC3IJV4 MRP3_HUMAN Affects Response To Substance [53]
Receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase FLT3 (FLT3) OTMSRYMK FLT3_HUMAN Increases Response To Substance [44]
Na(+)/citrate cotransporter (SLC13A5) OTPH1TA7 S13A5_HUMAN Decreases Response To Substance [54]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 63 DOT(s)
Indication(s) of Mepacrine
Disease Entry ICD 11 Status REF
Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [4]
Mepacrine Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)
DTT Name DTT ID UniProt ID Mode of Action REF
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2G1B) TT9V5JH PA21B_HUMAN Inhibitor [4]
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Mepacrine Interacts with 1 DTP Molecule(s)
DTP Name DTP ID UniProt ID Mode of Action REF
Breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) DTI7UX6 ABCG2_HUMAN Substrate [55]
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Mepacrine Interacts with 2 DME Molecule(s)
DME Name DME ID UniProt ID Mode of Action REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) DE4LYSA CP3A4_HUMAN Metabolism [56]
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5) DEIBDNY CP3A5_HUMAN Metabolism [56]
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Mepacrine Interacts with 11 DOT Molecule(s)
DOT Name DOT ID UniProt ID Mode of Action REF
Myc proto-oncogene protein (MYC) OTPV5LUK MYC_HUMAN Decreases Expression [57]
Poly polymerase 1 (PARP1) OT310QSG PARP1_HUMAN Increases Cleavage [58]
1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 (PLCG1) OTSBQR6D PLCG1_HUMAN Decreases Phosphorylation [59]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3) OTCYKGKO MK03_HUMAN Decreases Phosphorylation [58]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) OTH85PI5 MK01_HUMAN Decreases Phosphorylation [58]
Catenin beta-1 (CTNNB1) OTZ932A3 CTNB1_HUMAN Decreases Expression [57]
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (CDKN1A) OTQWHCZE CDN1A_HUMAN Decreases Expression [60]
Casein kinase I isoform alpha (CSNK1A1) OTJ6O1IC KC1A_HUMAN Increases Expression [57]
Forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3) OTA9Z9OC FOXP3_HUMAN Increases Expression [58]
F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 1A (BTRC) OT2EZDGR FBW1A_HUMAN Decreases Expression [58]
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1 (ABCB1) OTEJROBO MDR1_HUMAN Increases Transport [56]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 11 DOT(s)

Test Results of This Drug Combination in Other Disease Systems

Indication DrugCom ID Cell Line Status REF
High grade ovarian serous adenocarcinoma DCM7YVZ OVCAR-8 Investigative [1]
Papillary renal cell carcinoma DCCPH48 ACHN Investigative [1]
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References

1 CheMBL Affinity Phenotypic Cellular Interaction Assay ID: CHEMBL1125966
2 Sorafenib FDA Label
3 URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 5711).
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8 Sorafenib induces apoptosis of AML cells via Bim-mediated activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Leukemia. 2008 Apr;22(4):808-18. doi: 10.1038/sj.leu.2405098. Epub 2008 Jan 17.
9 Ovatodiolide suppresses yes-associated protein 1-modulated cancer stem cell phenotypes in highly malignant hepatocellular carcinoma and sensitizes cancer cells to chemotherapy in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro. 2018 Sep;51:74-82. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.04.010. Epub 2018 Apr 24.
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11 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Current treatment options and future directions. J Nasopharyng Carcinoma, 2014, 1(16): e16.
12 Multidrug resistance protein 2 implicates anticancer drug-resistance to sorafenib. Biol Pharm Bull. 2011;34(3):433-5.
13 Breast cancer resistance protein and P-glycoprotein limit sorafenib brain accumulation. Mol Cancer Ther. 2010 Feb;9(2):319-26.
14 Double-transduced MDCKII cells to study human P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) and breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) interplay in drug transport across the blood-brain barrier. Mol Pharm. 2011 Apr 4;8(2):571-82.
15 Contribution of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 to the disposition of sorafenib and sorafenib-glucuronide. Clin Cancer Res. 2013 Mar 15;19(6):1458-66.
16 Upregulation of histone acetylation reverses organic anion transporter 2 repression and enhances 5-fluorouracil sensitivity in hepatocellular carcinoma
17 Rlip76 transports sunitinib and sorafenib and mediates drug resistance in kidney cancer. Int J Cancer. 2010 Mar 15;126(6):1327-38.
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20 Drug Interactions Flockhart Table
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23 Sorafenib induces apoptotic cell death in human non-small cell lung cancer cells by down-regulating mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-dependent survivin expression. Biochem Pharmacol. 2011 Aug 1;82(3):216-26. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.04.011. Epub 2011 May 13.
24 Interference with bile salt export pump function is a susceptibility factor for human liver injury in drug development. Toxicol Sci. 2010 Dec; 118(2):485-500.
25 Differential effects of arsenic trioxide on chemosensitization in human hepatic tumor and stellate cell lines. BMC Cancer. 2012 Sep 10;12:402.
26 The multikinase inhibitor sorafenib potentiates TRAIL lethality in human leukemia cells in association with Mcl-1 and cFLIPL down-regulation. Cancer Res. 2007 Oct 1;67(19):9490-500. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-0598.
27 Apoptosis induced by the kinase inhibitor BAY 43-9006 in human leukemia cells involves down-regulation of Mcl-1 through inhibition of translation. J Biol Chem. 2005 Oct 21;280(42):35217-27. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M506551200. Epub 2005 Aug 18.
28 Sorafenib targets the mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes and ATP synthase to activate the PINK1-Parkin pathway and modulate cellular drug response. J Biol Chem. 2017 Sep 8;292(36):15105-15120. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M117.783175. Epub 2017 Jul 3.
29 Induction of DNA damage-inducible gene GADD45beta contributes to sorafenib-induced apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cancer Res. 2010 Nov 15;70(22):9309-18. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-1033. Epub 2010 Nov 9.
30 Growth arrest DNA damage-inducible gene 45 gamma expression as a prognostic and predictive biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget. 2015 Sep 29;6(29):27953-65. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.4446.
31 Sorafenib inhibits transforming growth factor 1-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition and apoptosis in mouse hepatocytes. Hepatology. 2011 May;53(5):1708-18. doi: 10.1002/hep.24254.
32 Sorafenib induces cell death in chronic lymphocytic leukemia by translational downregulation of Mcl-1. Leukemia. 2011 May;25(5):838-47. doi: 10.1038/leu.2011.2. Epub 2011 Feb 4.
33 Cell cycle dependent and schedule-dependent antitumor effects of sorafenib combined with radiation. Cancer Res. 2007 Oct 1;67(19):9443-54. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-1473.
34 Synergistic activity of letrozole and sorafenib on breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010 Nov;124(1):79-88. doi: 10.1007/s10549-009-0714-5. Epub 2010 Jan 7.
35 Sorafenib induces apoptosis in HL60 cells by inhibiting Src kinase-mediated STAT3 phosphorylation. Anticancer Drugs. 2011 Jan;22(1):79-88. doi: 10.1097/CAD.0b013e32833f44fd.
36 Sorafenib inhibits signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling associated with growth arrest and apoptosis of medulloblastomas. Mol Cancer Ther. 2008 Nov;7(11):3519-26. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-08-0138.
37 Coadministration of sorafenib with rottlerin potently inhibits cell proliferation and migration in human malignant glioma cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006 Dec;319(3):1070-80. doi: 10.1124/jpet.106.108621. Epub 2006 Sep 7.
38 Synergistic antimetastatic effect of cotreatment with licochalcone A and sorafenib on human hepatocellular carcinoma cells through the inactivation of MKK4/JNK and uPA expression. Environ Toxicol. 2018 Dec;33(12):1237-1244. doi: 10.1002/tox.22630. Epub 2018 Sep 6.
39 Sorafenib induces apoptosis specifically in cells expressing BCR/ABL by inhibiting its kinase activity to activate the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Cancer Res. 2009 May 1;69(9):3927-36. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2978. Epub 2009 Apr 14.
40 Proliferation and survival molecules implicated in the inhibition of BRAF pathway in thyroid cancer cells harbouring different genetic mutations. BMC Cancer. 2009 Oct 31;9:387. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-387.
41 The multikinase inhibitor Sorafenib induces apoptosis and sensitises endometrial cancer cells to TRAIL by different mechanisms. Eur J Cancer. 2010 Mar;46(4):836-50. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.12.025. Epub 2010 Jan 12.
42 Activation of inflammasomes by tyrosine kinase inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor: Implications for VEGFR TKIs-induced immune related adverse events. Toxicol In Vitro. 2021 Mar;71:105063. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.105063. Epub 2020 Dec 1.
43 Protective effect of sestrin2 against iron overload and ferroptosis-induced liver injury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2019 Sep 15;379:114665. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114665. Epub 2019 Jul 16.
44 Mechanisms of apoptosis induction by simultaneous inhibition of PI3K and FLT3-ITD in AML cells in the hypoxic bone marrow microenvironment. Cancer Lett. 2013 Feb 1;329(1):45-58. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.09.020. Epub 2012 Oct 2.
45 The role of Mcl-1 downregulation in the proapoptotic activity of the multikinase inhibitor BAY 43-9006. Oncogene. 2005 Oct 20;24(46):6861-9. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208841.
46 The multikinase inhibitor sorafenib induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Asian J Androl. 2010 Jul;12(4):527-34. doi: 10.1038/aja.2010.21. Epub 2010 May 17.
47 GSK-3beta inhibition enhances sorafenib-induced apoptosis in melanoma cell lines. J Biol Chem. 2008 Jan 11;283(2):726-32. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M705343200. Epub 2007 Nov 8.
48 Cytotoxic synergy between the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib and the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in vitro: induction of apoptosis through Akt and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase pathways. Mol Cancer Ther. 2006 Sep;5(9):2378-87. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-06-0235.
49 Vorinostat and sorafenib increase ER stress, autophagy and apoptosis via ceramide-dependent CD95 and PERK activation. Cancer Biol Ther. 2008 Oct;7(10):1648-62. doi: 10.4161/cbt.7.10.6623. Epub 2008 Oct 12.
50 A high-throughput screen for teratogens using human pluripotent stem cells. Toxicol Sci. 2014 Jan;137(1):76-90. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kft239. Epub 2013 Oct 23.
51 Down-regulation of CYLD as a trigger for NF-B activation and a mechanism of apoptotic resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Int J Oncol. 2011 Jan;38(1):121-31.
52 TRIM62 silencing represses the proliferation and invasion and increases the chemosensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by affecting the NF-B pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2022 Jun 15;445:116035. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116035. Epub 2022 Apr 23.
53 The Enhanced metastatic potential of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells with sorafenib resistance. PLoS One. 2013 Nov 11;8(11):e78675. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078675. eCollection 2013.
54 Comparative proteomic analysis of SLC13A5 knockdown reveals elevated ketogenesis and enhanced cellular toxic response to chemotherapeutic agents in HepG2 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2020 Sep 1;402:115117. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115117. Epub 2020 Jul 4.
55 Arginine-482 is not essential for transport of antibiotics, primary bile acids and unconjugated sterols by the human breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2). Biochem J. 2005 Jan 15;385(Pt 2):419-26.
56 Quinacrine is mainly metabolized to mono-desethyl quinacrine by CYP3A4/5 and its brain accumulation is limited by P-glycoprotein. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 Jul;34(7):1136-44.
57 Nanoquinacrine caused apoptosis in oral cancer stem cells by disrupting the interaction between GLI1 and catenin through activation of GSK3. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2017 Sep 1;330:53-64. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.07.008. Epub 2017 Jul 15.
58 Quinacrine induces the apoptosis of human leukemia U937 cells through FOXP3/miR-183/-TrCP/SP1 axis-mediated BAX upregulation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2017 Nov 1;334:35-46. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.08.019. Epub 2017 Sep 1.
59 Quinacrine is active in preclinical models of glioblastoma through suppressing angiogenesis, inducing oxidative stress and activating AMPK. Toxicol In Vitro. 2022 Sep;83:105420. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105420. Epub 2022 Jun 17.
60 Multiple-endpoint in vitro carcinogenicity test in human cell line TK6 distinguishes carcinogens from non-carcinogens and highlights mechanisms of action. Arch Toxicol. 2021 Jan;95(1):321-336. doi: 10.1007/s00204-020-02902-3. Epub 2020 Sep 10.