Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DCQJ0I5)

• Drug Combination Name: Efavirenz + Methylene blue
• Indication: Chronic myelogenous leukemia; Status: Investigative [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Efavirenz (DMC0GSJ): Small molecular drug
  Methylene blue (DMJAPE7): N.A.
• High-throughput Screening Result:
  Testing Cell Line: KBM-7
  Zero Interaction Potency (ZIP) Score: 1.6
  Bliss Independence Score: 1.6
  Loewe Additivity Score: 2.68
  LHighest Single Agent (HSA) Score: 2.69

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Efavirenz

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Human immunodeficiency virus infection	1C62	Approved	[2]

Efavirenz Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Human immunodeficiency virus Reverse transcriptase (HIV RT)	TT84ETX	POL_HV1B1	Modulator	[5]

Efavirenz Interacts with 2 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1)	DTUGYRD	MDR1_HUMAN	Substrate	[6]
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 (ABCC3)	DTQ3ZHF	MRP3_HUMAN	Substrate	[7]

Efavirenz Interacts with 3 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[8]
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2)	DEJGDUW	CP1A2_HUMAN	Metabolism	[9]
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6)	DEPKLMQ	CP2B6_HUMAN	Metabolism	[10]

Efavirenz Interacts with 32 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	OTQGYY83	CP3A4_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[11]
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9)	OTGLBN29	CP2C9_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[12]
Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19)	OTFMJYYE	CP2CJ_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[12]
Bile salt export pump (ABCB11)	OTRU7THO	ABCBB_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[13]
Dynamin-1-like protein (DNM1L)	OTXK1Q1G	DNM1L_HUMAN	Affects Localization	[14]
Bcl-2-like protein 11 (BCL2L11)	OTNQQWFJ	B2L11_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[15]
Dynamin-like 120 kDa protein, mitochondrial (OPA1)	OTJGNWPW	OPA1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[14]
Mitofusin-2 (MFN2)	OTPYN8A3	MFN2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[14]
Thyroglobulin (TG)	OT3ELHIJ	THYG_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[16]
Albumin (ALB)	OTVMM513	ALBU_HUMAN	Affects Binding	[17]
Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (SERPINE1)	OTT0MPQ3	PAI1_HUMAN	Increases Secretion	[18]
Interleukin-6 (IL6)	OTUOSCCU	IL6_HUMAN	Increases Secretion	[18]
Transcription factor Jun (JUN)	OTCYBO6X	JUN_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[15]
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)	OTTW0267	LIPL_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[18]
Thyroid peroxidase (TPO)	OTJJLL20	PERT_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[16]
Interleukin-8 (CXCL8)	OTS7T5VH	IL8_HUMAN	Increases Secretion	[18]
C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2)	OTAD2HEL	CCL2_HUMAN	Increases Secretion	[18]
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)	OTGHUA23	HGF_HUMAN	Increases Secretion	[18]
Thyrotropin receptor (TSHR)	OT0BC8LB	TSHR_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[16]
Calnexin (CANX)	OTYP1F6J	CALX_HUMAN	Affects Localization	[14]
DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein (DDIT3)	OTI8YKKE	DDIT3_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[14]
Lon protease homolog, mitochondrial (LONP1)	OT665WYT	LONM_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[14]
Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBF1)	OTWBRPAI	SRBP1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[18]
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG)	OTHMARHO	PPARG_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[18]
Leptin (LEP)	OT5Q7ODW	LEP_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[18]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (MAPK8)	OTEREYS5	MK08_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[15]
CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBPA)	OTOM9OE4	CEBPA_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[18]
Adiponectin (ADIPOQ)	OTNX23LE	ADIPO_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[18]
Regulator of microtubule dynamics protein 3 (RMDN3)	OTKO7AUM	RMD3_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[14]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 (MAP3K5)	OTQR6ENW	M3K5_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[15]
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 (EIF2AK3)	OT0DZGY4	E2AK3_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[14]
Mitochondrial fission 1 protein (FIS1)	OT2HL10J	FIS1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[14]

Indication(s) of Methylene blue

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Acquired methemoglobinemia	3A93	Approved	[3]
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)	1D6Y	Phase 2	[4]

Methylene blue Interacts with 2 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Monoamine oxidase (MAO)	TT32XQJ	NOUNIPROTAC	.	[19]
Guanylate cyclase (GC)	TT6HPVC	NOUNIPROTAC	Inhibitor	[20]

Methylene blue Interacts with 7 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Amine oxidase B (MAOB)	OTTDFM1O	AOFB_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[21]
Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53)	OTIE1VH3	P53_HUMAN	Affects Activity	[22]
Microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT)	OTMTP2Z7	TAU_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[23]
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase (G6PD)	OT300SMK	G6PD_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[24]
Acetylcholinesterase (ACHE)	OT2H8HG6	ACES_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[25]
6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating (PGD)	OTVG296F	6PGD_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[24]
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)	OT4IE164	TNFA_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[26]

References

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• [2] Approved antiretroviral drugs. Antiretroviral Drugs. Company report of AVERT. 2009.
• [3] Recombinant Plasmodium falciparum glutathione reductase is inhibited by the antimalarial dye methylene blue. FEBS Lett. 1998 Feb 6;422(3):311-4.
• [4] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04370288) Clinical Application of Methylene Blue for Treatment of Covid-19 Patients. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
• [5] Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
• [6] Human intestinal transporter database: QSAR modeling and virtual profiling of drug uptake, efflux and interactions. Pharm Res. 2013 Apr;30(4):996-1007.
• [7] Induction of multiple drug transporters by efavirenz. J Pharmacol Sci. 2009 Feb;109(2):242-50.
• [8] Induction of CYP3A4 by efavirenz in primary human hepatocytes: comparison with rifampin and phenobarbital. J Clin Pharmacol. 2004 Nov;44(11):1273-81.
• [9] CYP2B6 genotype-dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 and induction of CYP2A6 by the antiretroviral drug efavirenz in healthy volunteers. Clin Transl Sci. 2019 Nov;12(6):657-666.
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• [11] Use of immortalized human hepatocytes to predict the magnitude of clinical drug-drug interactions caused by CYP3A4 induction. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 Oct;34(10):1742-8.
• [12] Inhibition of human cytochrome P450 isoforms by nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. J Clin Pharmacol. 2001 Jan;41(1):85-91.
• [13] Early identification of clinically relevant drug interactions with the human bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11). Toxicol Sci. 2013 Dec;136(2):328-43.
• [14] Lon protease: a novel mitochondrial matrix protein in the interconnection between drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Br J Pharmacol. 2017 Dec;174(23):4409-4429. doi: 10.1111/bph.14045. Epub 2017 Nov 7.
• [15] Efavirenz and 8-hydroxyefavirenz induce cell death via a JNK- and BimEL-dependent mechanism in primary human hepatocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2011 Dec 1;257(2):227-34. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.09.008. Epub 2011 Sep 19.
• [16] Reverse transcriptase inhibitors down-regulate cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo and restore thyrotropin signaling and iodine uptake in human thyroid anaplastic carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Oct;90(10):5663-71. doi: 10.1210/jc.2005-0367. Epub 2005 Jul 19.
• [17] Binding of anti-HIV drugs to human serum albumin. IUBMB Life. 2004 Oct;56(10):609-14. doi: 10.1080/15216540400016286.
• [18] Effects of nevirapine and efavirenz on human adipocyte differentiation, gene expression, and release of adipokines and cytokines. Antiviral Res. 2011 Aug;91(2):112-9. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.04.018. Epub 2011 May 17.
• [19] Photoluminescence of CdTe nanocrystals modulated by methylene blue and DNA. A label-free luminescent signaling nanohybrid platform. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2009 Jul 7;11(25):5062-9.
• [20] Curcumin ameliorates high glucose-induced acute vascular endothelial dysfunction in rat thoracic aorta. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2009 Dec;36(12):1177-82.
• [21] Inhibition of the bioactivation of the neurotoxin MPTP by antioxidants, redox agents and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Food Chem Toxicol. 2011 Aug;49(8):1773-81.
• [22] Identification of environmental chemicals that activate p53 signaling after in vitro metabolic activation. Arch Toxicol. 2022 Jul;96(7):1975-1987. doi: 10.1007/s00204-022-03291-5. Epub 2022 Apr 18.
• [23] Pharmacologic reductions of total tau levels; implications for the role of microtubule dynamics in regulating tau expression. Mol Neurodegener. 2006 Jul 26;1:6. doi: 10.1186/1750-1326-1-6.
• [24] Defenses against oxidation in human erythrocytes: role of glutathione reductase in the activation of glucose decarboxylation by hemolytic drugs. J Lab Clin Med. 1991 Apr;117(4):325-31.
• [25] Profiling the Tox21 Chemical Collection for Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition. Environ Health Perspect. 2021 Apr;129(4):47008. doi: 10.1289/EHP6993. Epub 2021 Apr 12.
• [26] ADReCS-Target: target profiles for aiding drug safety research and application. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D911-D917. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx899.