Details of Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme (DME)

General Information of Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme (DME) (ID: DECG04O)

DME Name Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase (XDH)
Synonyms Xanthine dehydrogenase; Xanthine oxidase; Xanthine oxidoreductase; XD; XDH; XDHA; XO; XOR
Gene Name XDH
UniProt ID
XDH_HUMAN
INTEDE ID
DME0070
3D Structure
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2D Sequence (FASTA)
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3D Structure (PDB)
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Gene ID
7498
EC Number EC: 1.17.1.4
Oxidoreductase
CH/CH2 oxidoreductase
NAD/NADP acceptor oxidoreductase
EC: 1.17.1.4
Lineage Species: Homo sapiens
Kingdom: Metazoa
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: Homo sapiens
Sequence
MTADKLVFFVNGRKVVEKNADPETTLLAYLRRKLGLSGTKLGCGEGGCGACTVMLSKYDR
LQNKIVHFSANACLAPICSLHHVAVTTVEGIGSTKTRLHPVQERIAKSHGSQCGFCTPGI
VMSMYTLLRNQPEPTMEEIENAFQGNLCRCTGYRPILQGFRTFARDGGCCGGDGNNPNCC
MNQKKDHSVSLSPSLFKPEEFTPLDPTQEPIFPPELLRLKDTPRKQLRFEGERVTWIQAS
TLKELLDLKAQHPDAKLVVGNTEIGIEMKFKNMLFPMIVCPAWIPELNSVEHGPDGISFG
AACPLSIVEKTLVDAVAKLPAQKTEVFRGVLEQLRWFAGKQVKSVASVGGNIITASPISD
LNPVFMASGAKLTLVSRGTRRTVQMDHTFFPGYRKTLLSPEEILLSIEIPYSREGEYFSA
FKQASRREDDIAKVTSGMRVLFKPGTTEVQELALCYGGMANRTISALKTTQRQLSKLWKE
ELLQDVCAGLAEELHLPPDAPGGMVDFRCTLTLSFFFKFYLTVLQKLGQENLEDKCGKLD
PTFASATLLFQKDPPADVQLFQEVPKGQSEEDMVGRPLPHLAADMQASGEAVYCDDIPRY
ENELSLRLVTSTRAHAKIKSIDTSEAKKVPGFVCFISADDVPGSNITGICNDETVFAKDK
VTCVGHIIGAVVADTPEHTQRAAQGVKITYEELPAIITIEDAIKNNSFYGPELKIEKGDL
KKGFSEADNVVSGEIYIGGQEHFYLETHCTIAVPKGEAGEMELFVSTQNTMKTQSFVAKM
LGVPANRIVVRVKRMGGGFGGKETRSTVVSTAVALAAYKTGRPVRCMLDRDEDMLITGGR
HPFLARYKVGFMKTGTVVALEVDHFSNVGNTQDLSQSIMERALFHMDNCYKIPNIRGTGR
LCKTNLPSNTAFRGFGGPQGMLIAECWMSEVAVTCGMPAEEVRRKNLYKEGDLTHFNQKL
EGFTLPRCWEECLASSQYHARKSEVDKFNKENCWKKRGLCIIPTKFGISFTVPFLNQAGA
LLHVYTDGSVLLTHGGTEMGQGLHTKMVQVASRALKIPTSKIYISETSTNTVPNTSPTAA
SVSADLNGQAVYAACQTILKRLEPYKKKNPSGSWEDWVTAAYMDTVSLSATGFYRTPNLG
YSFETNSGNPFHYFSYGVACSEVEIDCLTGDHKNLRTDIVMDVGSSLNPAIDIGQVEGAF
VQGLGLFTLEELHYSPEGSLHTRGPSTYKIPAFGSIPIEFRVSLLRDCPNKKAIYASKAV
GEPPLFLAASIFFAIKDAIRAARAQHTGNNVKELFRLDSPATPEKIRNACVDKFTTLCVT
GVPENCKPWSVRV
Function This enzyme is a key enzyme in purine degradation. It catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid.
KEGG Pathway
Caffeine metabolism (hsa00232 )
Drug metabolism - other enzymes (hsa00983 )
Metabolic pathways (hsa01100 )
Peroxisome (hsa04146 )
Purine metabolism (hsa00230 )
Reactome Pathway
Purine catabolism (R-HSA-74259 )
Butyrophilin (BTN) family interactions (R-HSA-8851680 )

Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) of This DME

Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) Jump to Detail Molecular Interaction Atlas of This DME
1 Approved Drug(s) Metabolized by This DME
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Doxorubicin DMVP5YE Solid tumour/cancer 2A00-2F9Z Approved [24]
1 Clinical Trial Drug(s) Metabolized by This DME
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Xanthine DMFBOQ7 Apnea MD11.0 Phase 1 [25]

Molecular Expression Atlas (MEA) of This DME

Molecular Expression Atlas (MEA) Jump to Detail Molecular Expression Atlas of This DME
Disease Name ICD 11 Studied Tissue p-value Fold-Change Z-score
Acute myelocytic leukaemia 2B33.1 Bone marrow 8.73E-03 2.72E-02 1.13E-01
Alopecia ED70 Skin from scalp 8.23E-01 1.12E-01 3.65E-01
Alzheimer's disease 8A20 Entorhinal cortex 6.95E-01 -2.50E-03 -1.46E-02
Ankylosing spondylitis FA92.0 Pheripheral blood 3.78E-01 -1.38E-01 -8.47E-01
Aortic stenosis BB70 Calcified aortic valve 8.09E-01 -1.72E-02 -2.29E-02
Apnea 7A40 Hyperplastic tonsil 9.18E-01 3.16E-01 3.35E-01
Arthropathy FA00-FA5Z Peripheral blood 4.22E-01 1.83E-02 1.56E-01
Asthma CA23 Nasal and bronchial airway 1.11E-05 1.36E+00 8.45E-01
Atopic dermatitis EA80 Skin 3.62E-03 2.50E-01 9.28E-01
Autism 6A02 Whole blood 5.09E-01 -8.57E-02 -3.56E-01
Autoimmune uveitis 9A96 Peripheral monocyte 2.44E-02 -2.91E-01 -1.72E+00
Autosomal dominant monocytopenia 4B04 Whole blood 8.85E-01 1.46E-02 1.69E-01
Bacterial infection of gingival 1C1H Gingival tissue 9.02E-14 9.70E-01 1.36E+00
Batten disease 5C56.1 Whole blood 4.12E-01 2.40E-02 3.95E-01
Behcet's disease 4A62 Peripheral blood 2.13E-01 -8.98E-02 -4.07E-01
Bipolar disorder 6A60-6A6Z Prefrontal cortex 3.30E-01 -3.41E-02 -1.88E-01
Bladder cancer 2C94 Bladder tissue 6.54E-03 3.45E-01 9.62E-01
Breast cancer 2C60-2C6Z Breast tissue 6.21E-21 -8.48E-01 -8.40E-01
Cardioembolic stroke 8B11.20 Whole blood 1.44E-04 1.36E-01 1.11E+00
Cervical cancer 2C77 Cervical tissue 1.87E-01 -3.14E-01 -4.21E-01
Childhood onset rheumatic disease FA20.Z Peripheral blood 6.78E-01 7.14E-02 2.81E-01
Chronic hepatitis C 1E51.1 Whole blood 4.45E-01 1.37E-01 5.65E-01
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CA22 Lung tissue 7.28E-03 1.43E-01 6.20E-01
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CA22 Small airway epithelium 2.63E-02 -5.56E-02 -1.31E-01
Chronic rhinosinusitis CA0A Sinus mucosa tissue 6.56E-02 3.79E-01 1.88E+00
Colon cancer 2B90 Colon tissue 8.25E-107 -1.85E+00 -3.46E+00
Coronary artery disease BA80-BA8Z Peripheral blood 3.83E-01 -1.60E-01 -6.70E-01
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma 2A81 Tonsil tissue 7.08E-01 -8.89E-02 -4.46E-01
Endometriosis GA10 Endometrium tissue 6.38E-02 -2.24E-01 -1.42E-01
Familial hypercholesterolemia 5C80.00 Peripheral blood 6.45E-01 -4.64E-02 -3.09E-01
Familial hypercholesterolemia 5C80.00 Whole blood 5.75E-02 -2.24E-01 -9.07E-01
Gastric cancer 2B72 Gastric tissue 5.17E-01 6.42E-01 6.39E-01
Glioblastopma 2A00.00 Nervous tissue 1.68E-01 -6.91E-02 -2.03E-01
Glioma 2A00.0Y-2A00.0Z Brain stem tissue 6.56E-01 -2.09E-02 -2.69E-01
Glioma 2A00.0Y-2A00.0Z White matter tissue 2.39E-05 -5.14E-01 -3.26E+00
Head and neck cancer 2D42 Head and neck tissue 2.65E-11 7.96E-01 1.08E+00
HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment 8A2Y-8A2Z White matter tissue 1.18E-01 -8.41E-02 -2.49E-01
Huntington's disease 8A01.10 Whole blood 2.03E-02 8.13E-02 6.96E-01
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis CB03.4 Lung tissue 5.33E-03 3.49E-01 2.59E+00
Immunodeficiency 4A00-4A20 Peripheral blood 4.70E-03 1.03E-01 1.78E+00
Influenza 1E30 Whole blood 5.16E-02 3.52E-01 3.48E+00
Interstitial cystitis GC00.3 Bladder tissue 9.88E-01 3.90E-01 9.16E-01
Intracranial aneurysm 8B01.0 Intracranial artery 8.03E-01 9.35E-03 4.30E-02
Irritable bowel syndrome DD91.0 Rectal colon tissue 6.43E-01 -9.59E-02 -1.90E-01
Ischemic stroke 8B11 Peripheral blood 1.35E-02 1.41E-01 7.22E-01
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis FA24 Peripheral blood 5.47E-02 6.96E-02 3.55E-01
Lateral sclerosis 8B60.4 Skin 1.30E-01 1.95E-01 9.24E-01
Lateral sclerosis 8B60.4 Cervical spinal cord 6.68E-01 3.07E-02 1.55E-01
Liver cancer 2C12.0 Liver tissue 5.11E-29 -1.94E+00 -3.08E+00
Liver failure DB99.7-DB99.8 Liver tissue 7.71E-04 -1.69E+00 -5.45E+00
Lung cancer 2C25 Lung tissue 8.56E-165 1.08E+00 4.15E+00
Lupus erythematosus 4A40 Whole blood 1.30E-02 -1.54E-01 -2.63E-01
Major depressive disorder 6A70-6A7Z Hippocampus 7.95E-01 2.00E-02 1.19E-01
Major depressive disorder 6A70-6A7Z Whole blood 7.31E-01 1.55E-02 7.61E-02
Melanoma 2C30 Skin 7.45E-01 3.15E-01 3.78E-01
Multiple myeloma 2A83.1 Peripheral blood 2.02E-01 1.78E-01 8.25E-01
Multiple myeloma 2A83.1 Bone marrow 2.68E-03 -3.87E-01 -2.05E+00
Multiple sclerosis 8A40 Plasmacytoid dendritic cells 6.46E-01 3.12E-02 1.74E-01
Myelodysplastic syndrome 2A36-2A3Z Bone marrow 5.28E-01 2.61E-02 1.00E-01
Myelofibrosis 2A20.2 Whole blood 1.21E-01 -1.03E-01 -7.89E-01
Myocardial infarction BA41-BA50 Peripheral blood 3.09E-01 1.47E-01 2.29E-01
Myopathy 8C70.6 Muscle tissue 4.89E-01 -1.19E-01 -6.44E-01
Neonatal sepsis KA60 Whole blood 4.50E-02 9.06E-02 3.81E-01
Neuroectodermal tumour 2A00.11 Brain stem tissue 2.23E-04 -1.07E+00 -2.05E+00
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease DB92 Liver tissue 5.04E-01 -4.46E-02 -1.33E-01
Obesity related type 2 diabetes 5A11 Omental adipose tissue 8.89E-01 -1.57E-02 -1.69E-01
Olive pollen allergy CA08.00 Peripheral blood 1.81E-01 1.06E-01 6.69E-01
Oral cancer 2B6E Oral tissue 2.03E-03 1.05E+00 1.09E+00
Osteoarthritis FA00-FA0Z Synovial tissue 7.53E-01 4.48E-03 2.58E-02
Osteoporosis FB83.1 Bone marrow 2.04E-01 2.47E-01 1.05E+00
Ovarian cancer 2C73 Ovarian tissue 1.01E-07 8.28E-01 3.14E+00
Pancreatic cancer 2C10 Pancreas 1.42E-06 1.39E+00 1.95E+00
Parkinson's disease 8A00.0 Substantia nigra tissue 8.49E-01 5.30E-05 3.01E-04
Pediatric respiratory syncytial virus infection CA40.11 Peripheral blood 4.22E-01 -2.27E-02 -2.23E-01
Pituitary cancer 2D12 Pituitary tissue 2.80E-02 -4.66E-01 -1.15E+00
Pituitary gonadotrope tumour 2D12 Pituitary tissue 5.81E-01 -3.73E-01 -1.17E+00
Polycystic ovary syndrome 5A80.1 Vastus lateralis muscle 4.98E-01 -1.83E-03 -1.47E-02
Polycythemia vera 2A20.4 Whole blood 4.47E-01 -2.18E-02 -1.51E-01
Pompe disease 5C51.3 Biceps muscle 5.27E-01 1.97E-02 1.24E-01
Preterm birth KA21.4Z Myometrium 2.43E-01 -2.26E-01 -2.23E-01
Prostate cancer 2C82 Prostate 1.64E-03 -8.08E-01 -1.12E+00
Psoriasis EA90 Skin 8.27E-22 4.98E-01 1.19E+00
Rectal cancer 2B92 Rectal colon tissue 1.64E-06 -1.52E+00 -4.60E+00
Renal cancer 2C90-2C91 Kidney 1.40E-01 -3.43E-01 -1.03E+00
Retinoblastoma 2D02.2 Uvea 1.45E-02 -2.32E-01 -1.81E+00
Rheumatoid arthritis FA20 Synovial tissue 1.08E-01 1.95E-01 1.29E+00
Rhinovirus infection CA42.1 Nasal epithelium tissue 1.37E-01 1.03E-01 2.98E-01
Schizophrenia 6A20 Prefrontal cortex 5.93E-01 3.37E-02 8.83E-02
Schizophrenia 6A20 Superior temporal cortex 5.90E-02 -2.67E-02 -2.28E-01
Scleroderma 4A42.Z Whole blood 2.98E-04 -1.73E-01 -1.54E+00
Seizure 8A60-8A6Z Whole blood 9.54E-01 -6.93E-02 -4.61E-01
Sensitive skin EK0Z Skin 5.21E-01 -1.23E-01 -3.82E-01
Sepsis with septic shock 1G41 Whole blood 1.62E-04 1.16E-01 4.03E-01
Shwachman-Diamond syndrome 3A70.0 Bone marrow 1.21E-01 1.61E-01 4.75E-01
Sickle cell disease 3A51.0-3A51.3 Peripheral blood 1.46E-01 9.93E-02 4.46E-01
Simpson golabi behmel syndrome LD2C Adipose tissue 4.22E-01 1.30E-03 1.65E-02
Sjogren's syndrome 4A43.2 Salivary gland tissue 4.04E-01 5.33E-01 1.15E+00
Skin cancer 2C30-2C3Z Skin 2.50E-21 -7.46E-01 -1.40E+00
Thrombocythemia 3B63 Whole blood 8.30E-01 -3.65E-02 -2.81E-01
Thrombocytopenia 3B64 Whole blood 9.76E-01 3.25E-02 2.60E-01
Thyroid cancer 2D10 Thyroid 2.63E-17 2.42E-01 9.61E-01
Tibial muscular dystrophy 8C75 Muscle tissue 3.32E-01 -1.08E-02 -1.21E-02
Tuberous sclerosis complex LD2D.2 Perituberal tissue 4.22E-01 8.42E-02 6.05E-01
Type 2 diabetes 5A11 Liver tissue 9.50E-01 -1.14E-02 -4.20E-02
Ureter cancer 2C92 Urothelium 2.03E-01 -1.32E-01 -1.63E-01
Uterine cancer 2C78 Endometrium tissue 8.41E-01 2.94E-01 1.97E-01
Vitiligo ED63.0 Skin 1.48E-01 -2.03E-01 -9.63E-01
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⏷ Show the Full List of DME Expression Under 107 Diseases

The Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT) Role of This DME

DME DTT Name Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase (XDH) DTT Info
DME DTT Type Successful
3 Approved Drug(s) Targeting This DTT
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Allopurinol DMLPAOB Hyperuricaemia 5C55.Y Approved [1], [2], [3]
Febuxostat DMDEXQ0 Hyperuricaemia 5C55.Y Approved [4], [5]
Fosdenopterin DMR0TYK Molybdenum cofactor deficiency 5B5K.A Approved [6]
6 Clinical Trial Drug(s) Targeting This DTT
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Curcumin DMQPH29 Solid tumour/cancer 2A00-2F9Z Phase 3 [7]
Oxypurinol DMURH4X Heart failure BD10-BD13 Phase 2/3 [8]
BAICALEIN DM4C7E6 Influenza virus infection 1E30-1E32 Phase 2 [9]
TMX-049 DME8PFQ Diabetic nephropathy GB61.Z Phase 2 [10]
Topiroxostat DMA04DE Gout FA25 Phase 2 [11]
LC-350189 DMHT3CB Gout FA25 Phase 1 [12]
⏷ Show the Full List of 6 Clinical Trial Drug(s)
35 Patented Agent(s) Targeting This DTT
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Azaindole derivative 3 DM2EDOM N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
Azaindole derivative 4 DMCKSJ8 N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
Azaindole derivative 5 DMD2BL3 N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
Azaindole derivative 6 DMJBGHL N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
Azaindole derivative 7 DMA2JGU N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
Azole benzene derivative 1 DM0E8YF N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
Azole benzene derivative 2 DMJG7M6 N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
Azole benzene derivative 3 DMH8Q4T N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
Azole benzene derivative 4 DMDPHT1 N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
Fused heterocyclic compound 1 DMVU9RG N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
Fused heterocyclic compound 10 DMALDZ6 N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
Fused heterocyclic compound 11 DMJC4UZ N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
Fused heterocyclic compound 2 DM361J8 N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
Fused heterocyclic compound 3 DM2QVHY N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
Fused heterocyclic compound 4 DMHTS5G N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
Fused heterocyclic compound 5 DM10CGB N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
Fused heterocyclic compound 6 DM9DC3U N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
Fused heterocyclic compound 7 DMGNWJD N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
Fused heterocyclic compound 8 DMO8JE7 N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
Fused heterocyclic compound 9 DM25IMA N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
PMID27841045-Compound-129 DME2IHD N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
PMID27841045-Compound-130 DM2AVEG N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
PMID27841045-Compound-131 DMIKTVL N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
PMID27841045-Compound-132 DMCQB93 N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
PMID27841045-Compound-133 DMXPO6T N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
PMID27841045-Compound-134 DMY3U7N N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
PMID27841045-Compound-135 DMVR9TJ N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
PMID27841045-Compound-136 DM0KR8E N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
PMID27841045-Compound-137 DML25WY N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
PMID27841045-Compound-143 DMR7MBY N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
PMID27841045-Compound-144 DMR43JE N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
PMID27841045-Compound-145 DMAJRP1 N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
PMID27841045-Compound-155 DM675SX N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
PMID27841045-Compound-156 DML4AVX N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
PMID27841045-Compound-157 DM7EXNI N. A. N. A. Patented [13]
⏷ Show the Full List of 35 Patented Agent(s)
2 Discontinued Drug(s) Targeting This DTT
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
BOF-4272 DMK0PVC Gout FA25 Discontinued in Phase 2 [14], [15]
Y-700 DMHFTD0 Gout FA25 Discontinued in Phase 2 [16]
21 Investigative Drug(s) Targeting This DTT
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose DMTK650 Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [17]
1-(3-Cyano-phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid DMVTCGP Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [18]
2-chloro-6(methylamino)purine DML0S8M Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [19]
3,4'-(1H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-diyl)dipyridine DMQDKYI Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [20]
3,5-bis(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole DMV859W Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [20]
3,5-di(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole DM6CBTE Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [20]
3-O-METHYLQUERCETIN DMVIZ1S Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [9]
Acacetin DMQOB0X Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [9]
AMENTOFLAVONE DMLRNV2 Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [9]
Aom-0763 DML1PV3 Gout FA25 Investigative [21]
CHRYSOERIOL DM96ECL Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [9]
DIHYDROKAEMPFEROL DM73OTF Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [9]
Dioxothiomolybdenum(VI) ion DM93MAB Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [22]
Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide DM5S4GK Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [23]
FUKUGETIN DMWF82O Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [9]
LIQUIRTIGENIN DM6YSG3 Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [9]
NC-2500 DM45MGZ Hyperuricaemia 5C55.Y Investigative [21]
PERSICARIN DM3RGPF Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [9]
ROBINETIN DMASOWP Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [9]
SCUTELLAREIN DMJD03I Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [9]
Wogonin DMGCF51 Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [9]
⏷ Show the Full List of 21 Investigative Drug(s)

References

1 Allopurinol: xanthine oxidase inhibitor. Tex Med. 1966 Jan;62(1):100-1.
2 Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase isolated from bovine milk. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2000 Dec;56(Pt 12):1656-8.
3 Influence of postischemic administration of oxyradical antagonists on ischemic injury to rabbit skeletal muscle. Microsurgery. 1996;17(9):517-23.
4 Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of Takeda (2009).
5 Hughes B: 2009 FDA drug approvals. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2010 Feb;9(2):89-92.
6 Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health Human Services. 2021
7 Inhibition studies of bovine xanthine oxidase by luteolin, silibinin, quercetin, and curcumin. J Nat Prod. 2009 Apr;72(4):725-31.
8 Oxypurinol as an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase-catalyzed production of superoxide radical. Biochem Pharmacol. 1988 Jan 15;37(2):349-52.
9 Inhibition of cow's milk xanthine oxidase by flavonoids. J Nat Prod. 1988 Mar-Apr;51(2):345-8.
10 Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of Teijin Pharma.
11 QT/QTc study conducted in Japanese adult healthy subjects: a novel xanthine oxidase inhibitor topiroxostat was not associated with QT prolongation. J Clin Pharmacol. 2014 Apr;54(4):446-52.
12 Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of LC350189, a novel xanthine oxidase inhibitor, in healthy subjects. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2015 Aug 31;9:5033-49.
13 An updated patent review: xanthine oxidase inhibitors for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout (2011-2015).Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2017 Mar;27(3):311-345.
14 Enantioselective uptake of BOF-4272, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor with a chiral sulfoxide, by isolated rat hepatocytes. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2001 Dec;121(12):989-94.
15 Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
16 The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42.
17 Pentagalloylglucose, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor from a Paraguayan crude drug, "Molle-i" (Schinus terebinthifolius). J Nat Prod. 1989 Jan-Feb;52(1):210-1.
18 Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 1-phenylpyrazoles as xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2001 Apr 9;11(7):879-82.
19 The screening and characterization of 6-aminopurine-based xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem. 2007 May 15;15(10):3450-6.
20 Discovery of 3-(2-cyano-4-pyridyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazole, FYX-051 - a xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor for the treatment of hyperuricemia [... Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2009 Nov 1;19(21):6225-9.
21 URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Target id: 2646).
22 DrugBank 3.0: a comprehensive resource for 'omics' research on drugs. Nucleic Acids Res. 2011 Jan;39(Database issue):D1035-41.
23 How many drug targets are there Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6.
24 Xanthine oxidoreductase in drug metabolism: beyond a role as a detoxifying enzyme. Curr Med Chem. 2016;23(35):4027-4036.
25 Molecular characterization and taurine regulation of two novel CDOs (CDO1 and CDO2) from Carassius auratus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 2019 Sep;235:54-61.