General Information of Drug Off-Target (DOT) (ID: OT8JWCZ0)

DOT Name Lactotransferrin (LTF)
Synonyms Lactoferrin; EC 3.4.21.-; Growth-inhibiting protein 12; Talalactoferrin
Gene Name LTF
UniProt ID
TRFL_HUMAN
3D Structure
Download
2D Sequence (FASTA)
Download
3D Structure (PDB)
Download
PDB ID
1B0L ; 1BKA ; 1CB6 ; 1DSN ; 1EH3 ; 1FCK ; 1H43 ; 1H44 ; 1H45 ; 1HSE ; 1L5T ; 1LCF ; 1LCT ; 1LFG ; 1LFH ; 1LFI ; 1LGB ; 1N76 ; 1SQY ; 1U62 ; 1VFD ; 1VFE ; 1XV4 ; 1XV7 ; 1Z6V ; 1Z6W ; 2BJJ ; 2DP4 ; 2GMC ; 2GMD ; 2HD4 ; 2PMS ; 7JRD ; 7N88
EC Number
3.4.21.-
Pfam ID
PF00405
Sequence
MKLVFLVLLFLGALGLCLAGRRRSVQWCAVSQPEATKCFQWQRNMRKVRGPPVSCIKRDS
PIQCIQAIAENRADAVTLDGGFIYEAGLAPYKLRPVAAEVYGTERQPRTHYYAVAVVKKG
GSFQLNELQGLKSCHTGLRRTAGWNVPIGTLRPFLNWTGPPEPIEAAVARFFSASCVPGA
DKGQFPNLCRLCAGTGENKCAFSSQEPYFSYSGAFKCLRDGAGDVAFIRESTVFEDLSDE
AERDEYELLCPDNTRKPVDKFKDCHLARVPSHAVVARSVNGKEDAIWNLLRQAQEKFGKD
KSPKFQLFGSPSGQKDLLFKDSAIGFSRVPPRIDSGLYLGSGYFTAIQNLRKSEEEVAAR
RARVVWCAVGEQELRKCNQWSGLSEGSVTCSSASTTEDCIALVLKGEADAMSLDGGYVYT
AGKCGLVPVLAENYKSQQSSDPDPNCVDRPVEGYLAVAVVRRSDTSLTWNSVKGKKSCHT
AVDRTAGWNIPMGLLFNQTGSCKFDEYFSQSCAPGSDPRSNLCALCIGDEQGENKCVPNS
NERYYGYTGAFRCLAENAGDVAFVKDVTVLQNTDGNNNEAWAKDLKLADFALLCLDGKRK
PVTEARSCHLAMAPNHAVVSRMDKVERLKQVLLHQQAKFGRNGSDCPDKFCLFQSETKNL
LFNDNTECLARLHGKTTYEKYLGPQYVAGITNLKKCSTSPLLEACEFLRK
Function
Transferrins are iron binding transport proteins which can bind two Fe(3+) ions in association with the binding of an anion, usually bicarbonate; [Lactotransferrin]: Major iron-binding and multifunctional protein found in exocrine fluids such as breast milk and mucosal secretions. Has antimicrobial activity, which depends on the extracellular cation concentration. Antimicrobial properties include bacteriostasis, which is related to its ability to sequester free iron and thus inhibit microbial growth, as well as direct bactericidal properties leading to the release of lipopolysaccharides from the bacterial outer membrane. Can also prevent bacterial biofilm development in P.aeruginosa infection. Has weak antifungal activity against C.albicans. Has anabolic, differentiating and anti-apoptotic effects on osteoblasts and can also inhibit osteoclastogenesis, possibly playing a role in the regulation of bone growth. Promotes binding of species C adenoviruses to epithelial cells, promoting adenovirus infection. Can inhibit papillomavirus infections. Stimulates the TLR4 signaling pathway leading to NF-kappa-B activation and subsequent pro-inflammatory cytokine production while also interfering with the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated TLR4 signaling. Inhibits neutrophil granulocyte migration to sites of apoptosis, when secreted by apoptotic cells. Stimulates VEGFA-mediated endothelial cell migration and proliferation. Binds heparin, chondroitin sulfate and possibly other glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Also binds specifically to pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), the lipid A portion of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lysozyme and DNA ; Lactoferricin binds to the bacterial surface and is crucial for the bactericidal functions. Has some antiviral activity against papillomavirus infection. N-terminal region shows strong antifungal activity against C.albicans. Contains two BBXB heparin-binding consensus sequences that appear to form the predominate functional GAG-binding site; [Kaliocin-1]: Has antimicrobial activity and is able to permeabilize different ions through liposomal membranes; [Lactoferroxin-A]: Has opioid antagonist activity. Shows preference for mu-receptor ; [Lactoferroxin-B]: Has opioid antagonist activity. Shows higher degrees of preference for kappa-receptors than for mu-receptors ; [Lactoferroxin-C]: Has opioid antagonist activity. Shows higher degrees of preference for kappa-receptors than for mu-receptors ; The lactotransferrin transferrin-like domain 1 functions as a serine protease of the peptidase S60 family that cuts arginine rich regions. This function contributes to the antimicrobial activity. Shows a preferential cleavage at -Arg-Ser-Arg-Arg-|- and -Arg-Arg-Ser-Arg-|-, and of Z-Phe-Arg-|-aminomethylcoumarin sites ; [Isoform DeltaLf]: Transcription factor with antiproliferative properties and ability to induce cell cycle arrest. Binds to the DeltaLf response element found in the SKP1, BAX, DCPS, and SELENOH promoters.
Tissue Specificity
High levels are found in saliva and tears, intermediate levels in serum and plasma, and low levels in urine. In kidney, detected in the distal collecting tubules in the medulla but not in the cortical region or in blood vessels. Detected in peripheral blood neutrophils (at protein level). Isoform 1 and isoform DeltaLf are expressed in breast, prostate, spleen, pancreas, kidney, small intestine, lung, skeletal muscle, uterus, thymus and fetal liver. Isoform 1 is expressed in brain, testis and peripheral blood leukocytes; isoform DeltaLf is barely detectable in these tissues. Isoform DeltaLf is expressed in placenta, liver and ovary; isoform 1 is barely detectable in these tissues. In kidney, isoform 1 is expressed at high levels in the collecting tubules of the medulla but at very low levels in the cortex.
Reactome Pathway
Neutrophil degranulation (R-HSA-6798695 )
Metal sequestration by antimicrobial proteins (R-HSA-6799990 )
Antimicrobial peptides (R-HSA-6803157 )
Amyloid fiber formation (R-HSA-977225 )
Mtb iron assimilation by chelation (R-HSA-1222449 )

Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) of This DOT

Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) Jump to Detail Molecular Interaction Atlas of This DOT
12 Drug(s) Affected the Gene/Protein Processing of This DOT
Drug Name Drug ID Highest Status Interaction REF
Cisplatin DMRHGI9 Approved Cisplatin decreases the expression of Lactotransferrin (LTF). [1]
Estradiol DMUNTE3 Approved Estradiol decreases the expression of Lactotransferrin (LTF). [2]
Arsenic DMTL2Y1 Approved Arsenic decreases the expression of Lactotransferrin (LTF). [3]
Calcitriol DM8ZVJ7 Approved Calcitriol increases the expression of Lactotransferrin (LTF). [4]
Zoledronate DMIXC7G Approved Zoledronate increases the expression of Lactotransferrin (LTF). [5]
Fulvestrant DM0YZC6 Approved Fulvestrant increases the expression of Lactotransferrin (LTF). [2]
Irinotecan DMP6SC2 Approved Irinotecan decreases the expression of Lactotransferrin (LTF). [6]
Nicotine DMWX5CO Approved Nicotine decreases the expression of Lactotransferrin (LTF). [7]
Capsaicin DMGMF6V Approved Capsaicin increases the expression of Lactotransferrin (LTF). [8]
Diphenylpyraline DMW4X37 Approved Diphenylpyraline increases the expression of Lactotransferrin (LTF). [9]
PMID28870136-Compound-48 DMPIM9L Patented PMID28870136-Compound-48 decreases the expression of Lactotransferrin (LTF). [13]
Dimethylformamide DML6O4N Investigative Dimethylformamide increases the expression of Lactotransferrin (LTF). [15]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
⏷ Show the Full List of 12 Drug(s)
3 Drug(s) Affected the Protein Interaction/Cellular Processes of This DOT
Drug Name Drug ID Highest Status Interaction REF
Budesonide DMJIBAW Approved Budesonide decreases the secretion of Lactotransferrin (LTF). [10]
Beclomethasone dipropionate DM5NW1E Phase 4 Beclomethasone dipropionate decreases the secretion of Lactotransferrin (LTF). [10]
Lipoteichoic acid DMEMRW0 Phase 1/2 Lipoteichoic acid increases the secretion of Lactotransferrin (LTF). [11]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Drug(s) Affected the Post-Translational Modifications of This DOT
Drug Name Drug ID Highest Status Interaction REF
Benzo(a)pyrene DMN7J43 Phase 1 Benzo(a)pyrene affects the methylation of Lactotransferrin (LTF). [12]
Bisphenol A DM2ZLD7 Investigative Bisphenol A decreases the methylation of Lactotransferrin (LTF). [14]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

References

1 Toxicogenomics-based discrimination of toxic mechanism in HepG2 human hepatoma cells. Toxicol Sci. 2000 Dec;58(2):399-415.
2 Arsenite and cadmium promote the development of mammary tumors. Carcinogenesis. 2020 Jul 14;41(7):1005-1014. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgz176.
3 Effects of in utero arsenic exposure on child immunity and morbidity in rural Bangladesh. Toxicol Lett. 2009 Mar 28;185(3):197-202. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.01.001. Epub 2009 Jan 9.
4 Identification of vitamin D3 target genes in human breast cancer tissue. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2016 Nov;164:90-97.
5 Zoledronate dysregulates fatty acid metabolism in renal tubular epithelial cells to induce nephrotoxicity. Arch Toxicol. 2018 Jan;92(1):469-485.
6 In vitro and in vivo irinotecan-induced changes in expression profiles of cell cycle and apoptosis-associated genes in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Mol Cancer Ther. 2005 Jun;4(6):885-900.
7 Characterizing the genetic basis for nicotine induced cancer development: a transcriptome sequencing study. PLoS One. 2013 Jun 18;8(6):e67252.
8 Comparison of nasal mucosal responsiveness to neuronal stimulation in non-allergic and allergic rhinitis: effects of capsaicin nasal challenge. Clin Exp Allergy. 1998 Jan;28(1):92-100. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00182.x.
9 Controlled diesel exhaust and allergen coexposure modulates microRNA and gene expression in humans: Effects on inflammatory lung markers. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016 Dec;138(6):1690-1700. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.02.038. Epub 2016 Apr 24.
10 Effects of topical glucocorticoids on in vitro lactoferrin glandular secretion: comparison between human upper and lower airways. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000 Dec;106(6):1053-62. doi: 10.1067/mai.2000.110476.
11 Thalidomide inhibits granulocyte responses in healthy humans after ex vivo stimulation with bacterial antigens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 May;45(5):1547-9. doi: 10.1128/AAC.45.5.1547-1549.2001.
12 Air pollution and DNA methylation alterations in lung cancer: A systematic and comparative study. Oncotarget. 2017 Jan 3;8(1):1369-1391. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.13622.
13 Effect of theophylline on induced sputum inflammatory indices and neutrophil chemotaxis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 May 15;165(10):1371-6.
14 DNA methylome-wide alterations associated with estrogen receptor-dependent effects of bisphenols in breast cancer. Clin Epigenetics. 2019 Oct 10;11(1):138. doi: 10.1186/s13148-019-0725-y.
15 TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is expressed throughout myeloid development, resulting in a broad distribution among neutrophil granules. J Leukoc Biol. 2008 Mar;83(3):621-9.