Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DC5CVAU)

• Drug Combination Name: Mycophenolic acid + Fludarabine
• Indication: Systemic Scleroderma; Status: Phase 1 [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Mycophenolic acid (DMRBMAU): N.A.
  Fludarabine (DMVRLT7): Small molecular drug

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Mycophenolic acid

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Crohn disease	DD70	Approved	[2]
Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma	N.A.	Approved	[3]
Interstitial cystitis	GC00.3	Approved	[4]
Large granular lymphocytic leukemia	2A90.1	Approved	[3]
Leukemia	N.A.	Approved	[5]
Lupus nephritis	4A40.0Y	Approved	[6]
MALT lymphoma	N.A.	Approved	[3]
Myeloid leukaemia	2B33.1	Approved	[7]
Myeloproliferative neoplasm	2A20	Approved	[8]
Nodal marginal zone lymphoma	2A85.0	Approved	[3]
Primary cutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified	N.A.	Approved	[3]
Recurrent adult burkitt lymphoma	2A85.6	Approved	[3]
Small intestine lymphoma	N.A.	Approved	[3]
Splenic marginal zone lymphoma	N.A.	Approved	[3]
Systemic lupus erythematosus	4A40.0	Approved	[9]
Testicular lymphoma	N.A.	Approved	[3]
Classic Hodgkin lymphoma	N.A.	Investigative	[10]
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)	1D6Y	Investigative	[11]
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)	1D64	Investigative	[12]

Mycophenolic acid Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
MERS-CoV papain-like proteinase (PL-PRO)	TTYJOLE	R1AB_CVEMC (854-2740)	Inhibitor	[12]

Mycophenolic acid Interacts with 2 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (ABCC2)	DTFI42L	MRP2_HUMAN	Substrate	[15]
Organic anion transporter 1 (SLC22A6)	DTQ23VB	S22A6_HUMAN	Substrate	[16]

Mycophenolic acid Interacts with 2 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 (UGT2B7)	DEB3CV1	UD2B7_HUMAN	Metabolism	[17]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9 (UGT1A9)	DE85D2P	UD19_HUMAN	Metabolism	[17]

Indication(s) of Fludarabine

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Acute myelogenous leukaemia	2A41	Approved	[13]
Cutaneous melanoma	2C30	Approved	[13]
Haematological malignancy	2B33.Y	Approved	[14]
Hematologic disease	3C0Z	Approved	[13]
Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma	N.A.	Approved	[13]
Immunodeficiency	4A00-4A85	Approved	[13]
Large granular lymphocytic leukemia	2A90.1	Approved	[13]
Lung cancer	2C25.0	Approved	[13]
MALT lymphoma	N.A.	Approved	[13]
Multiple sclerosis	8A40	Approved	[13]
Myeloproliferative neoplasm	2A20	Approved	[13]
Nodal marginal zone lymphoma	2A85.0	Approved	[13]
Primary cutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified	N.A.	Approved	[13]
Recurrent adult burkitt lymphoma	2A85.6	Approved	[13]
Small intestine lymphoma	N.A.	Approved	[13]
Splenic marginal zone lymphoma	N.A.	Approved	[13]
Systemic lupus erythematosus	4A40.0	Approved	[13]
Systemic sclerosis	4A42	Approved	[13]
Testicular lymphoma	N.A.	Approved	[13]
Classic Hodgkin lymphoma	N.A.	Investigative	[13]
Colon cancer	2B90.Z	Investigative	[13]
Gastric cancer	2B72	Investigative	[13]
Neuroblastoma	2D11.2	Investigative	[13]

Fludarabine Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Adenosine deaminase (ADA)	TTLP57V	ADA_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[21]

Fludarabine Interacts with 22 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10A (TNFRSF10A)	OTBPCU2O	TR10A_HUMAN	Affects Expression	[22]
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10B (TNFRSF10B)	OTA1CPBV	TR10B_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[23]
Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53)	OTIE1VH3	P53_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[23]
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)	OTHZ1RIA	PCNA_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[24]
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9)	OTB2QDAV	MMP9_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[25]
Histone H2AX (H2AX)	OT18UX57	H2AX_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[18]
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 (FAS)	OTP9XG86	TNR6_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[26]
DNA cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1)	OTM2DGTK	DNMT1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[27]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3)	OTCYKGKO	MK03_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[19]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1)	OTH85PI5	MK01_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[19]
RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT1)	OT8H2YY7	AKT1_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[28]
Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 (MAP2K2)	OTUE7Z91	MP2K2_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[28]
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (CDKN1A)	OTQWHCZE	CDN1A_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[24]
Caspase-3 (CASP3)	OTIJRBE7	CASP3_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[26]
Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase PTEN (PTEN)	OTOWDUNT	PTEN_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[27]
Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MAP2K1)	OT4Y9NQI	MP2K1_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[28]
Bcl-2-like protein 1 (BCL2L1)	OTRC5K9O	B2CL1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[25]
Induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 (MCL1)	OT2YYI1A	MCL1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[25]
Caspase-8 (CASP8)	OTA8TVI8	CASP8_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[26]
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1A)	OTADSC03	HIF1A_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[19]
Bcl-2-binding component 3, isoforms 3/4 (BBC3)	OTUAXDAY	BBC3B_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
Growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF15)	OTWQN50N	GDF15_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[24]

References

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• [2] Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
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• [6] 2019 Update of the Joint European League Against Rheumatism and European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association (EULAR/ERA-EDTA) recommendations for the management of lupus nephritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020 Jun;79(6):713-723.
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• [8] Thiotepa, Busulfan, and Fludarabine Conditioning Regimen in T Cell-Replete HLA-Haploidentical Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2019 Jul;25(7):1407-1415.
• [9] Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Management in Pregnancy. Int J Womens Health. 2022 Feb 15;14:199-211.
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• [12] SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2016 Aug;14(8):523-34.
• [13] Fludarabine FDA Label
• [14] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 4802).
• [15] C-440T/T-331C polymorphisms in the UGT1A9 gene affect the pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid in kidney transplantation. Pharmacogenomics. 2007 Sep;8(9):1127-41.
• [16] Interaction and transport characteristics of mycophenolic acid and its glucuronide via human organic anion transporters hOAT1 and hOAT3. Biochem Pharmacol. 2007 Jun 30;74(1):161-8.
• [17] Diabetes mellitus reduces activity of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 in liver and kidney leading to decreased formation of mycophenolic acid acyl-glucuronide metabolite. Drug Metab Dispos. 2011 Mar;39(3):448-55.
• [18] Role of histone deacetylase inhibitor-induced reactive oxygen species and DNA damage in LAQ-824/fludarabine antileukemic interactions. Mol Cancer Ther. 2008 Oct;7(10):3285-97. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-08-0385.
• [19] 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-2-fluoroadenine inhibits expression of vascular endothelial growth factor through hypoxia-inducible factor-1 in human ovarian cancer cells. Mol Pharmacol. 2004 Jul;66(1):178-86. doi: 10.1124/mol.66.1.178.
• [20] MDM2 antagonists activate p53 and synergize with genotoxic drugs in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Blood. 2006 May 15;107(10):4109-14. doi: 10.1182/blood-2005-08-3273. Epub 2006 Jan 26.
• [21] Purine nucleoside analogs in indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Oncology (Williston Park). 2000 Jun;14(6 Suppl 2):13-5.
• [22] Role of the TRAIL/APO2-L death receptors in chlorambucil- and fludarabine-induced apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncogene. 2003 Nov 13;22(51):8356-69. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207004.
• [23] Differential effects of chemotherapeutic drugs versus the MDM-2 antagonist nutlin-3 on cell cycle progression and induction of apoptosis in SKW6.4 lymphoblastoid B-cells. J Cell Biochem. 2008 May 15;104(2):595-605. doi: 10.1002/jcb.21649.
• [24] Functional integrity of the p53-mediated apoptotic pathway induced by the nongenotoxic agent nutlin-3 in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). Blood. 2006 May 15;107(10):4122-9. doi: 10.1182/blood-2005-11-4465. Epub 2006 Jan 26.
• [25] Matrix metalloproteinase-9 is involved in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell response to fludarabine and arsenic trioxide. PLoS One. 2014 Jun 23;9(6):e99993. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099993. eCollection 2014.
• [26] Caspase 8 activation independent of Fas (CD95/APO-1) signaling may mediate killing of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells by cytotoxic drugs or gamma radiation. Blood. 2001 Nov 1;98(9):2800-7. doi: 10.1182/blood.v98.9.2800.
• [27] Comparative effects of retinoic acid, vitamin D and resveratrol alone and in combination with adenosine analogues on methylation and expression of phosphatase and tensin homologue tumour suppressor gene in breast cancer cells. Br J Nutr. 2012 Mar;107(6):781-90. doi: 10.1017/S0007114511003631. Epub 2011 Aug 1.
• [28] The histone deacetylase inhibitor MS-275 interacts synergistically with fludarabine to induce apoptosis in human leukemia cells. Cancer Res. 2004 Apr 1;64(7):2590-600. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-2631.