Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DCJ5TGY)

• Drug Combination Name: Levamisole + Spironolactone
• Indication: Chronic myelogenous leukemia; Status: Investigative [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Levamisole (DM5EN79): Small molecular drug
  Spironolactone (DM2AQ5N): Small molecular drug
• High-throughput Screening Result:
  Testing Cell Line: KBM-7
  Zero Interaction Potency (ZIP) Score: 63.15
  Bliss Independence Score: 63.15
  Loewe Additivity Score: 77.74
  LHighest Single Agent (HSA) Score: 77.74

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Levamisole

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Parasitic infection	1D0Y-1G2Z	Approved	[2]
Colon cancer	2B90.Z	Withdrawn from market	[3]

Levamisole Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Alkaline phosphatase tissue-nonspecific (ALPL)	TTMR5UV	PPBT_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[7]

Levamisole Interacts with 8 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53)	OTIE1VH3	P53_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[8]
Endothelin-1 (EDN1)	OTZCACEG	EDN1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[8]
Retinoblastoma-associated protein (RB1)	OTQJUJMZ	RB_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[8]
Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 (BCL2)	OT9DVHC0	BCL2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[8]
Clusterin (CLU)	OTQGG0JM	CLUS_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[8]
Nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3)	OTLDT7NR	NOS3_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[8]
Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer (BAK1)	OTDP6ILW	BAK_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[8]
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)	OT4IE164	TNFA_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[9]

Indication(s) of Spironolactone

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Chronic heart failure	BD1Z	Approved	[4]
Congestive heart failure	BD10	Approved	[5]
Edema	MG29	Approved	[4]
Hyperaldosteronism	5A72	Approved	[4]
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)	1D6Y	Phase 3	[6]

Spironolactone Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)	TT26PHO	MCR_HUMAN	Modulator	[10]

Spironolactone Interacts with 21 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	OTQGYY83	CP3A4_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[11]
Cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8)	OTHCWT42	CP2C8_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[12]
Bile salt export pump (ABCB11)	OTRU7THO	ABCBB_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[13]
Serine/threonine-protein kinase Sgk1 (SGK1)	OT301T1U	SGK1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[14]
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (PLAT)	OTQPDNAB	TPA_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[15]
Angiotensinogen (AGT)	OTBZLYR3	ANGT_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[16]
Natriuretic peptides A (NPPA)	OTMQNTNX	ANF_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[17]
Interleukin-1 beta (IL1B)	OT0DWXXB	IL1B_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[18]
Collagen alpha-1(III) chain (COL3A1)	OTT1EMLM	CO3A1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[17]
Trefoil factor 1 (TFF1)	OTCYQH4F	TFF1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[19]
Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (SERPINE1)	OTT0MPQ3	PAI1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[15]
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1 (ABCB1)	OTEJROBO	MDR1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
Mineralocorticoid receptor (NR3C2)	OT0F2V2Z	MCR_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[21]
Myb-related protein A (MYBL1)	OTBJMC2P	MYBA_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[14]
Androgen receptor (AR)	OTUBKAZZ	ANDR_HUMAN	Affects Binding	[22]
Natriuretic peptides B (NPPB)	OTSN2IPY	ANFB_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[17]
Caspase-3 (CASP3)	OTIJRBE7	CASP3_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[23]
Caspase-7 (CASP7)	OTAPJ040	CASP7_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[23]
Protein GREB1 (GREB1)	OTU6ZA26	GREB1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[14]
Renin (REN)	OT52GZR2	RENI_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[24]
Serum paraoxonase/lactonase 3 (PON3)	OT80W9TA	PON3_HUMAN	Increases Hydrolysis	[25]

References

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• [2] Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
• [3] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7210).
• [4] Spironolactone FDA Label
• [5] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 2875).
• [6] Spironolactone in Covid-19 Induced ARDS
• [7] Characterization of rat heart alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes and modulation of activity. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2008 Jul;41(7):600-9.
• [8] Levamisole induced apoptosis in cultured vascular endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol. 2000 Dec;131(8):1577-83.
• [9] Levamisole can reduce the high serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha level to a normal level in patients with erosive oral lichen planus. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2007 May;32(3):308-10. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2006.02343.x.
• [10] Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
• [11] Receptor-dependent regulation of the CYP3A4 gene. Toxicology. 2002 Dec 27;181-182:199-202.
• [12] Examination of 209 drugs for inhibition of cytochrome P450 2C8. J Clin Pharmacol. 2005 Jan;45(1):68-78.
• [13] Early identification of clinically relevant drug interactions with the human bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11). Toxicol Sci. 2013 Dec;136(2):328-43.
• [14] A Gene Expression Biomarker Identifies Chemical Modulators of Estrogen Receptor in an MCF-7 Microarray Compendium. Chem Res Toxicol. 2021 Feb 15;34(2):313-329. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00243. Epub 2021 Jan 6.
• [15] Effect of spironolactone on impaired fibrinolysis of hypertensive patients. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2002;25(4):260-4. doi: 10.1159/000066348.
• [16] Amiloride, spironolactone, and potassium chloride in thiazide-treated hypertensive patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1980 Apr;27(4):533-43. doi: 10.1038/clpt.1980.75.
• [17] Effect of spironolactone on plasma brain natriuretic peptide and left ventricular remodeling in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001 Apr;37(5):1228-33. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01116-0.
• [18] Spironolactone induces apoptosis in human mononuclear cells. Association between apoptosis and cytokine suppression. Apoptosis. 2006 Apr;11(4):573-9. doi: 10.1007/s10495-006-4919-3.
• [19] Evaluation of an imaging-based in vitro screening platform for estrogenic activity with OECD reference chemicals. Toxicol In Vitro. 2022 Jun;81:105348. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105348. Epub 2022 Mar 18.
• [20] Pregnane X receptor mediates the induction of P-glycoprotein by spironolactone in HepG2 cells. Toxicology. 2011 Jul 11;285(1-2):18-24. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.03.015. Epub 2011 Apr 1.
• [21] The human mineralocorticoid receptor only partially differentiates between different ligands after expression in fission yeast. FEMS Yeast Res. 2005 Apr;5(6-7):627-33. doi: 10.1016/j.femsyr.2004.12.007.
• [22] Comparison of the Hershberger assay and androgen receptor binding assay of twelve chemicals. Toxicology. 2004 Feb 15;195(2-3):177-86. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2003.09.012.
• [23] Palmitate increases the susceptibility of cells to drug-induced toxicity: an in vitro method to identify drugs with potential contraindications in patients with metabolic disease. Toxicol Sci. 2012 Oct;129(2):346-62. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs208. Epub 2012 Jun 14.
• [24] Clinical and biochemical effects of spironolactone administered once daily in primary hypertension. Multicenter Sweden study. Hypertension. 1980 Sep-Oct;2(5):672-9. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.2.5.672.
• [25] Human paraoxonases (PON1, PON2, and PON3) are lactonases with overlapping and distinct substrate specificities. J Lipid Res. 2005 Jun;46(6):1239-47. doi: 10.1194/jlr.M400511-JLR200. Epub 2005 Mar 16.