Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DCPRE37)

• Drug Combination Name: Levamisole + Acetazolamide
• Indication: Chronic myelogenous leukemia; Status: Investigative [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Levamisole (DM5EN79): Small molecular drug
  Acetazolamide (DM1AF5U): Small molecular drug
• High-throughput Screening Result:
  Testing Cell Line: KBM-7
  Zero Interaction Potency (ZIP) Score: 62.42
  Bliss Independence Score: 62.42
  Loewe Additivity Score: 76.91
  LHighest Single Agent (HSA) Score: 76.91

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Levamisole

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Parasitic infection	1D0Y-1G2Z	Approved	[2]
Colon cancer	2B90.Z	Withdrawn from market	[3]

Levamisole Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Alkaline phosphatase tissue-nonspecific (ALPL)	TTMR5UV	PPBT_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[6]

Levamisole Interacts with 8 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53)	OTIE1VH3	P53_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[7]
Endothelin-1 (EDN1)	OTZCACEG	EDN1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[7]
Retinoblastoma-associated protein (RB1)	OTQJUJMZ	RB_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[7]
Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 (BCL2)	OT9DVHC0	BCL2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[7]
Clusterin (CLU)	OTQGG0JM	CLUS_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[7]
Nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3)	OTLDT7NR	NOS3_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[7]
Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer (BAK1)	OTDP6ILW	BAK_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[7]
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)	OT4IE164	TNFA_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[8]

Indication(s) of Acetazolamide

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Absence epilepsy	N.A.	Approved	[4]
Altitude sickness	N.A.	Approved	[4]
Edema	MG29	Approved	[4]
Glaucoma/ocular hypertension	9C61	Approved	[5]

Acetazolamide Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Carbonic anhydrase I (CA-I)	TTHQPL7	CAH1_HUMAN	Modulator	[10]

Acetazolamide Interacts with 6 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Carbonic anhydrase 12 (CA12)	OT6WNFU8	CAH12_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[11]
Carbonic anhydrase 2 (CA2)	OTJRMUAG	CAH2_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[12]
Carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9)	OTNA51XT	CAH9_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[11]
Aquaporin-1 (AQP1)	OTX5MYX9	AQP1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[13]
Rho GTPase-activating protein 45 (ARHGAP45)	OTL86FEQ	HMHA1_HUMAN	Affects Expression	[14]
Parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor (PTH1R)	OTQF5ZAK	PTH1R_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[15]

References

• [1] Recurrent recessive mutation in deoxyguanosine kinase causes idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension.Hepatology. 2016 Jun;63(6):1977-86. doi: 10.1002/hep.28499. Epub 2016 Mar 31.
• [2] Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
• [3] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7210).
• [4] Acetazolamide FDA Label
• [5] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6792).
• [6] Characterization of rat heart alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes and modulation of activity. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2008 Jul;41(7):600-9.
• [7] Levamisole induced apoptosis in cultured vascular endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol. 2000 Dec;131(8):1577-83.
• [8] Levamisole can reduce the high serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha level to a normal level in patients with erosive oral lichen planus. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2007 May;32(3):308-10. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2006.02343.x.
• [9] Tamm-Horsfall protein accumulation in glomeruli during acetazolamide-induced acute renal failure. Am J Nephrol. 1989;9(1):56-7. doi: 10.1159/000167936.
• [10] Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
• [11] Targeting hypoxic tumor cell viability with carbohydrate-based carbonic anhydrase IX and XII inhibitors. J Med Chem. 2011 Oct 13;54(19):6905-18.
• [12] Indomethacin activates carbonic anhydrase and antagonizes the effect of the specific carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide, by a direct mechanism of action. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001 Jun;39(6):265-70.
• [13] [Effect of inhibiting aquaporin-1 on proliferation and apoptosis of the Hep-2 cell]. Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi. 2006 Nov;20(21):988-91.
• [14] Systems pharmacological analysis of drugs inducing stevens-johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Chem Res Toxicol. 2015 May 18;28(5):927-34. doi: 10.1021/tx5005248. Epub 2015 Apr 3.
• [15] ADReCS-Target: target profiles for aiding drug safety research and application. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D911-D917. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx899.