Details of the Drug

General Information of Drug (ID: DM1AF5U)

Drug Name
Acetazolamide
Synonyms
Acetadiazol; Acetamidothiadiazolesulfonamide; Acetamox; Acetazolam; Acetazolamid; Acetazolamida; Acetazolamidum; Acetazolamine; Acetazoleamide; Acetozalamide; AkZol; ApoAcetazolamide; Atenezol; Cidamex; Dazamide; Defiltran; Dehydratin; Diacarb; Diakarb; Diamox; Didoc; Diluran; Diuramid; Diuramide; Diuriwas; Diutazol; Donmox; Duiramid; Edemox; Eumicton; Fonurit; Glauconox; Glaumox; Glaupax; Glupax; HumaZolamide; Natrionex; Nephramid; Nephramide; Phonurit; Storzolamide; Vetamox; Acetazolamide Apotex Brand; Acetazolamide Chiesi Brand; Acetazolamide Dioptic Brand; Acetazolamide Grin Brand; Acetazolamide ICN Brand; Acetazolamide Jumer Brand; Acetazolamide Llorens Brand; Acetazolamide Medphano Brand; Acetazolamide Novopharm Brand; Acetazolamide Orion Brand; Acetazolamide Wassermann Brand; Ak Zol; Apo Acetazolamide; Apotex Brand of Acetazolamide; Chiesi Brand of Acetazolamide; Ciba Vision Brand of Acetazolamide; DiamoxSequels; Dioptic Brand of Acetazolamide; Grin Brand of Acetazolamide; Huma Zolamide; ICN Brand of Acetazolamide; Jumer Brand of Acetazolamide; Llorens Brand of Acetazolamide; Medphano Brand of Acetazolamide; Monosodium Salt Acetazolamide; Novopharm Brand of Acetazolamide; Orion Brand of Acetazolamide; Storz Brand of Acetazolamide Preparation; Wassermann Brand of Acetazolamide; Wyeth Brand of Acetazolamide Preparation; A 6011; Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor 6063; Acetazolamida [INN-Spanish]; Acetazolamide (AAZ); Acetazolamide, Monosodium Salt; Acetazolamidum [INN-Latin]; Ak-Zol; Apo-Acetazolamide; Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor No. 6063; Diamox (TN); Diureticum-holzinger; Huma-Zolamide; SK-acetazolamide; Acetazolamide Sodium, (Sterile); Acetazolamide [INN:BAN:JAN]; Acetazolamide (JP15/USP/INN); 4-Diamox
Indication
Disease Entry ICD 11 Status REF
Absence epilepsy N.A. Approved [1]
Altitude sickness N.A. Approved [1]
Edema MG29 Approved [1]
Glaucoma/ocular hypertension 9C61 Approved [2]
Therapeutic Class
Anticonvulsants
Drug Type
Small molecular drug
Structure
3D MOL 2D MOL
#Ro5 Violations (Lipinski): 0 Molecular Weight (mw) 222.3
Logarithm of the Partition Coefficient (xlogp) -0.3
Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds) 2
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor) 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc) 7
ADMET Property
BDDCS Class
Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) Class 4: low solubility and low permeability [3]
Bioavailability
99% of drug becomes completely available to its intended biological destination(s) [4]
Clearance
The drug present in the plasma can be removed from the body at the rate of 0.65 mL/min/kg [5]
Elimination
90% of drug is excreted from urine in the unchanged form [3]
Half-life
The concentration or amount of drug in body reduced by one-half in 3 - 9 hours [5]
MRTD
The Maximum Recommended Therapeutic Dose (MRTD) of drug that ensured maximising efficacy and moderate side effect is 75.14216 micromolar/kg/day [6]
Unbound Fraction
The unbound fraction of drug in plasma is 0.04% [5]
Vd
Fluid volume that would be required to contain the amount of drug present in the body at the same concentration as in the plasma 0.37 L/kg [5]
Water Solubility
The ability of drug to dissolve in water is measured as 0.64 mg/mL [3]
Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)
ADR Term Variation Related DOT DOT ID REF
Acidosis Not Available PTH1R OTQF5ZAK [7]
Chemical Identifiers
Formula
C4H6N4O3S2
IUPAC Name
N-(5-sulfamoyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)acetamide
Canonical SMILES
CC(=O)NC1=NN=C(S1)S(=O)(=O)N
InChI
InChI=1S/C4H6N4O3S2/c1-2(9)6-3-7-8-4(12-3)13(5,10)11/h1H3,(H2,5,10,11)(H,6,7,9)
InChIKey
BZKPWHYZMXOIDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Cross-matching ID
PubChem CID
1986
ChEBI ID
CHEBI:27690
CAS Number
59-66-5
DrugBank ID
DB00819
TTD ID
D0E1SW
VARIDT ID
DR00606
ACDINA ID
D00010
Combinatorial Drugs (CBD) Click to Jump to the Detailed CBD Information of This Drug
Repurposed Drugs (RPD) Click to Jump to the Detailed RPD Information of This Drug

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug


Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)
DTT Name DTT ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Carbonic anhydrase I (CA-I) TTHQPL7 CAH1_HUMAN Modulator [8]

Drug Off-Target (DOT)
DOT Name DOT ID UniProt ID Interaction REF
Aquaporin-1 (AQP1) OTX5MYX9 AQP1_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [9]
Carbonic anhydrase 12 (CA12) OT6WNFU8 CAH12_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [10]
Carbonic anhydrase 2 (CA2) OTJRMUAG CAH2_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [11]
Carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) OTNA51XT CAH9_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [10]
Parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor (PTH1R) OTQF5ZAK PTH1R_HUMAN Drug Response [7]
Rho GTPase-activating protein 45 (ARHGAP45) OTL86FEQ HMHA1_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [12]
Uromodulin OTHP6Y7F UROM_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [13]
Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) Jump to Detail Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Molecular Expression Atlas of This Drug

The Studied Disease Absence epilepsy
ICD Disease Classification
Molecule Name Molecule Type Gene Name p-value Fold-Change Z-score
Carbonic anhydrase I (CA-I) DTT CA1 5.23E-14 -0.11 -0.41
Molecular Expression Atlas (MEA) Jump to Detail Molecular Expression Atlas of This Drug

Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) Information of This Drug

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Disease Different from Acetazolamide (Comorbidity)
DDI Drug Name DDI Drug ID Severity Mechanism Comorbidity REF
Dronedarone DMA8FS5 Major Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Acetazolamide and Dronedarone. Angina pectoris [BA40] [14]
Desipramine DMT2FDC Minor as urine pH determines the ionization state of weakly acidic or weakly alkaline drugs. Acetazolamide caused by Desipramine mediated altered urine pH. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [6A05] [15]
Levomilnacipran DMV26S8 Moderate Increased risk of hyponatremia by the combination of Acetazolamide and Levomilnacipran. Chronic pain [MG30] [16]
Sertraline DM0FB1J Moderate Increased risk of hyponatremia by the combination of Acetazolamide and Sertraline. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [16]
Vilazodone DM4LECQ Moderate Increased risk of hyponatremia by the combination of Acetazolamide and Vilazodone. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [16]
Vortioxetine DM6F1PU Moderate Increased risk of hyponatremia by the combination of Acetazolamide and Vortioxetine. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [16]
Milnacipran DMBFE74 Moderate Increased risk of hyponatremia by the combination of Acetazolamide and Milnacipran. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [16]
Escitalopram DMFK9HG Moderate Increased risk of hyponatremia by the combination of Acetazolamide and Escitalopram. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [16]
Desvenlafaxine DMHD4PE Moderate Increased risk of hyponatremia by the combination of Acetazolamide and Desvenlafaxine. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [16]
Clomipramine DMINRKW Minor as urine pH determines the ionization state of weakly acidic or weakly alkaline drugs. Acetazolamide caused by Clomipramine mediated altered urine pH. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [15]
Doxepin DMPI98T Minor as urine pH determines the ionization state of weakly acidic or weakly alkaline drugs. Acetazolamide caused by Doxepin mediated altered urine pH. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [15]
Eslicarbazepine DMZREFQ Moderate Increased risk of hyponatremia by the combination of Acetazolamide and Eslicarbazepine. Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z] [17]
Digitoxin DMWVIGP Moderate Increased risk of hypomagnesemia by the combination of Acetazolamide and Digitoxin. Heart failure [BD10-BD1Z] [18]
Captopril DM458UM Moderate Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Acetazolamide and Captopril. Hypertension [BA00-BA04] [19]
Quinapril DMR8H31 Moderate Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Acetazolamide and Quinapril. Hypertension [BA00-BA04] [19]
Hydroxychloroquine DMSIVND Moderate Antagonize the effect of Acetazolamide when combined with Hydroxychloroquine. Malaria [1F40-1F45] [20]
Arsenic trioxide DM61TA4 Major Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Acetazolamide and Arsenic trioxide. Mature B-cell lymphoma [2A85] [21]
Sibutramine DMFJTDI Moderate Increased risk of hyponatremia by the combination of Acetazolamide and Sibutramine. Obesity [5B80-5B81] [16]
Levomethadyl Acetate DM06HG5 Major Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Acetazolamide and Levomethadyl Acetate. Opioid use disorder [6C43] [22]
Aspirin DM672AH Major Increased plasma concentration of Acetazolamide and Aspirin due to competitive binding of plasma proteins. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [23]
Choline salicylate DM8P137 Major Increased plasma concentration of Acetazolamide and Choline salicylate due to competitive binding of plasma proteins. Postoperative inflammation [1A00-CA43] [24]
Salsalate DM13P4C Major Increased plasma concentration of Acetazolamide and Salsalate due to competitive binding of plasma proteins. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [24]
Paliperidone DM7NPJS Moderate Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Acetazolamide and Paliperidone. Schizophrenia [6A20] [20]
Trifluoperazine DMKBYWI Moderate Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Acetazolamide and Trifluoperazine. Schizophrenia [6A20] [20]
Amisulpride DMSJVAM Moderate Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Acetazolamide and Amisulpride. Schizophrenia [6A20] [20]
Pimozide DMW83TP Major Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Acetazolamide and Pimozide. Schizophrenia [6A20] [25]
Salicyclic acid DM2F8XZ Major Increased plasma concentration of Acetazolamide and Salicyclic acid due to competitive binding of plasma proteins. Seborrhoeic dermatitis [EA81] [23]
Amiodarone DMUTEX3 Major Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Acetazolamide and Amiodarone. Ventricular tachyarrhythmia [BC71] [26]
⏷ Show the Full List of 28 DDI Information of This Drug

Drug Inactive Ingredient(s) (DIG) and Formulation(s) of This Drug

DIG
DIG Name DIG ID PubChem CID Functional Classification
Allura red AC dye E00338 33258 Colorant
D&C red no. 28 E00491 6097185 Colorant
FD&C blue no. 1 E00263 19700 Colorant
FD&C blue no. 2 E00446 2723854 Colorant
Oleic acid E00421 445639 Emulsifying agent; Penetration agent; Solubilizing agent
Quinoline yellow WS E00309 24671 Colorant
Sodium lauryl sulfate E00464 3423265 Emulsifying agent; Modified-release agent; Penetration agent; Solubilizing agent; Surfactant; lubricant
Sunset yellow FCF E00255 17730 Colorant
Ammonia E00007 222 Alkalizing agent
Calcium stearate E00244 15324 lubricant
Ferric hydroxide oxide yellow E00539 23320441 Colorant
Ferrosoferric oxide E00231 14789 Colorant
Gelatin E00630 Not Available Other agent
Glycerin E00026 753 Antimicrobial preservative; Emollient; Flavoring agent; Humectant; Lubricant; Plasticizing agent; Solvent; Suppository base; Tonicity agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Lactose monohydrate E00393 104938 Binding agent; Diluent; Dry powder inhaler carrier; Lyophilization aid
Magnesium stearate E00208 11177 lubricant
Medium-chain triglyceride E00640 Not Available Emollient; Lubricant; Surfactant
Potassium hydroxide E00233 14797 Alkalizing agent
Povidone E00667 Not Available Binding agent; Coating agent; Disintegrant; Film/membrane-forming agent; Solubilizing agent; Suspending agent
Propylene glycol E00040 1030 Antimicrobial preservative; Humectant; Plasticizing agent; Solvent
Propylene glycol distearate E00395 110800 Emollient; Opacifying agent; Surfactant
Silicon dioxide E00670 Not Available Anticaking agent; Opacifying agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Talc E00520 16211421 Anticaking agent; Diluent; Glidant; lubricant
Titanium dioxide E00322 26042 Coating agent; Colorant; Opacifying agent
Water E00035 962 Solvent
⏷ Show the Full List of 25 Pharmaceutical Excipients of This Drug
Pharmaceutical Formulation
Formulation Name Drug Dosage Dosage Form Route
Acetazolamide 500 mg capsule 500 mg 12 HR Extended Release Oral Capsule Oral
Acetazolamide 125 mg tablet 125 mg Oral Tablet Oral
Acetazolamide 250 mg tablet 250 mg Oral Tablet Oral
Jump to Detail Pharmaceutical Formulation Page of This Drug

References

1 Acetazolamide FDA Label
2 URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6792).
3 BDDCS applied to over 900 drugs
4 Critical Evaluation of Human Oral Bioavailability for Pharmaceutical Drugs by Using Various Cheminformatics Approaches
5 Trend Analysis of a Database of Intravenous Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Humans for 1352 Drug Compounds
6 Estimating the safe starting dose in phase I clinical trials and no observed effect level based on QSAR modeling of the human maximum recommended daily dose
7 ADReCS-Target: target profiles for aiding drug safety research and application. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D911-D917. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx899.
8 Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
9 [Effect of inhibiting aquaporin-1 on proliferation and apoptosis of the Hep-2 cell]. Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi. 2006 Nov;20(21):988-91.
10 Targeting hypoxic tumor cell viability with carbohydrate-based carbonic anhydrase IX and XII inhibitors. J Med Chem. 2011 Oct 13;54(19):6905-18.
11 Indomethacin activates carbonic anhydrase and antagonizes the effect of the specific carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide, by a direct mechanism of action. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001 Jun;39(6):265-70.
12 Systems pharmacological analysis of drugs inducing stevens-johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Chem Res Toxicol. 2015 May 18;28(5):927-34. doi: 10.1021/tx5005248. Epub 2015 Apr 3.
13 Tamm-Horsfall protein accumulation in glomeruli during acetazolamide-induced acute renal failure. Am J Nephrol. 1989;9(1):56-7. doi: 10.1159/000167936.
14 Product Information. Multaq (dronedarone). sanofi-aventis , Bridgewater, NJ.
15 Gram LF, Kofod B, Christiansen J, Rafaelsen OJ "Imipramine metabolism: pH-dependent distribution and urinary excretion." Clin Pharmacol Ther 12 (1971): 239-44. [PMID: 5554940]
16 Product Information. Savella (milnacipran). Forest Pharmaceuticals, St. Louis, MO.
17 Product Information. Aptiom (eslicarbazepine). Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc, Marlborough, MA.
18 Brown DD, Dormois JC, Abraham GN, et al "Effect of furosemide on the renal excretion of digoxin." Clin Pharmacol Ther 20 (1976): 395-400. [PMID: 975715]
19 Burnakis TG, Mioduch HJ "Combined therapy with captopril and potassium supplementation: a potential for hyperkalemia." Arch Intern Med 144 (1984): 2371-2. [PMID: 6391404]
20 Cerner Multum, Inc. "Australian Product Information.".
21 Ohnishi K, Yoshida H, Shigeno K, et al. "Prolongation of the QT interval and ventricular tachycardia in patients treated with arsenic trioxide for acute promyelocytic leukemia." Ann Intern Med 133 (2000): 881-5. [PMID: 11103058]
22 Cohen J "Long-term efficacy and safety of terazosin alone and in combination with other antihypertensive agents." Am Heart J 122 (1991): 919-25. [PMID: 1678923]
23 Cowan RA, Hartnell GG, Lowdell CP, Baird IM, Leak AM "Metabolic acidosis induced by carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and salicylates in patients with normal renal function." Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 289 (1984): 347-8. [PMID: 6432091]
24 Anderson CJ, Kaufman PL, Sturm RJ "Toxicity of combined therapy with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and aspirin." Am J Ophthalmol 86 (1978): 516-9. [PMID: 707596]
25 Product Information. Orap Tablets (pimozide). Gate Pharmaceuticals, Sellersville, PA.
26 Antonelli D, Atar S, Freedberg NA, Rosenfeld T "Torsade de pointes in patients on chronic amiodarone treatment: contributing factors and drug interactions." Isr Med Assoc J 7 (2005): 163-5. [PMID: 15792261]