Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DC59KO3)

• Drug Combination Name: Allopurinol + Ramipril
• Indication: Diabetes; Status: Phase 1 [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Allopurinol (DMLPAOB): Small molecular drug
  Ramipril (DM2R68E): Small molecular drug

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Allopurinol

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Gout	FA25	Approved	[2]
Hyperuricaemia	5C55.Y	Approved	[3]
Recurrent adult burkitt lymphoma	2A85.6	Approved	[2]

Allopurinol Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase (XDH)	TT7RJY8	XDH_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[9]

Allopurinol Interacts with 2 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Organic anion transporter 2 (SLC22A7)	DT0OC1Q	S22A7_HUMAN	Substrate	[10]
Organic anion transporter 3 (SLC22A8)	DTVP67E	S22A8_HUMAN	Substrate	[11]

Allopurinol Interacts with 1 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
RNA cytidine acetyltransferase (hALP)	DEZV4AP	NAT10_HUMAN	Metabolism	[12]

Allopurinol Interacts with 30 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Solute carrier family 22 member 7 (SLC22A7)	OTKTNH1W	S22A7_HUMAN	Increases Transport	[13]
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain (HLA-B)	OTNXFWY2	HLAB_HUMAN	Increases Response To Substance	[14]
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, C alpha chain (HLA-C)	OTV38BUJ	HLAC_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[15]
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, A alpha chain (HLA-A)	OTAH14LU	HLAA_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[16]
HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ beta 1 chain (HLA-DQB1)	OTVVI3UI	DQB1_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[15]
Transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2)	OTN44YQ5	TMPS2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[17]
Serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 (ERN1)	OTY9R6FZ	ERN1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[18]
Protein c-Fos (FOS)	OTJBUVWS	FOS_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[19]
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)	OT4IE164	TNFA_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
Apolipoprotein C-III (APOC3)	OTW3520C	APOC3_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[18]
Apolipoprotein B-100 (APOB)	OTH0UOCZ	APOB_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[18]
Protein disulfide-isomerase (P4HB)	OTTYNYPF	PDIA1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[18]
Heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1)	OTC1W6UX	HMOX1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
Interleukin-8 (CXCL8)	OTS7T5VH	IL8_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
Endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP (HSPA5)	OTFUIRAO	BIP_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[18]
C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2)	OTAD2HEL	CCL2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
Platelet glycoprotein 4 (CD36)	OT5CZWKY	CD36_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[18]
Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 alpha (ATF6)	OTAFHAVI	ATF6A_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[18]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3)	OTCYKGKO	MK03_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[20]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1)	OTH85PI5	MK01_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[20]
DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein (DDIT3)	OTI8YKKE	DDIT3_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[18]
Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein large subunit (MTTP)	OTNUVSDT	MTP_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[18]
Cytochrome P450 4A11 (CYP4A11)	OTPU5J0S	CP4AB_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA)	OTK095PP	PPARA_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (ACOX1)	OTM0A0DY	ACOX1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Angiopoietin-related protein 3 (ANGPTL3)	OTCD5Z9W	ANGL3_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[18]
Glycophorin-A (GYPA)	OTABU4YV	GLPA_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[23]
Myeloperoxidase (MPO)	OTOOXLIN	PERM_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[23]
Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1)	OTTOIX77	ICAM1_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[23]
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen protein P5 (HCP5)	OTV0YRI8	HCP5_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[24]

Indication(s) of Ramipril

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Acute heart failure	BD10-BD13	Approved	[4]
Chronic heart failure	BD1Z	Approved	[5]
Congestive heart failure	BD10	Approved	[6]
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)	1D6Y	Phase 2	[7]
Stroke	8B20	Investigative	[5]

Ramipril Interacts with 2 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)	TTL69WB	ACE_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[25]
HUMAN angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)	TTGFNPD	ACE_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[26]

Ramipril Interacts with 2 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Peptide transporter 1 (SLC15A1)	DT9G7XN	S15A1_HUMAN	Substrate	[27]
Peptide transporter 2 (SLC15A2)	DT8QKNP	S15A2_HUMAN	Substrate	[27]

Ramipril Interacts with 8 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Renin (REN)	OT52GZR2	RENI_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[28]
Platelet-derived growth factor subunit B (PDGFB)	OTMFMFC3	PDGFB_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[29]
Platelet-derived growth factor subunit A (PDGFA)	OTCMZ0W8	PDGFA_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[29]
Leptin (LEP)	OT5Q7ODW	LEP_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[30]
Adiponectin (ADIPOQ)	OTNX23LE	ADIPO_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[31]
Liver carboxylesterase 1 (CES1)	OT9L0LR8	EST1_HUMAN	Increases Hydrolysis	[32]
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)	OTDF1964	ACE_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[33]
B2 bradykinin receptor (BDKRB2)	OTOA9D3W	BKRB2_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[23]

References

• [1] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01052272) Impact of Diabetes on Left Ventricular Remodeling
• [2] Allopurinol FDA Label
• [3] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6795).
• [4] FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2019. Application Number: (ANDA) 202392.
• [5] Ramipril FDA Label
• [6] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6339).
• [7] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04366050) Ramipril for the Treatment of COVID-19. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
• [8] Uric acid-lowering treatment with benzbromarone in patients with heart failure: a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover preliminary study. Circ Heart Fail. 2010 Jan;3(1):73-81.
• [9] Allopurinol: xanthine oxidase inhibitor. Tex Med. 1966 Jan;62(1):100-1.
• [10] Isolation, characterization and differential gene expression of multispecific organic anion transporter 2 in mice. Mol Pharmacol. 2002 Jul;62(1):7-14.
• [11] Renal transport of organic compounds mediated by mouse organic anion transporter 3 (mOat3): further substrate specificity of mOat3. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004 May;32(5):479-83.
• [12] Xanthine oxidase inhibition by allopurinol affects the reliability of urinary caffeine metabolic ratios as markers for N-acetyltransferase 2 and CYP1A2 activities. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1999 Jan;54(11):869-76.
• [13] Transport mechanism and substrate specificity of human organic anion transporter 2 (hOat2 [SLC22A7]). J Pharm Pharmacol. 2005 May;57(5):573-8.
• [14] HLA-B*5801 allele as a genetic marker for severe cutaneous adverse reactions caused by allopurinol. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Mar 15;102(11):4134-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0409500102. Epub 2005 Mar 2.
• [15] A study of HLA class I and class II 4-digit allele level in Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Int J Immunogenet. 2011 Aug;38(4):303-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-313X.2011.01011.x. Epub 2011 May 4.
• [16] Positive and negative associations of HLA class I alleles with allopurinol-induced SCARs in Koreans. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2011 May;21(5):303-7. doi: 10.1097/FPC.0b013e32834282b8.
• [17] Effect of common medications on the expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry receptors in liver tissue. Arch Toxicol. 2020 Dec;94(12):4037-4041. doi: 10.1007/s00204-020-02869-1. Epub 2020 Aug 17.
• [18] Drug-induced hepatic steatosis in absence of severe mitochondrial dysfunction in HepaRG cells: proof of multiple mechanism-based toxicity. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2021 Apr;37(2):151-175. doi: 10.1007/s10565-020-09537-1. Epub 2020 Jun 14.
• [19] Selection of drugs to test the specificity of the Tg.AC assay by screening for induction of the gadd153 promoter in vitro. Toxicol Sci. 2003 Aug;74(2):260-70. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfg113. Epub 2003 May 2.
• [20] Allopurinol induces innate immune responses through mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in HL-60 cells. J Appl Toxicol. 2016 Sep;36(9):1120-8. doi: 10.1002/jat.3272. Epub 2015 Dec 7.
• [21] Systemic drugs inducing non-immediate cutaneous adverse reactions and contact sensitizers evoke similar responses in THP-1 cells. J Appl Toxicol. 2015 Apr;35(4):398-406. doi: 10.1002/jat.3033. Epub 2014 Aug 4.
• [22] Allopurinol Protects Against Cholestatic Liver Injury in Mice Not Through Depletion of Uric Acid. Toxicol Sci. 2021 May 27;181(2):295-305. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab034.
• [23] ADReCS-Target: target profiles for aiding drug safety research and application. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D911-D917. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx899.
• [24] Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guidelines for human leukocyte antigen-B genotype and allopurinol dosing. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013 Feb;93(2):153-8. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2012.209. Epub 2012 Oct 17.
• [25] Knockouts model the 100 best-selling drugs--will they model the next 100 Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2003 Jan;2(1):38-51.
• [26] Outcomes in Patients with COVID-19 Infection Taking ACEI/ARB. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2020 Apr 14;22(5):31.
• [27] Transport of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors by H+/peptide transporters revisited. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008 Nov;327(2):432-41.
• [28] Effects of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on intracranial circulation in healthy volunteers. off. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1992 Sep;34(3):224-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1992.tb04128.x.
• [29] Ramipril inhibits in vitro human mesangial cell proliferation and platelet-derived growth factor expression. Exp Nephrol. 1999 May-Jun;7(3):229-35. doi: 10.1159/000020606.
• [30] Distinct vascular and metabolic effects of different classes of anti-hypertensive drugs. Int J Cardiol. 2010 Apr 1;140(1):73-81. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.11.017. Epub 2008 Dec 6.
• [31] Additive beneficial cardiovascular and metabolic effects of combination therapy with ramipril and candesartan in hypertensive patients. Eur Heart J. 2007 Jun;28(12):1440-7. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm101. Epub 2007 May 5.
• [32] Contribution of human esterases to the metabolism of selected drugs of abuse. Toxicol Lett. 2015 Jan 5;232(1):159-66. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.10.026. Epub 2014 Oct 24.
• [33] Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism predicts the time-course of blood pressure response to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in the AASK trial. J Hypertens. 2007 Oct;25(10):2082-92. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282b9720e.