Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DC7AQ4U)

• Drug Combination Name: Mycophenolic acid + Ginsenoside Rb1
• Indication: Chronic myelogenous leukemia; Status: Investigative [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Mycophenolic acid (DMRBMAU): N.A.
  Ginsenoside Rb1 (DMF70AB): N.A.
• High-throughput Screening Result:
  Testing Cell Line: KBM-7
  Zero Interaction Potency (ZIP) Score: 6.05
  Bliss Independence Score: 6.05
  Loewe Additivity Score: 7.22
  LHighest Single Agent (HSA) Score: 7.25

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Mycophenolic acid

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Crohn disease	DD70	Approved	[2]
Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma	N.A.	Approved	[3]
Interstitial cystitis	GC00.3	Approved	[4]
Large granular lymphocytic leukemia	2A90.1	Approved	[3]
Leukemia	N.A.	Approved	[5]
Lupus nephritis	4A40.0Y	Approved	[6]
MALT lymphoma	N.A.	Approved	[3]
Myeloid leukaemia	2B33.1	Approved	[7]
Myeloproliferative neoplasm	2A20	Approved	[8]
Nodal marginal zone lymphoma	2A85.0	Approved	[3]
Primary cutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified	N.A.	Approved	[3]
Recurrent adult burkitt lymphoma	2A85.6	Approved	[3]
Small intestine lymphoma	N.A.	Approved	[3]
Splenic marginal zone lymphoma	N.A.	Approved	[3]
Systemic lupus erythematosus	4A40.0	Approved	[9]
Testicular lymphoma	N.A.	Approved	[3]
Classic Hodgkin lymphoma	N.A.	Investigative	[10]
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)	1D6Y	Investigative	[11]
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)	1D64	Investigative	[12]

Mycophenolic acid Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
MERS-CoV papain-like proteinase (PL-PRO)	TTYJOLE	R1AB_CVEMC (854-2740)	Inhibitor	[12]

Mycophenolic acid Interacts with 2 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (ABCC2)	DTFI42L	MRP2_HUMAN	Substrate	[13]
Organic anion transporter 1 (SLC22A6)	DTQ23VB	S22A6_HUMAN	Substrate	[14]

Mycophenolic acid Interacts with 2 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 (UGT2B7)	DEB3CV1	UD2B7_HUMAN	Metabolism	[15]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9 (UGT1A9)	DE85D2P	UD19_HUMAN	Metabolism	[15]

Ginsenoside Rb1 Interacts with 23 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Beta-glucosidase (bglA)	DEUO7V8	A0A509DD13_9STRE	Metabolism	[16]
Beta-glucosidase (bglA)	DE4LKZ9	A0A3D1ZWL4_9BIFI	Metabolism	[16]
Beta-glucosidase (bglA)	DEM6GYO	A0A351PC96_9FIRM	Metabolism	[17], [16]
Beta-glucosidase (bglA)	DE9N4OU	C6WCL5_ACTMD	Metabolism	[18]
Beta-glucosidase (bglA)	DERPJZ6	A0A4Q4LS82_BIFAN	Metabolism	[19]
Beta-glucosidase (bglA)	DEVLXCG	R7LVY8_9FUSO	Metabolism	[16]
Beta-glucosidase (bglA)	DEUQTKA	A0A249DCH3_LACRH	Metabolism	[19]
Beta-glucosidase (bglA)	DEXRUS1	A0A267WL33_9BIFI	Metabolism	[20]
Beta-glucosidase (bglA)	DERX7ML	A0A3B8TKP6_9FIRM	Metabolism	[20]
Beta-glucosidase (bglA)	DEOHI3U	A0A0P0FEZ9_BACT4	Metabolism	[20]
Beta-glucosidase (bglA)	DE46IH1	A0A1T4QCU7_9PROT	Metabolism	[21]
Beta-glucosidase (bglA)	DEE8WXK	A0A076JJU4_BIFAD	Metabolism	[20]
Beta-glucosidase (bglA)	DECBSVP	A0A126SWK8_9BIFI	Metabolism	[20]
Beta-glucosidase (bglA)	DEAVLU4	BGLFU_BIFBR	Metabolism	[20]
Beta-glucosidase (bglA)	DEPBQES	BGLS_BUTFI	Metabolism	[20]
Beta-glucosidase (bglA)	DEGVUWH	A0A174JG46_9FIRM	Metabolism	[20]
Beta-glucosidase (bglA)	DEE8RS0	A0A174GPV4_9FIRM	Metabolism	[20]
Beta-glucosidase (bglA)	DEC0M8H	A0A174ZK85_9FIRM	Metabolism	[20]
Beta-glucosidase (bglA)	DE2OMS0	A0A173UNF6_9FIRM	Metabolism	[20]
Beta-glucosidase (bglA)	DEPUNVR	A0A395V8H8_9FIRM	Metabolism	[20]
Beta-glucosidase (bglA)	DEX7SAW	A0A3R6A2W5_9FIRM	Metabolism	[20]
Beta-glucosidase (bglA)	DEE3I1P	A0A412BAD0_9FIRM	Metabolism	[20]
Beta-glucosidase (bglA)	DEASJG5	A5ZMW4_9FIRM	Metabolism	[20]

Ginsenoside Rb1 Interacts with 7 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Progesterone receptor (PGR)	OT0FZ3QE	PRGR_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1)	OTC1W6UX	HMOX1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[23]
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 1 (KCNE1)	OTZNQUW9	KCNE1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[24]
RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT1)	OT8H2YY7	AKT1_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[23]
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 (KCNH2)	OTZX881H	KCNH2_HUMAN	Affects Activity	[25]
Sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1)	OTGY5D5J	SQSTM_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[26]
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NFE2L2)	OT0HENJ5	NF2L2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[27]

References

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• [13] C-440T/T-331C polymorphisms in the UGT1A9 gene affect the pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid in kidney transplantation. Pharmacogenomics. 2007 Sep;8(9):1127-41.
• [14] Interaction and transport characteristics of mycophenolic acid and its glucuronide via human organic anion transporters hOAT1 and hOAT3. Biochem Pharmacol. 2007 Jun 30;74(1):161-8.
• [15] Diabetes mellitus reduces activity of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 in liver and kidney leading to decreased formation of mycophenolic acid acyl-glucuronide metabolite. Drug Metab Dispos. 2011 Mar;39(3):448-55.
• [16] Constitutive beta-glucosidases hydrolyzing ginsenoside Rb1 and Rb2 from human intestinal bacteria. Biol Pharm Bull. 2000 Dec;23(12):1481-5.
• [17] Intestinal bacterial hydrolysis is required for the appearance of compound K in rat plasma after oral administration of ginsenoside Rb1 from Panax ginseng. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1998 Oct;50(10):1155-60.
• [18] Characterization of the ginsenoside-transforming recombinant beta-glucosidase from Actinosynnema mirum and bioconversion of major ginsenosides into minor ginsenosides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2013 Jan;97(2):649-59.
• [19] Fermentation of protopanaxadiol type ginsenosides (PD) with probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2017 Jul;101(13):5427-5437.
• [20] Developing a metagenomic view of xenobiotic metabolism. Pharmacol Res. 2013 Mar;69(1):21-31.
• [21] Genus Enhydrobacter Staley et al. 1987 should be recognized as a member of the family Rhodospirillaceae within the class Alphaproteobacteria. Microbiol Immunol. 2012 Jan;56(1):21-6.
• [22] Metabolism of ginsenoside Re by human intestinal microflora and its estrogenic effect. Biol Pharm Bull. 2005 Oct;28(10):1903-8. doi: 10.1248/bpb.28.1903.
• [23] Ginsenoside Rb1 protects against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced oxidative stress by increasing heme oxygenase-1 expression through an estrogen receptor-related PI3K/Akt/Nrf2-dependent pathway in human dopaminergic cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2010 Jan 1;242(1):18-28. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.09.009. Epub 2009 Sep 23.
• [24] Ginsenosides may enhance the functionality of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes in vitro. Reprod Sci. 2014 Oct;21(10):1312-8. doi: 10.1177/1933719114525269. Epub 2014 Mar 10.
• [25] Modulating effect of ginseng saponins on heterologously expressed HERG currents in Xenopus oocytes. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2005 May;26(5):551-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2005.00116.x.
• [26] Ginsenoside Rb1 alleviates liver injury induced by 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol by stimulating autophagic flux. J Food Sci. 2021 Dec;86(12):5503-5515. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.15968. Epub 2021 Nov 23.
• [27] Pharmacodynamics of ginsenosides: antioxidant activities, activation of Nrf2, and potential synergistic effects of combinations. Chem Res Toxicol. 2012 Aug 20;25(8):1574-80. doi: 10.1021/tx2005025. Epub 2012 Aug 9.