Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DCV580E)

• Drug Combination Name: Levetiracetam + Midazolam
• Indication: Status Epilepticus; Status: Phase 2 [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Levetiracetam (DMTGDN8): Small molecular drug
  Midazolam (DMXOELT): Small molecular drug

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Levetiracetam

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Epilepsy	8A60-8A68	Approved	[2]
Fibromyalgia	MG30.01	Approved	[3]

Levetiracetam Interacts with 2 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
5-HT 3A receptor (HTR3A)	TTPC4TU	5HT3A_HUMAN	Antagonist	[3]
Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A)	TTT3P91	SV2A_HUMAN	Modulator	[7]

Levetiracetam Interacts with 1 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1)	DTUGYRD	MDR1_HUMAN	Substrate	[8]

Levetiracetam Interacts with 6 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1 (ABCB1)	OTEJROBO	MDR1_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[9]
Steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase (CYP17A1)	OTZKVLVJ	CP17A_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[10]
Aromatase (CYP19A1)	OTZ6XF74	CP19A_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[10]
3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta 5-->4-isomerase type 2 (HSD3B2)	OT02MSKN	3BHS2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[10]
Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, mitochondrial (STAR)	OTFEZ5AI	STAR_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[10]
Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 (PON1)	OTD0Z2XO	PON1_HUMAN	Affects Activity	[11]

Indication(s) of Midazolam

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Agitation	6A70.3	Approved	[4]
Anxiety	N.A.	Approved	[4]
Irritability	MB24	Approved	[5]
Pain	MG30-MG3Z	Approved	[4]
Traumatic brain injury	NA07.Z	Approved	[4]
Epilepsy	8A60-8A68	Phase 3	[6]

Midazolam Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Translocator protein (TSPO)	TTPTXIN	TSPO_HUMAN	Modulator	[7]

Midazolam Interacts with 1 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1)	DTUGYRD	MDR1_HUMAN	Substrate	[12]

Midazolam Interacts with 5 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[13]
Cytochrome P450 4B1 (CYP4B1)	DEMF740	CP4B1_HUMAN	Metabolism	[14]
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)	DEIBDNY	CP3A5_HUMAN	Metabolism	[15]
Cytochrome P450 3A7 (CYP3A7)	DERD86B	CP3A7_HUMAN	Metabolism	[14]
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6)	DEPKLMQ	CP2B6_HUMAN	Metabolism	[16]

Midazolam Interacts with 10 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	OTQGYY83	CP3A4_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[17]
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)	OTSXFBXB	CP3A5_HUMAN	Increases Hydroxylation	[18]
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1 (ABCB1)	OTEJROBO	MDR1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[19]
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2 (NR1I2)	OTC5U0N5	NR1I2_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[17]
Bile salt export pump (ABCB11)	OTRU7THO	ABCBB_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[20]
Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1)	OTE4EFH8	CP1A1_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[21]
Interleukin-1 beta (IL1B)	OT0DWXXB	IL1B_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[22]
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)	OTHQ17JG	CP2E1_HUMAN	Increases Metabolism	[23]
Interleukin-6 (IL6)	OTUOSCCU	IL6_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[22]
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6 (GABRA6)	OTX4UC3O	GBRA6_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[24]

References

• [1] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04926844) Effectiveness of Combined Levetiracetam and Midazolam in Generalized Convulsive Status Epilepticus in Children
• [2] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6826).
• [3] Emerging therapies for fibromyalgia. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2008 Mar;13(1):53-62.
• [4] Midazolam FDA Label
• [5] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 3342).
• [6] Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)
• [7] Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
• [8] Differences in the transport of the antiepileptic drugs phenytoin, levetiracetam and carbamazepine by human and mouse P-glycoprotein. Neuropharmacology. 2007 Feb;52(2):333-46.
• [9] Functional evaluation of polymorphisms in the human ABCB1 gene and the impact on clinical responses of antiepileptic drugs. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2008 May;18(5):390-402. doi: 10.1097/FPC.0b013e3282f85e36.
• [10] Differential effects of antiepileptic drugs on steroidogenesis in a human in vitro cell model. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 2009;(189):14-21.
• [11] Antiepileptic drugs: impacts on human serum paraoxonase-1. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2017 Jun;31(6).
• [12] A novel screening strategy to identify ABCB1 substrates and inhibitors. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2009 Jan;379(1):11-26.
• [13] Selection of alternative CYP3A4 probe substrates for clinical drug interaction studies using in vitro data and in vivo simulation. Drug Metab Dispos. 2010 Jun;38(6):981-7.
• [14] Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):83-448.
• [15] In vitro metabolism of midazolam, triazolam, nifedipine, and testosterone by human liver microsomes and recombinant cytochromes p450: role of cyp3a4 and cyp3a5. Drug Metab Dispos. 2003 Jul;31(7):938-44.
• [16] Further characterization of the expression in liver and catalytic activity of CYP2B6. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Sep;286(3):1253-9.
• [17] Benzodiazepines medazepam and midazolam are activators of pregnane X receptor and weak inducers of CYP3A4: investigation in primary cultures of human hepatocytes and hepatocarcinoma cell lines. Toxicol Lett. 2010 Mar 15;193(2):183-8.
• [18] Evidence of significant contribution from CYP3A5 to hepatic drug metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004 Dec;32(12):1434-45. doi: 10.1124/dmd.104.001313. Epub 2004 Sep 21.
• [19] Modulators and substrates of P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P4503A coordinately up-regulate these proteins in human colon carcinoma cells. Mol Pharmacol. 1996 Feb;49(2):311-8.
• [20] Interference with bile salt export pump function is a susceptibility factor for human liver injury in drug development. Toxicol Sci. 2010 Dec; 118(2):485-500.
• [21] Association of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 inhibition in in vitro assays with drug-induced liver injury. J Toxicol Sci. 2021;46(4):167-176. doi: 10.2131/jts.46.167.
• [22] ADReCS-Target: target profiles for aiding drug safety research and application. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D911-D917. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx899.
• [23] Molecular and functional characterization of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporter expression in the novel spontaneously immortalized human hepatocyte line HC-04. Toxicol In Vitro. 2007 Dec;21(8):1390-401. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.05.003. Epub 2007 May 17.
• [24] GABA alpha6 receptors mediate midazolam-induced anxiolysis. J Clin Anesth. 2002 May;14(3):206-9. doi: 10.1016/s0952-8180(02)00343-4.