Details of the Drug-Related molecule(s) Interaction Atlas

General Information of Drug (ID: DM4UE3K)

• Drug Name: Acetylcarnitine Drug Info
• Synonyms: (-)-Acetylcarnitine; (3R)-3-acetyloxy-4-(trimethylazaniumyl)butanoate; (R)-Acetylcarnitine; 3040-38-8; 6DH1W9VH8Q; ALCAR; Acetyl-L-(-)-carnitine; Acetyl-L-carnitine; Acetylcarnitine, L-; CAR(2:0); CHEBI:57589; Carnitine, acetyl-, L-; HSDB 7587; L-ACETYLCARNITINE; L-Acetyl carnitine; L-Carnitine acetyl ester; L-O-Acetylcarnitine; Levocarnitine acetyl; Nicetile; O-Acetyl-L-carnitine; R-Acetylcarnitine; RDHQFKQIGNGIED-MRVPVSSYSA-N; UNII-6DH1W9VH8Q; acetyl l-carnitine; acetyl-carnitine; acetylcarnitine

Indication

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Chronic fatigue syndrome	8E49	Withdrawn from market	[]

• Cross-matching ID:
  PubChem CID: 7045767
  ChEBI ID: CHEBI:57589
  CAS Number: CAS 3040-38-8
  TTD Drug ID: DM4UE3K
  VARIDT Drug ID: DR01232

Molecule-Related Drug Atlas

Drug(s) Transported By Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 (SLC22A5)

Drug Name	Drug ID	Indication	ICD 11	Highest Status	REF
Verapamil	DMA7PEW	Angina pectoris	BA40	Approved	[3]
Quinine	DMSWYF5	Malaria	1F40-1F45	Approved	[4]
Entecavir	DM7VTQO	Hepatitis B virus infection	1E51.0	Approved	[5]
Levacecarnine hci	DMJBOCR	Cognitive impairment	6D71	Approved	[6]
Amphetamine	DMSZQAK	Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder	6A05.Z	Approved	[7]
Potassium Chloride	DMMTAJC	Hypokalemia	5C77	Approved	[8]
Tiotropium	DMFDC0Q	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	CA22	Approved	[9]
Ipratropium	DMFQ320	Obstructive lung disease	CA22.Z	Approved	[9]
Mepyramine	DMB4SFH	Allergic rhinitis	CA08.0	Approved	[10]
acetyl-L-carnitine	DM74HGJ	Discovery agent	N.A.	Investigative	[4]

Drug(s) Affected By Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PPARGC1A)

Drug Name	Drug ID	Indication	ICD 11	Highest Status	REF
Quercetin	DM3NC4M	Obesity	5B81	Approved	[11]
Troglitazone	DM3VFPD	Diabetic complication	5A2Y	Approved	[12]
Fructose	DM43AN2	Vomiting	MD90	Approved	[13]
Glucosamine	DM4ZLFD	Osteoarthritis	FA00-FA05	Approved	[14]
Isoniazid	DM5JVS3	Latent tuberculosis infection		Approved	[15]
Arsenic trioxide	DM61TA4	Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia	2A85	Approved	[16]
Ketotifen	DM74XKS	Allergic conjunctivitis	9A60.02	Approved	[17]
Riboflavin	DM8YMWE	Acne vulgaris	ED80	Approved	[18]
Leflunomide	DMR8ONJ	Arthritis	FA20	Approved	[19]
Glutathione	DMAHMT9	Human immunodeficiency virus infection	1C62	Approved	[18]

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Drug Transporter (DTP)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 (SLC22A5)	DT3HUVD	S22A5_HUMAN	Substrate	[1]

Drug Off-Target (DOT)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Interaction	REF
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PPARGC1A)	OTHCDQ22	PRGC1_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[2]

References

• [1] Cloning and functional characterization of a novel up-regulator, cartregulin, of carnitine transporter, OCTN2. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2006 Aug 1;452(1):29-37.
• [2] Combined R-alpha-lipoic acid and acetyl-L-carnitine exerts efficient preventative effects in a cellular model of Parkinson's disease. J Cell Mol Med. 2010 Jan;14(1-2):215-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00390.x.
• [3] Genetic variations of the SLC22A5 gene in the Chinese and Indian populations of Singapore. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2010;25(1):112-9.
• [4] Na(+)-dependent carnitine transport by organic cation transporter (OCTN2): its pharmacological and toxicological relevance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Nov;291(2):778-84.
• [5] Multiple SLC and ABC Transporters Contribute to the Placental Transfer of Entecavir. Drug Metab Dispos. 2017 Mar;45(3):269-278.
• [6] Colistin is substrate of the carnitine/organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2, SLC22A5). Drug Metab Dispos. 2017 Dec;45(12):1240-1244.
• [7] Novel organic cation transporter 2-mediated carnitine uptake in placental choriocarcinoma (BeWo) cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005 Jan;312(1):192-8.
• [8] Mutations affecting GABAergic signaling in seizures and epilepsy. Pflugers Arch. 2010 Jul;460(2):505-23.
• [9] Transport of ipratropium, an anti-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease drug, is mediated by organic cation/carnitine transporters in human bronchial epithelial cells: implications for carrier-mediated pulmonary absorption. Mol Pharm. 2010 Feb 1;7(1):187-95.
• [10] Genetic deficiency of carnitine/organic cation transporter 2 (slc22a5) is associated with altered tissue distribution of its substrate pyrilamine in mice. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2009 Dec;30(9):495-507.
• [11] Comparison of phenotypic and transcriptomic effects of false-positive genotoxins, true genotoxins and non-genotoxins using HepG2 cells. Mutagenesis. 2011 Sep;26(5):593-604.
• [12] Troglitazone induces cytotoxicity in part by promoting the degradation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor co-activator-1 protein. Br J Pharmacol. 2010 Oct;161(4):771-81. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00900.x.
• [13] Effects of four-week high-fructose diet on gene expression in skeletal muscle of healthy men. Diabetes Metab. 2008 Feb;34(1):82-5. doi: 10.1016/j.diabet.2007.08.004. Epub 2007 Dec 11.
• [14] Glucosamine-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress affects GLUT4 expression via activating transcription factor 6 in rat and human skeletal muscle cells. Diabetologia. 2010 May;53(5):955-65. doi: 10.1007/s00125-010-1676-1. Epub 2010 Feb 18.
• [15] AMPK activator acadesine fails to alleviate isoniazid-caused mitochondrial instability in HepG2 cells. J Appl Toxicol. 2017 Oct;37(10):1219-1224. doi: 10.1002/jat.3483. Epub 2017 May 29.
• [16] Essential role of cell cycle regulatory genes p21 and p27 expression in inhibition of breast cancer cells by arsenic trioxide. Med Oncol. 2011 Dec;28(4):1225-54.
• [17] Advantageous use of HepaRG cells for the screening and mechanistic study of drug-induced steatosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2016 Jul 1;302:1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.04.007. Epub 2016 Apr 16.
• [18] A cardiac-specific robotized cellular assay identified families of human ligands as inducers of PGC-1 expression and mitochondrial biogenesis. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e46753. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046753. Epub 2012 Oct 3.
• [19] Endoplasmic reticulum stress and MAPK signaling pathway activation underlie leflunomide-induced toxicity in HepG2 Cells. Toxicology. 2017 Dec 1;392:11-21.