General Information of Drug (ID: DMR8O3X)

Drug Name
paraquat
Synonyms 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4' bipyridinium dichloride
Indication
Disease Entry ICD 11 Status REF
Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [1]
Drug Type
Small molecular drug
Structure
3D MOL 2D MOL
#Ro5 Violations (Lipinski): 0 Molecular Weight (mw) 186.25
Logarithm of the Partition Coefficient (xlogp) 1.7
Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds) 1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor) 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc) 0
Chemical Identifiers
Formula
C12H14N2+2
IUPAC Name
1-methyl-4-(1-methylpyridin-1-ium-4-yl)pyridin-1-ium
Canonical SMILES
C[N+]1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=CC=[N+](C=C2)C
InChI
InChI=1S/C12H14N2/c1-13-7-3-11(4-8-13)12-5-9-14(2)10-6-12/h3-10H,1-2H3/q+2
InChIKey
INFDPOAKFNIJBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Cross-matching ID
PubChem CID
15939
ChEBI ID
CHEBI:34905
CAS Number
4685-14-7
TTD ID
D00CAF
VARIDT ID
DR00002

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug


Drug Transporter (DTP)
DTP Name DTP ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (SLC47A1) DTZGT0P S47A1_HUMAN Substrate [2]
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1) DTUGYRD MDR1_HUMAN Substrate [3]

Drug Off-Target (DOT)
DOT Name DOT ID UniProt ID Interaction REF
1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 (PLCB2) OTPAHDGO PLCB2_HUMAN Post-Translational Modifications [4]
10 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial (HSPE1) OT7JSZLB CH10_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [5]
5'-nucleotidase domain-containing protein 2 (NT5DC2) OTPDRGGN NT5D2_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [6]
60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial (HSPD1) OTTO1Y11 CH60_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [5]
72 kDa type IV collagenase (MMP2) OT5NIWA2 MMP2_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [7]
A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 2 (ADAMTS2) OTTK22NO ATS2_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [8]
Aconitate hydratase, mitochondrial (ACO2) OTF2UVNV ACON_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [9]
Actin, aortic smooth muscle (ACTA2) OTEDLG8E ACTA_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [7]
Actin, cytoplasmic 1 (ACTB) OT1MCP2F ACTB_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [5]
Activator of apoptosis harakiri (HRK) OTR4GWJ0 HRK_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [10]
Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) Jump to Detail Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

References

1 URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 4552).
2 Genetic variants in multidrug and toxic compound extrusion-1, hMATE1, alter transport function. Pharmacogenomics J. 2009 Apr;9(2):127-36.
3 Mammalian drug efflux transporters of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) family in multidrug resistance: A review of the past decade. Cancer Lett. 2016 Jan 1;370(1):153-64.
4 Suppression of ROS generation by 4,4-diaminodiphenylsulfone in non-phagocytic human diploid fibroblasts. Exp Mol Med. 2010 Mar 31;42(3):223-32. doi: 10.3858/emm.2010.42.3.024.
5 Cytotoxicity and gene array analysis of alveolar epithelial A549 cells exposed to paraquat. Chem Biol Interact. 2010 Dec 5;188(3):427-36.
6 An in vitro strategy using multiple human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived models to assess the toxicity of chemicals: A case study on paraquat. Toxicol In Vitro. 2022 Jun;81:105333. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105333. Epub 2022 Feb 16.
7 Long noncoding RNA HOTAIR functions as ceRNA to regulate MMP2 in paraquat induced lung epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Toxicology. 2021 Sep;461:152891. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152891. Epub 2021 Aug 6.
8 Primary Human Hepatocyte Spheroids as Tools to Study the Hepatotoxic Potential of Non-Pharmaceutical Chemicals. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Oct 12;22(20):11005. doi: 10.3390/ijms222011005.
9 G209A mutant alpha synuclein expression specifically enhances dopamine induced oxidative damage. Neurochem Int. 2004 Oct;45(5):669-76. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2004.03.029.
10 Identification of genes associated with paraquat-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells by PCR array focused on apoptotic pathways. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2008;71(22):1457-67. doi: 10.1080/15287390802329364.