Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DCFDC5T)

• Drug Combination Name: Hydralazine + Artemisinin
• Indication: Chronic myelogenous leukemia; Status: Investigative [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Hydralazine (DMU8JGH): Small molecular drug
  Artemisinin (DMOY7W3): Small molecular drug
• High-throughput Screening Result:
  Testing Cell Line: KBM-7
  Zero Interaction Potency (ZIP) Score: 7.36
  Bliss Independence Score: 7.36
  Loewe Additivity Score: 16.16
  LHighest Single Agent (HSA) Score: 16.16

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Hydralazine

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Chronic heart failure	BD1Z	Approved	[2]
Hypertension	BA00-BA04	Approved	[3]
Malignant essential hypertension	BA00	Approved	[2]

Hydralazine Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Membrane copper amine oxidase (AOC3)	TT7HC21	AOC3_HUMAN	Modulator	[5]

Hydralazine Interacts with 3 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
RNA cytidine acetyltransferase (hALP)	DEZV4AP	NAT10_HUMAN	Metabolism	[6]
N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1)	DE7OAB3	ARY1_HUMAN	Metabolism	[7]
N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2)	DER7TA0	ARY2_HUMAN	Metabolism	[7]

Hydralazine Interacts with 16 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2)	OTBPDQOY	ARY2_HUMAN	Increases Acetylation	[8]
Estrogen receptor (ESR1)	OTKLU61J	ESR1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[9]
Glutathione S-transferase P (GSTP1)	OTLP0A0Y	GSTP1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[9]
Retinoic acid receptor beta (RARB)	OT367U3E	RARB_HUMAN	Decreases Methylation	[9]
Methylated-DNA--protein-cysteine methyltransferase (MGMT)	OT40A9WH	MGMT_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[9]
Adenomatous polyposis coli protein (APC)	OTKV0TIK	APC_HUMAN	Decreases Methylation	[9]
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A)	OTN0ZWAE	CDN2A_HUMAN	Decreases Methylation	[9]
Bis(5'-adenosyl)-triphosphatase (FHIT)	OTGWBSLA	FHIT_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[9]
Death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1)	OTNCNUCO	DAPK1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[9]
Renin (REN)	OT52GZR2	RENI_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[10]
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)	OT4IE164	TNFA_HUMAN	Decreases Secretion	[11]
Collagen alpha-1(I) chain (COL1A1)	OTI31178	CO1A1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[12]
Albumin (ALB)	OTVMM513	ALBU_HUMAN	Affects Binding	[13]
Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53)	OTIE1VH3	P53_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[14]
Interleukin-6 (IL6)	OTUOSCCU	IL6_HUMAN	Decreases Secretion	[11]
Interleukin-10 (IL10)	OTIRFRXC	IL10_HUMAN	Increases Secretion	[11]

Indication(s) of Artemisinin

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Malaria	1F40-1F45	Approved	[4]

Artemisinin Interacts with 2 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Plasmodium Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (Malaria DHOdehase)	TT3PQ2Y	PYRD_PLAF7	Inhibitor	[4]
Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (ATP2A)	TTZVSJ2	NOUNIPROTAC	Inhibitor	[4]

Artemisinin Interacts with 4 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[15]
Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6)	DEJVYAZ	CP2A6_HUMAN	Metabolism	[16]
Glutathione S-transferase alpha-1 (GSTA1)	DE4ZHS1	GSTA1_HUMAN	Metabolism	[17]
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6)	DEPKLMQ	CP2B6_HUMAN	Metabolism	[15]

Artemisinin Interacts with 10 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Glutathione S-transferase A1 (GSTA1)	OTA7K5XA	GSTA1_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[17]
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	OTQGYY83	CP3A4_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[18]
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6)	OTOYO4S7	CP2B6_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[18]
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2)	OTLLBX48	CP1A2_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[19]
Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19)	OTFMJYYE	CP2CJ_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[19]
Glutathione S-transferase P (GSTP1)	OTLP0A0Y	GSTP1_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[17]
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1 (ABCB1)	OTEJROBO	MDR1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[18]
Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53)	OTIE1VH3	P53_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[20]
Isocitrate dehydrogenase subunit alpha, mitochondrial (IDH3A)	OT5QQB5L	IDH3A_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3)	OTS3SGH7	NR1I3_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[21]

References

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• [2] Hydralazine FDA Label
• [3] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7326).
• [4] The fight against drug-resistant malaria: novel plasmodial targets and antimalarial drugs. Curr Med Chem. 2008;15(2):161-71.
• [5] Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
• [6] Prizidilol, an antihypertensive with precapillary vasodilator and beta-adrenoceptor blocking actions, in primary hypertension. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1981 May;29(5):588-93.
• [7] N-acetyltransferase 2 genotype-dependent N-acetylation of hydralazine in human hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2017 Dec;45(12):1276-1281.
• [8] Eukaryotic arylamine N-acetyltransferase. Investigation of substrate specificity by high-throughput screening. Biochem Pharmacol. 2005 Jan 15;69(2):347-59. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.09.014. Epub 2004 Nov 24.
• [9] A phase I study of hydralazine to demethylate and reactivate the expression of tumor suppressor genes. BMC Cancer. 2005 Apr 29;5:44.
• [10] Sympathetic activity in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Influence of captopril and hydralazine. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1987 Aug;1(2):177-81. doi: 10.1007/BF02125471.
• [11] Antihypertensive drugs clonidine, diazoxide, hydralazine and furosemide regulate the production of cytokines by placentas and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in normal pregnancy. J Hypertens. 2006 May;24(5):915-22. doi: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000222762.84605.03.
• [12] Hydralazine inhibits human peritoneal mesothelial cell proliferation and collagen synthesis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1996 Nov;11(11):2276-81. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.ndt.a027148.
• [13] Albumin Protects Lung Cells against Acrolein Cytotoxicity and Acrolein-Adducted Albumin Increases Heme Oxygenase 1 Transcripts. Chem Res Toxicol. 2020 Jul 20;33(7):1969-1979. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00146. Epub 2020 Jun 29.
• [14] High-throughput measurement of the Tp53 response to anticancer drugs and random compounds using a stably integrated Tp53-responsive luciferase reporter. Carcinogenesis. 2002 Jun;23(6):949-57. doi: 10.1093/carcin/23.6.949.
• [15] Antimalarial artemisinin drugs induce cytochrome P450 and MDR1 expression by activation of xenosensors pregnane X receptor and constitutive androstane receptor. Mol Pharmacol. 2005 Jun;67(6):1954-65.
• [16] Identification of the human cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the in vitro metabolism of artemisinin. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999 Oct;48(4):528-35.
• [17] Inhibition of glutathione S-transferases by antimalarial drugs possible implications for circumventing anticancer drug resistance. Int J Cancer. 2002 Feb 10;97(5):700-5.
• [18] Antimalarial artemisinin drugs induce cytochrome P450 and MDR1 expression by activation of xenosensors pregnane X receptor and constitutive androstane receptor. Mol Pharmacol. 2005 Jun;67(6):1954-65.
• [19] Application of higher throughput screening (HTS) inhibition assays to evaluate the interaction of antiparasitic drugs with cytochrome P450s. Drug Metab Dispos. 2001 Jan;29(1):30-5.
• [20] Identification of Compounds That Inhibit Estrogen-Related Receptor Alpha Signaling Using High-Throughput Screening Assays. Molecules. 2019 Feb 27;24(5):841. doi: 10.3390/molecules24050841.
• [21] In vivo and mechanistic evidence of nuclear receptor CAR induction by artemisinin. Eur J Clin Invest. 2006 Sep;36(9):647-53. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2006.01700.x.