Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DC71KZN)

• Drug Combination Name: Repaglinide + Caffeine
• Indication: Pharmacokinetics of Repaglinide; Status: Phase 1 [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Repaglinide (DM5SXUV): Small molecular drug
  Caffeine (DMKBJWP): Small molecular drug

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Repaglinide

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Diabetic complication	5A2Y	Approved	[2]

Repaglinide Interacts with 2 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
ATP-binding cassette transporter C9 (ABCC9)	TTEF5MJ	ABCC9_HUMAN	Blocker	[5]
ATP-binding cassette transporter C8 (ABCC8)	TTP835K	ABCC8_HUMAN	Blocker	[5]

Repaglinide Interacts with 1 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (SLCO1B1)	DT3D8F0	SO1B1_HUMAN	Substrate	[6]

Repaglinide Interacts with 3 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[7]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1)	DEYGVN4	UD11_HUMAN	Metabolism	[8]
Cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8)	DES5XRU	CP2C8_HUMAN	Metabolism	[7]

Repaglinide Interacts with 6 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 (SLCO1B1)	OTNEN8QK	SO1B1_HUMAN	Affects Metabolism	[9]
Bile salt export pump (ABCB11)	OTRU7THO	ABCBB_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[10]
Interleukin-8 (CXCL8)	OTS7T5VH	IL8_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[11]
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain F (HLA-F)	OT76CM19	HLAF_HUMAN	Affects Expression	[12]
Solute carrier family 15 member 1 (SLC15A1)	OT1P16B5	S15A1_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[13]
Major histocompatibility complex class I-related gene protein (MR1)	OTZU3XX7	HMR1_HUMAN	Affects Expression	[12]

Indication(s) of Caffeine

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Allergic rhinitis	CA08.0	Approved	[3]
Back pain	ME84.Z	Approved	[3]
Cluster headache	8A81.0	Approved	[3]
Common cold	CA00	Approved	[3]
Dysmenorrhea	GA34.3	Approved	[3]
Headache	8A80-8A84	Approved	[3]
Migraine disorder	N.A.	Approved	[3]
Orthostatic hypotension	BA21	Approved	[4]
Pain	MG30-MG3Z	Approved	[3]

Caffeine Interacts with 2 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Adenosine A2a receptor (ADORA2A)	TTM2AOE	AA2AR_HUMAN	Antagonist	[14]
Adenosine A1 receptor (ADORA1)	TTK25J1	AA1R_HUMAN	Antagonist	[14]

Caffeine Interacts with 8 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[15]
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2)	DEJGDUW	CP1A2_HUMAN	Metabolism	[16]
RNA cytidine acetyltransferase (hALP)	DEZV4AP	NAT10_HUMAN	Metabolism	[17]
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)	DECB0K3	CP2D6_HUMAN	Metabolism	[18]
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)	DEVDYN7	CP2E1_HUMAN	Metabolism	[19]
Cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8)	DES5XRU	CP2C8_HUMAN	Metabolism	[20]
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9)	DE5IED8	CP2C9_HUMAN	Metabolism	[21]
Cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1)	DE9QHP6	CP1B1_HUMAN	Metabolism	[22]

Caffeine Interacts with 2 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2)	OTLLBX48	CP1A2_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[23]
Metallothionein-1A (MT1A)	OTKBH52X	MT1A_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[24]

References

• [1] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02128321) A Study to Evaluate the Effect of Multiple Doses of Isavuconazole on the Pharmacokinetics of Repaglinide and Caffeine
• [2] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6841).
• [3] Caffeine FDA Label
• [4] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 407).
• [5] Metformin/Repaglinide (PrandiMet) for type 2 diabetes. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2009 Jun 1;51(1313):41-3.
• [6] Disease-Associated Changes in Drug Transporters May Impact the Pharmacokinetics and/or Toxicity of Drugs: A White Paper From the International Transporter Consortium. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2018 Nov;104(5):900-915.
• [7] Drug-drug and food-drug pharmacokinetic interactions with new insulinotropic agents repaglinide and nateglinide. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2007;46(2):93-108.
• [8] Repaglinide-gemfibrozil drug interaction: inhibition of repaglinide glucuronidation as a potential additional contributing mechanism. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2010 Dec;70(6):870-80.
• [9] Polymorphic organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 is a major determinant of repaglinide pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Jun;77(6):468-78. doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2005.01.018.
• [10] A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development. Toxicol Sci. 2013 Nov;136(1):216-41.
• [11] Toxicological evaluation of acyl glucuronides utilizing half-lives, peptide adducts, and immunostimulation assays. Toxicol In Vitro. 2015 Dec 25;30(1 Pt B):241-9.
• [12] Systems pharmacological analysis of drugs inducing stevens-johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Chem Res Toxicol. 2015 May 18;28(5):927-34. doi: 10.1021/tx5005248. Epub 2015 Apr 3.
• [13] In vitro and pharmacophore-based discovery of novel hPEPT1 inhibitors. Pharm Res. 2005 Apr;22(4):512-7. doi: 10.1007/s11095-005-2505-y. Epub 2005 Apr 7.
• [14] Caffeine as a psychomotor stimulant: mechanism of action. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2004 Apr;61(7-8):857-72.
• [15] Effect of cytochrome P450 (CYP) inducers on caffeine metabolism in the rat. Pharmacol Rep. 2007 May-Jun;59(3):296-305.
• [16] Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675.
• [17] A population and family study of N-acetyltransferase using caffeine urinary metabolites. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1993 Aug;54(2):134-41.
• [18] Determinants of interindividual variability and extent of CYP2D6 and CYP1A2 inhibition by paroxetine and fluvoxamine in vivo. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1998 Jun;18(3):198-207.
• [19] CYP2E1 active site residues in substrate recognition sequence 5 identified by photoaffinity labeling and homology modeling. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2007 Mar 1;459(1):59-69.
• [20] PharmGKB summary: caffeine pathway. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2012 May;22(5):389-95.
• [21] Monkey liver cytochrome P450 2C9 is involved in caffeine 7-N-demethylation to form theophylline. Xenobiotica. 2013 Dec;43(12):1037-42.
• [22] Oxidation of xenobiotics by recombinant human cytochrome P450 1B1. Drug Metab Dispos. 1997 May;25(5):617-22.
• [23] Coffee, CYP1A2 genotype, and risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA. 2006 Mar 8;295(10):1135-41. doi: 10.1001/jama.295.10.1135.
• [24] ADReCS-Target: target profiles for aiding drug safety research and application. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D911-D917. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx899.