Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DC72V6L)

• Drug Combination Name: Methylene blue + Auranofin
• Indication: Chronic myelogenous leukemia; Status: Investigative [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Methylene blue (DMJAPE7): N.A.
  Auranofin (DMWE2N4): Small molecular drug
• High-throughput Screening Result:
  Testing Cell Line: KBM-7
  Zero Interaction Potency (ZIP) Score: 2.36
  Bliss Independence Score: 2.36
  Loewe Additivity Score: 5.32
  LHighest Single Agent (HSA) Score: 5.32

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Methylene blue

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Acquired methemoglobinemia	3A93	Approved	[2]
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)	1D6Y	Phase 2	[3]

Methylene blue Interacts with 2 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Monoamine oxidase (MAO)	TT32XQJ	NOUNIPROTAC	.	[5]
Guanylate cyclase (GC)	TT6HPVC	NOUNIPROTAC	Inhibitor	[6]

Methylene blue Interacts with 7 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Amine oxidase B (MAOB)	OTTDFM1O	AOFB_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[7]
Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53)	OTIE1VH3	P53_HUMAN	Affects Activity	[8]
Microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT)	OTMTP2Z7	TAU_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[9]
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase (G6PD)	OT300SMK	G6PD_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[10]
Acetylcholinesterase (ACHE)	OT2H8HG6	ACES_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[11]
6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating (PGD)	OTVG296F	6PGD_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[10]
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)	OT4IE164	TNFA_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[12]

Indication(s) of Auranofin

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Inflammatory arthritis	FA2Z	Approved	[4]

Auranofin Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Steroid hormone receptor ERR (ESRR)	TTP3UTW	ERR1_HUMAN; ERR2_HUMAN; ERR3_HUMAN	Modulator	[13]

Auranofin Interacts with 2 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (SLC47A1)	DTZGT0P	S47A1_HUMAN	Substrate	[14]
Organic cation transporter 1 (SLC22A1)	DTT79CX	S22A1_HUMAN	Substrate	[14]

Auranofin Interacts with 1 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Metallothionein-1A (MT1A)	OTKBH52X	MT1A_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[12]

References

• [1] Recurrent recessive mutation in deoxyguanosine kinase causes idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension.Hepatology. 2016 Jun;63(6):1977-86. doi: 10.1002/hep.28499. Epub 2016 Mar 31.
• [2] Recombinant Plasmodium falciparum glutathione reductase is inhibited by the antimalarial dye methylene blue. FEBS Lett. 1998 Feb 6;422(3):311-4.
• [3] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04370288) Clinical Application of Methylene Blue for Treatment of Covid-19 Patients. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
• [4] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6306).
• [5] Photoluminescence of CdTe nanocrystals modulated by methylene blue and DNA. A label-free luminescent signaling nanohybrid platform. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2009 Jul 7;11(25):5062-9.
• [6] Curcumin ameliorates high glucose-induced acute vascular endothelial dysfunction in rat thoracic aorta. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2009 Dec;36(12):1177-82.
• [7] Inhibition of the bioactivation of the neurotoxin MPTP by antioxidants, redox agents and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Food Chem Toxicol. 2011 Aug;49(8):1773-81.
• [8] Identification of environmental chemicals that activate p53 signaling after in vitro metabolic activation. Arch Toxicol. 2022 Jul;96(7):1975-1987. doi: 10.1007/s00204-022-03291-5. Epub 2022 Apr 18.
• [9] Pharmacologic reductions of total tau levels; implications for the role of microtubule dynamics in regulating tau expression. Mol Neurodegener. 2006 Jul 26;1:6. doi: 10.1186/1750-1326-1-6.
• [10] Defenses against oxidation in human erythrocytes: role of glutathione reductase in the activation of glucose decarboxylation by hemolytic drugs. J Lab Clin Med. 1991 Apr;117(4):325-31.
• [11] Profiling the Tox21 Chemical Collection for Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition. Environ Health Perspect. 2021 Apr;129(4):47008. doi: 10.1289/EHP6993. Epub 2021 Apr 12.
• [12] ADReCS-Target: target profiles for aiding drug safety research and application. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D911-D917. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx899.
• [13] Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
• [14] Selection and characterization of a human ovarian cancer cell line resistant to auranofin. Oncotarget. 2017 Oct 9;8(56):96062-96078.