Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DCAU1OG)

• Drug Combination Name: Raloxifene + Lapatinib
• Indication: Cutaneous melanoma; Status: Investigative [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Raloxifene (DMDKF3M): Small molecular drug
  Lapatinib (DM3BH1Y): Small molecular drug
• High-throughput Screening Result:
  Testing Cell Line: SK-MEL-28
  Zero Interaction Potency (ZIP) Score: 8.26
  Bliss Independence Score: 9.88
  Loewe Additivity Score: 1.57
  LHighest Single Agent (HSA) Score: 0.68

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Raloxifene

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Osteoporosis	FB83.0	Approved	[2]

Raloxifene Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Estrogen receptor (ESR)	TTZAYWL	ESR1_HUMAN	Modulator	[5]

Raloxifene Interacts with 1 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1)	DTUGYRD	MDR1_HUMAN	Substrate	[6]

Raloxifene Interacts with 3 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[7]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1)	DEYGVN4	UD11_HUMAN	Metabolism	[8]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A10 (UGT1A10)	DEL5N6Y	UD110_HUMAN	Metabolism	[9]

Indication(s) of Lapatinib

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Breast cancer	2C60-2C65	Approved	[3]
Gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma	2B71	Approved	[4]
Melanoma	2C30	Approved	[4]

Lapatinib Interacts with 3 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Erbb2 tyrosine kinase receptor (HER2)	TT6EO5L	ERBB2_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[11]
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)	TTGKNB4	EGFR_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[11]
Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase (eEF-2K)	TT1QFLA	EF2K_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[12]

Lapatinib Interacts with 2 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1)	DTUGYRD	MDR1_HUMAN	Substrate	[13]
Breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2)	DTI7UX6	ABCG2_HUMAN	Substrate	[14]

Lapatinib Interacts with 4 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[15]
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)	DEIBDNY	CP3A5_HUMAN	Metabolism	[16]
Cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8)	DES5XRU	CP2C8_HUMAN	Metabolism	[15]
Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase (CYP2C19)	DEGTFWK	CP2CJ_HUMAN	Metabolism	[16]

Lapatinib Interacts with 36 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)	OTAPLO1S	EGFR_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[17]
Bile salt export pump (ABCB11)	OTRU7THO	ABCBB_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[18]
Superoxide dismutase , mitochondrial (SOD2)	OTIWXGZ9	SODM_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[19]
Heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1)	OTC1W6UX	HMOX1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[19]
NAD(P)H dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1)	OTZGGIVK	NQO1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[19]
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NFE2L2)	OT0HENJ5	NF2L2_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[19]
Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5 (BIRC5)	OTILXZYL	BIRC5_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
Estrogen receptor (ESR1)	OTKLU61J	ESR1_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[17]
Poly polymerase 1 (PARP1)	OT310QSG	PARP1_HUMAN	Increases Cleavage	[21]
Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 (BCL2)	OT9DVHC0	BCL2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[22]
DNA topoisomerase 1 (TOP1)	OT51O0CF	TOP1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[23]
DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha (TOP2A)	OT6LPS08	TOP2A_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[23]
Histone H2AX (H2AX)	OT18UX57	H2AX_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[23]
Cyclin-A2 (CCNA2)	OTPHHYZJ	CCNA2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[21]
Phosphatidylcholine translocator ABCB4 (ABCB4)	OTE6PY83	MDR3_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[24]
Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-3 (ERBB3)	OTRSST0A	ERBB3_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[25]
Alanine aminotransferase 1 (GPT)	OTOXOA0Q	ALAT1_HUMAN	Increases Secretion	[26]
G1/S-specific cyclin-D1 (CCND1)	OT8HPTKJ	CCND1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[17]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3)	OTCYKGKO	MK03_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[21]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1)	OTH85PI5	MK01_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[21]
RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT1)	OT8H2YY7	AKT1_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[17]
DNA replication licensing factor MCM7 (MCM7)	OT6FXC6K	MCM7_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[21]
Caspase-3 (CASP3)	OTIJRBE7	CASP3_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[23]
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B)	OTNY5LLZ	CDN1B_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[17]
Caspase-7 (CASP7)	OTAPJ040	CASP7_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[23]
Caspase-9 (CASP9)	OTD4RFFG	CASP9_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[23]
Apoptosis regulator BAX (BAX)	OTAW0V4V	BAX_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1)	OTYXFLSD	CP1B1_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[27]
GTPase KRas (KRAS)	OT78QCN8	RASK_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[28]
HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ alpha 1 chain (HLA-DQA1)	OTC6GISG	DQA1_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[29]
Zinc finger protein SNAI1 (SNAI1)	OTDPYAMC	SNAI1_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[30]
Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1)	OTE4EFH8	CP1A1_HUMAN	Increases Metabolism	[23]
Cytochrome P450 3A7 (CYP3A7)	OTTCDHHM	CP3A7_HUMAN	Increases Metabolism	[23]
Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein (TGFB1)	OTV5XHVH	TGFB1_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[30]
Tenascin-X (TNXB)	OTVBWAV5	TENX_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[29]
HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ beta 1 chain (HLA-DQB1)	OTVVI3UI	DQB1_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[29]

Test Results of This Drug Combination in Other Disease Systems

Indication	DrugCom ID	Cell Line	Status	REF
Astrocytoma	DCP5VLZ	U251	Investigative	[31]
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma	DCY86KH	786-0	Investigative	[31]
Glioma	DCQTDSM	SF-268	Investigative	[31]
Invasive ductal carcinoma	DCM1H40	T-47D	Investigative	[32]
Adenocarcinoma	DCFYJ1D	DU-145	Investigative	[1]
Adenocarcinoma	DCEG994	NCIH23	Investigative	[1]
Adenocarcinoma	DCK27DV	HCC-2998	Investigative	[1]
High grade ovarian serous adenocarcinoma	DC0GOHU	OVCAR-5	Investigative	[1]
Large cell lung carcinoma	DC36NLS	NCI-H460	Investigative	[1]

References

• [1] Loss of function mutations in VARS encoding cytoplasmic valyl-tRNA synthetase cause microcephaly, seizures, and progressive cerebral atrophy.Hum Genet. 2018 Apr;137(4):293-303. doi: 10.1007/s00439-018-1882-3. Epub 2018 Apr 24.
• [2] Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
• [3] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 5692).
• [4] Lapatinib FDA Label
• [5] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Target id: 620).
• [6] Influence of hepatic and intestinal efflux transporters and their genetic variants on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of raloxifene in osteoporosis treatment. Transl Res. 2012 Oct;160(4):298-308.
• [7] The role of P-glycoprotein in the bioactivation of raloxifene. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 Dec;34(12):2073-8.
• [8] Drug-drug interactions for UDP-glucuronosyltransferase substrates: a pharmacokinetic explanation for typically observed low exposure (AUCi/AUC) ratios. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004 Nov;32(11):1201-8.
• [9] Characterization of raloxifene glucuronidation: potential role of UGT1A8 genotype on raloxifene metabolism in vivo. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2013 Jul;6(7):719-30.
• [10] UGT-dependent regioselective glucuronidation of ursodeoxycholic acid and obeticholic acid and selective transport of the consequent acyl glucuronides by OATP1B1 and 1B3. Chem Biol Interact. 2019 Sep 1;310:108745. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108745. Epub 2019 Jul 9.
• [11] Triple negative breast cancer--current status and prospective targeted treatment based on HER1 (EGFR), TOP2A and C-MYC gene assessment. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2009 Mar;153(1):13-7.
• [12] Inhibition of eEF-2 kinase sensitizes human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells to lapatinib-induced apoptosis through the Src and Erk pathways.BMC Cancer. 2016 Oct 19;16(1):813.
• [13] Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2018 Classic Shirt-Pocket Edition.
• [14] The role of efflux and uptake transporters in [N-{3-chloro-4-[(3-fluorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-6-[5-({[2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl]amino}methyl)-2-furyl]-4-quinazolinamine (GW572016, lapatinib) disposition and drug interactions. Drug Metab Dispos. 2008 Apr;36(4):695-701.
• [15] Mechanism-based inactivation of cytochrome P450 3A4 by lapatinib. Mol Pharmacol. 2010 Oct;78(4):693-703.
• [16] Clinical pharmacokinetics of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Cancer Treat Rev. 2009 Dec;35(8):692-706.
• [17] The dual ErbB1/ErbB2 inhibitor, lapatinib (GW572016), cooperates with tamoxifen to inhibit both cell proliferation- and estrogen-dependent gene expression in antiestrogen-resistant breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2005 Jan 1;65(1):18-25.
• [18] Interference with bile salt export pump function is a susceptibility factor for human liver injury in drug development. Toxicol Sci. 2010 Dec; 118(2):485-500.
• [19] P450 3A-catalyzed O-dealkylation of lapatinib induces mitochondrial stress and activates Nrf2. Chem Res Toxicol. 2016 May 16;29(5):784-96.
• [20] Combining lapatinib (GW572016), a small molecule inhibitor of ErbB1 and ErbB2 tyrosine kinases, with therapeutic anti-ErbB2 antibodies enhances apoptosis of ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. Oncogene. 2005 Sep 15;24(41):6213-21. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208774.
• [21] CDK4/6 inhibition provides a potent adjunct to Her2-targeted therapies in preclinical breast cancer models. Genes Cancer. 2014 Jul;5(7-8):261-72. doi: 10.18632/genesandcancer.24.
• [22] Effects of lapatinib on cell proliferation and apoptosis in NB4 cells. Oncol Lett. 2018 Jan;15(1):235-242. doi: 10.3892/ol.2017.7342. Epub 2017 Nov 3.
• [23] The involvement of hepatic cytochrome P450s in the cytotoxicity of lapatinib. Toxicol Sci. 2023 Dec 21;197(1):69-78. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad099.
• [24] Evaluating the Role of Multidrug Resistance Protein 3 (MDR3) Inhibition in Predicting Drug-Induced Liver Injury Using 125 Pharmaceuticals. Chem Res Toxicol. 2017 May 15;30(5):1219-1229. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00048. Epub 2017 May 4.
• [25] Suppression of HER2/HER3-mediated growth of breast cancer cells with combinations of GDC-0941 PI3K inhibitor, trastuzumab, and pertuzumab. Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Jun 15;15(12):4147-56. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-2814. Epub 2009 Jun 9.
• [26] Cytotoxicity of 34 FDA approved small-molecule kinase inhibitors in primary rat and human hepatocytes. Toxicol Lett. 2018 Jul;291:138-148. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.04.010. Epub 2018 Apr 12.
• [27] Association of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 inhibition in in vitro assays with drug-induced liver injury. J Toxicol Sci. 2021;46(4):167-176. doi: 10.2131/jts.46.167.
• [28] The K-Ras effector p38 MAPK confers intrinsic resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors by stimulating EGFR transcription and EGFR dephosphorylation. J Biol Chem. 2017 Sep 8;292(36):15070-15079. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M117.779488. Epub 2017 Jul 24.
• [29] HLA-DQA1*02:01 is a major risk factor for lapatinib-induced hepatotoxicity in women with advanced breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Feb 20;29(6):667-73. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2010.31.3197. Epub 2011 Jan 18.
• [30] Niclosamide inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor growth in lapatinib-resistant human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2016 Feb;71:12-23. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.11.014. Epub 2015 Nov 28.
• [31] Recurrent recessive mutation in deoxyguanosine kinase causes idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension.Hepatology. 2016 Jun;63(6):1977-86. doi: 10.1002/hep.28499. Epub 2016 Mar 31.
• [32] Biologically active neutrophil chemokine pattern in tonsillitis.Clin Exp Immunol. 2004 Mar;135(3):511-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2003.02390.x.