Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DCQ2BSS)

• Drug Combination Name: Galantamine + Methylene blue
• Indication: Chronic myelogenous leukemia; Status: Investigative [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Galantamine (DMEO794): Small molecular drug
  Methylene blue (DMJAPE7): N.A.
• High-throughput Screening Result:
  Testing Cell Line: KBM-7
  Zero Interaction Potency (ZIP) Score: 0.32
  Bliss Independence Score: 0.32
  Loewe Additivity Score: 1.15
  LHighest Single Agent (HSA) Score: 1.17

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Galantamine

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Alzheimer disease	8A20	Approved	[2]
Traumatic brain injury	NA07.Z	Approved	[3]

Galantamine Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)	TT1RS9F	ACES_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[6]

Galantamine Interacts with 2 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[7]
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)	DECB0K3	CP2D6_HUMAN	Metabolism	[7]

Galantamine Interacts with 5 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cholinesterase (BCHE)	OTOH3WQ9	CHLE_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[8]
Cocaine esterase (CES2)	OTC647SQ	EST2_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[9]
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 (CHRNB2)	OTNAT2M5	ACHB2_HUMAN	Affects Binding	[10]
Acetylcholinesterase (ACHE)	OT2H8HG6	ACES_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[11]
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 (CHRNA4)	OT1H0ZXC	ACHA4_HUMAN	Affects Binding	[10]

Indication(s) of Methylene blue

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Acquired methemoglobinemia	3A93	Approved	[4]
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)	1D6Y	Phase 2	[5]

Methylene blue Interacts with 2 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Monoamine oxidase (MAO)	TT32XQJ	NOUNIPROTAC	.	[12]
Guanylate cyclase (GC)	TT6HPVC	NOUNIPROTAC	Inhibitor	[13]

Methylene blue Interacts with 7 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Amine oxidase B (MAOB)	OTTDFM1O	AOFB_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[14]
Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53)	OTIE1VH3	P53_HUMAN	Affects Activity	[15]
Microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT)	OTMTP2Z7	TAU_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[16]
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase (G6PD)	OT300SMK	G6PD_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[17]
Acetylcholinesterase (ACHE)	OT2H8HG6	ACES_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[18]
6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating (PGD)	OTVG296F	6PGD_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[17]
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)	OT4IE164	TNFA_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[19]

References

• [1] Recurrent recessive mutation in deoxyguanosine kinase causes idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension.Hepatology. 2016 Jun;63(6):1977-86. doi: 10.1002/hep.28499. Epub 2016 Mar 31.
• [2] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6693).
• [3] Galantamine FDA Label
• [4] Recombinant Plasmodium falciparum glutathione reductase is inhibited by the antimalarial dye methylene blue. FEBS Lett. 1998 Feb 6;422(3):311-4.
• [5] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04370288) Clinical Application of Methylene Blue for Treatment of Covid-19 Patients. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
• [6] [From symptomatic to disease modifying therapy Recent developments in the pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease]. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2009 Jun;77(6):326-33.
• [7] Clinical pharmacokinetics of galantamine. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2003;42(15):1383-92.
• [8] Lichens of parmelioid clade as promising multitarget neuroprotective agents. Chem Res Toxicol. 2019 Jun 17;32(6):1165-1177.
• [9] Inhibition of human carboxylesterases hCE1 and hiCE by cholinesterase inhibitors. Chem Biol Interact. 2013 Mar 25;203(1):226-30.
• [10] Cholinergic drugs potentiate human nicotinic alpha4beta2 acetylcholine receptors by a competitive mechanism. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005 Feb 21;509(2-3):97-108. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.12.037.
• [11] Potencies and selectivities of inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and its molecular forms in normal and Alzheimer's disease brain. Acta Biol Hung. 2003;54(2):183-9. doi: 10.1556/ABiol.54.2003.2.7.
• [12] Photoluminescence of CdTe nanocrystals modulated by methylene blue and DNA. A label-free luminescent signaling nanohybrid platform. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2009 Jul 7;11(25):5062-9.
• [13] Curcumin ameliorates high glucose-induced acute vascular endothelial dysfunction in rat thoracic aorta. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2009 Dec;36(12):1177-82.
• [14] Inhibition of the bioactivation of the neurotoxin MPTP by antioxidants, redox agents and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Food Chem Toxicol. 2011 Aug;49(8):1773-81.
• [15] Identification of environmental chemicals that activate p53 signaling after in vitro metabolic activation. Arch Toxicol. 2022 Jul;96(7):1975-1987. doi: 10.1007/s00204-022-03291-5. Epub 2022 Apr 18.
• [16] Pharmacologic reductions of total tau levels; implications for the role of microtubule dynamics in regulating tau expression. Mol Neurodegener. 2006 Jul 26;1:6. doi: 10.1186/1750-1326-1-6.
• [17] Defenses against oxidation in human erythrocytes: role of glutathione reductase in the activation of glucose decarboxylation by hemolytic drugs. J Lab Clin Med. 1991 Apr;117(4):325-31.
• [18] Profiling the Tox21 Chemical Collection for Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition. Environ Health Perspect. 2021 Apr;129(4):47008. doi: 10.1289/EHP6993. Epub 2021 Apr 12.
• [19] ADReCS-Target: target profiles for aiding drug safety research and application. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D911-D917. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx899.