Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DCW6XD1)

• Drug Combination Name: Raloxifene + Mepacrine
• Indication: Glioma; Status: Investigative [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Raloxifene (DMDKF3M): Small molecular drug
  Mepacrine (DMU8L7C): Small molecular drug
• High-throughput Screening Result:
  Testing Cell Line: SF-539
  Zero Interaction Potency (ZIP) Score: 1.92
  Bliss Independence Score: 6.59
  Loewe Additivity Score: 0.09
  LHighest Single Agent (HSA) Score: 1.06

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Raloxifene

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Osteoporosis	FB83.0	Approved	[2]

Raloxifene Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Estrogen receptor (ESR)	TTZAYWL	ESR1_HUMAN	Modulator	[4]

Raloxifene Interacts with 1 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1)	DTUGYRD	MDR1_HUMAN	Substrate	[5]

Raloxifene Interacts with 3 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[6]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1)	DEYGVN4	UD11_HUMAN	Metabolism	[7]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A10 (UGT1A10)	DEL5N6Y	UD110_HUMAN	Metabolism	[8]

Indication(s) of Mepacrine

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Discovery agent	N.A.	Investigative	[3]

Mepacrine Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2G1B)	TT9V5JH	PA21B_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[3]

Mepacrine Interacts with 1 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2)	DTI7UX6	ABCG2_HUMAN	Substrate	[9]

Mepacrine Interacts with 2 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[10]
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)	DEIBDNY	CP3A5_HUMAN	Metabolism	[10]

Mepacrine Interacts with 22 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Myc proto-oncogene protein (MYC)	OTPV5LUK	MYC_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[11]
Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53)	OTIE1VH3	P53_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[12]
Zinc finger protein GLI1 (GLI1)	OT1BTAJO	GLI1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[11]
Poly polymerase 1 (PARP1)	OT310QSG	PARP1_HUMAN	Increases Cleavage	[13]
1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 (PLCG1)	OTSBQR6D	PLCG1_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[14]
G1/S-specific cyclin-D1 (CCND1)	OT8HPTKJ	CCND1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[11]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3)	OTCYKGKO	MK03_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[13]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1)	OTH85PI5	MK01_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[13]
Catenin beta-1 (CTNNB1)	OTZ932A3	CTNB1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[11]
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (KDR)	OT15797V	VGFR2_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[14]
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (CDKN1A)	OTQWHCZE	CDN1A_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[15]
Caspase-3 (CASP3)	OTIJRBE7	CASP3_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[11]
Casein kinase I isoform alpha (CSNK1A1)	OTJ6O1IC	KC1A_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[11]
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3B)	OTL3L14B	GSK3B_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[11]
Caspase-9 (CASP9)	OTD4RFFG	CASP9_HUMAN	Increases Cleavage	[13]
Focal adhesion kinase 1 (PTK2)	OT3Q1JDY	FAK1_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[14]
Apoptosis regulator BAX (BAX)	OTAW0V4V	BAX_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[13]
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 (KCNH2)	OTZX881H	KCNH2_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[16]
Forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3)	OTA9Z9OC	FOXP3_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[13]
F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 1A (BTRC)	OT2EZDGR	FBW1A_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[13]
Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1)	OTE4EFH8	CP1A1_HUMAN	Increases Metabolism	[10]
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1 (ABCB1)	OTEJROBO	MDR1_HUMAN	Increases Transport	[10]

Test Results of This Drug Combination in Other Disease Systems

Indication	DrugCom ID	Cell Line	Status	REF
Adult T acute lymphoblastic leukemia	DC6GCO8	MOLT-4	Investigative	[1]
Childhood T acute lymphoblastic leukemia	DCEU50R	CCRF-CEM	Investigative	[1]
Chronic myelogenous leukemia	DC6H61X	K-562	Investigative	[1]
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma	DCQAS7X	TK-10	Investigative	[1]
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma	DCOB3WT	CAKI-1	Investigative	[1]
Breast adenocarcinoma	DCRZ2XR	MDA-MB-468	Investigative	[17]
Invasive ductal carcinoma	DCBD5UM	BT-549	Investigative	[17]
Large cell lung carcinoma	DCH30QU	NCI-H460	Investigative	[18]

References

• [1] Recurrent recessive mutation in deoxyguanosine kinase causes idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension.Hepatology. 2016 Jun;63(6):1977-86. doi: 10.1002/hep.28499. Epub 2016 Mar 31.
• [2] Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
• [3] Involvement of protein kinase C activation in L-leucine-induced stimulation of protein synthesis in l6 myotubes. Cytotechnology. 2003 Nov;43(1-3):97-103.
• [4] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Target id: 620).
• [5] Influence of hepatic and intestinal efflux transporters and their genetic variants on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of raloxifene in osteoporosis treatment. Transl Res. 2012 Oct;160(4):298-308.
• [6] The role of P-glycoprotein in the bioactivation of raloxifene. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 Dec;34(12):2073-8.
• [7] Drug-drug interactions for UDP-glucuronosyltransferase substrates: a pharmacokinetic explanation for typically observed low exposure (AUCi/AUC) ratios. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004 Nov;32(11):1201-8.
• [8] Characterization of raloxifene glucuronidation: potential role of UGT1A8 genotype on raloxifene metabolism in vivo. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2013 Jul;6(7):719-30.
• [9] Arginine-482 is not essential for transport of antibiotics, primary bile acids and unconjugated sterols by the human breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2). Biochem J. 2005 Jan 15;385(Pt 2):419-26.
• [10] Quinacrine is mainly metabolized to mono-desethyl quinacrine by CYP3A4/5 and its brain accumulation is limited by P-glycoprotein. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 Jul;34(7):1136-44.
• [11] Nanoquinacrine caused apoptosis in oral cancer stem cells by disrupting the interaction between GLI1 and catenin through activation of GSK3. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2017 Sep 1;330:53-64. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.07.008. Epub 2017 Jul 15.
• [12] High-throughput measurement of the Tp53 response to anticancer drugs and random compounds using a stably integrated Tp53-responsive luciferase reporter. Carcinogenesis. 2002 Jun;23(6):949-57. doi: 10.1093/carcin/23.6.949.
• [13] Quinacrine induces the apoptosis of human leukemia U937 cells through FOXP3/miR-183/-TrCP/SP1 axis-mediated BAX upregulation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2017 Nov 1;334:35-46. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.08.019. Epub 2017 Sep 1.
• [14] Quinacrine is active in preclinical models of glioblastoma through suppressing angiogenesis, inducing oxidative stress and activating AMPK. Toxicol In Vitro. 2022 Sep;83:105420. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105420. Epub 2022 Jun 17.
• [15] Multiple-endpoint in vitro carcinogenicity test in human cell line TK6 distinguishes carcinogens from non-carcinogens and highlights mechanisms of action. Arch Toxicol. 2021 Jan;95(1):321-336. doi: 10.1007/s00204-020-02902-3. Epub 2020 Sep 10.
• [16] Why are most phospholipidosis inducers also hERG blockers?. Arch Toxicol. 2017 Dec;91(12):3885-3895. doi: 10.1007/s00204-017-1995-9. Epub 2017 May 27.
• [17] Biologically active neutrophil chemokine pattern in tonsillitis.Clin Exp Immunol. 2004 Mar;135(3):511-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2003.02390.x.
• [18] Loss of function mutations in VARS encoding cytoplasmic valyl-tRNA synthetase cause microcephaly, seizures, and progressive cerebral atrophy.Hum Genet. 2018 Apr;137(4):293-303. doi: 10.1007/s00439-018-1882-3. Epub 2018 Apr 24.