General Information of Drug (ID: DMGRZW2)

Drug Name
Betaine Drug Info
Synonyms Cystadane
Indication
Disease Entry ICD 11 Status REF
Cystitis GC00 Approved [1]
Homocystinuria 5C50.B Approved [1]
Inborn error of metabolism 5C50-5C59 Approved [2]
Cross-matching ID
PubChem CID
247
ChEBI ID
CHEBI:17750
CAS Number
CAS 107-43-7
TTD Drug ID
DMGRZW2
VARIDT Drug ID
DR00314

Molecule-Related Drug Atlas

Molecule-Related Drug Atlas
Molecule Type:
DTP
DOT
Drug Status:
Approved Drug(s)
Investigative Drug(s)
Clinical Trial Drug(s)
Patented Agent(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Quinine DMSWYF5 Malaria 1F40-1F45 Approved [8]
Glycine DMIOZ29 Allergic rhinitis CA08.0 Approved [9]
L-Proline DMKSTWR Malnutrition 5B50-5B71 Approved [9]
CHOLINE DM5D9YK Insomnia 7A00-7A0Z Investigative [9]
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Selenium DM25CGV N. A. N. A. Approved [10]
Simvastatin DM30SGU Arteriosclerosis BD40 Approved [7]
Valproate DMCFE9I Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [11]
Diethylstilbestrol DMN3UXQ Gonorrheal vaginitis GA02 Approved [12]
Irinotecan DMP6SC2 Adenocarcinoma 2D40 Approved [13]
Arsenic DMTL2Y1 N. A. N. A. Approved [14]
Vorinostat DMWMPD4 Adult acute monocytic leukemia Approved [15]
Tocopherol DMBIJZ6 N. A. N. A. Phase 2 [10]
ANW-32821 DMMJOZD N. A. N. A. Phase 2 [7]
CB-5083 DM12GN7 Multiple myeloma 2A83 Phase 1 [7]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug(s) Affected By Coagulation factor VIII (F8)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Methylprednisolone DM4BDON Acute adrenal insufficiency Approved [16]
Aluminium DM6ECN9 Hyperhidrosis EE00 Approved [17]
Ciclosporin DMAZJFX Graft-versus-host disease 4B24 Approved [18]
Valproate DMCFE9I Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [19]
Gentamicin DMKINJO Bacteremia 1A73 Approved [20]
Sodium lauryl sulfate DMLJ634 Constipation DD91.1 Approved [21]
Cisplatin DMRHGI9 Adenocarcinoma 2D40 Approved [22]
Doxorubicin DMVP5YE Acute myelogenous leukaemia 2A41 Approved [23]
Benzo(a)pyrene DMN7J43 N. A. N. A. Phase 1 [24]
Formaldehyde DM7Q6M0 Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [25]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug(s) Affected By Coagulation factor IX (F9)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Ciclosporin DMAZJFX Graft-versus-host disease 4B24 Approved [18]
Valproate DMCFE9I Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [19]
Gentamicin DMKINJO Bacteremia 1A73 Approved [20]
Acetaminophen DMUIE76 Allergic rhinitis CA08.0 Approved [26]
Warfarin DMJYCVW Atrial fibrillation BC81.3 Approved [27]
Benzo(a)pyrene DMN7J43 N. A. N. A. Phase 1 [28]
bisphenol A DM2ZLD7 Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [29]
COUMARIN DM0N8ZM Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [30]
⏷ Show the Full List of 8 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Sevoflurane DMC9O43 Anaesthesia 9A78.6 Approved [31]
Docetaxel DMDI269 Advanced cancer 2A00-2F9Z Approved [32]
Cisplatin DMRHGI9 Adenocarcinoma 2D40 Approved [33]
Gemcitabine DMSE3I7 Anterior urethra cancer Approved [34]
Etoposide DMNH3PG Acute myelogenous leukaemia 2A41 Approved [35]
Cannabidiol DM0659E Dravet syndrome 8A61.11 Approved [36]
Verapamil DMA7PEW Angina pectoris BA40 Approved [37]
Mechlorethamine DM0CVXA Chronic myelogenous leukaemia 2A20.0 Approved [38]
Sertraline DM0FB1J Coronary heart disease BA80.Z Approved [39]
Beta-carotene DM0RXBT Vitamin deficiency 5B55-5B71 Approved [40]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Quercetin DM3NC4M Obesity 5B81 Approved [41]
Tretinoin DM49DUI Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [42]
Ciclosporin DMAZJFX Graft-versus-host disease 4B24 Approved [18]
Valproate DMCFE9I Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [11]
Cupric Sulfate DMP0NFQ Fungal infection 1F29-1F2F Approved [43]
Arsenic DMTL2Y1 N. A. N. A. Approved [44]
Urethane DM7NSI0 N. A. N. A. Phase 4 [45]
GSK2110183 DMZHB37 leukaemia 2A60-2B33 Phase 2 [46]
Benzo(a)pyrene DMN7J43 N. A. N. A. Phase 1 [28]
PMID28460551-Compound-2 DM4DOUB N. A. N. A. Patented [47]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Molecular Interaction Atlas

Drug Transporter (DTP)
DTP Name DTP ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Na(+)/Cl(-) betaine/GABA transporter (SLC6A12) DTBPTJF S6A12_HUMAN Substrate [3]

Drug Off-Target (DOT)
DOT Name DOT ID UniProt ID Interaction REF
Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 (BCL2) OT9DVHC0 BCL2_HUMAN Protein Interaction/Cellular Processes [4]
Betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1 (BHMT) OTYB6PXZ BHMT1_HUMAN Regulation of Drug Effects [5]
Coagulation factor IX (F9) OTT0CX3Q FA9_HUMAN Protein Interaction/Cellular Processes [6]
Coagulation factor VIII (F8) OTH6XHDU FA8_HUMAN Protein Interaction/Cellular Processes [6]
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MARCHF6 (MARCHF6) OTBTA03N MARH6_HUMAN Protein Interaction/Cellular Processes [7]

References

1 Betaine FDA Label
2 URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 4550).
3 Deletion of the betaine-GABA transporter (BGT1; slc6a12) gene does not affect seizure thresholds of adult mice. Epilepsy Res. 2011 Jun;95(1-2):70-81.
4 5-Methyl phenazine-1-carboxylic acid: a novel bioactive metabolite by a rhizosphere soil bacterium that exhibits potent antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Chem Biol Interact. 2015 Apr 25;231:71-82. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.03.002. Epub 2015 Mar 9.
5 Betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase-2 is an S-methylmethionine-homocysteine methyltransferase. J Biol Chem. 2008 Apr 4;283(14):8939-45. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M710449200. Epub 2008 Jan 29.
6 Chemical chaperones improve protein secretion and rescue mutant factor VIII in mice with hemophilia A. PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e44505. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044505. Epub 2012 Sep 4.
7 Cholesterol increases protein levels of the E3 ligase MARCH6 and thereby stimulates protein degradation. J Biol Chem. 2019 Feb 15;294(7):2436-2448. doi: 10.1074/jbc.RA118.005069. Epub 2018 Dec 13.
8 The Transporter Classification Database (TCDB): recent advances. Nucleic Acids Res. 2016 Jan 4;44(D1):D372-9. (ID: 2.A.22.3.1)
9 Interpreting metabolomic profiles using unbiased pathway models. PLoS Comput Biol. 2010 Feb 26;6(2):e1000692.
10 Selenium and vitamin E: cell type- and intervention-specific tissue effects in prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009 Mar 4;101(5):306-20.
11 Human embryonic stem cell-derived test systems for developmental neurotoxicity: a transcriptomics approach. Arch Toxicol. 2013 Jan;87(1):123-43.
12 Identification of biomarkers and outcomes of endocrine disruption in human ovarian cortex using In Vitro Models. Toxicology. 2023 Feb;485:153425. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153425. Epub 2023 Jan 5.
13 Clinical determinants of response to irinotecan-based therapy derived from cell line models. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Oct 15;14(20):6647-55.
14 Prenatal arsenic exposure and the epigenome: identifying sites of 5-methylcytosine alterations that predict functional changes in gene expression in newborn cord blood and subsequent birth outcomes. Toxicol Sci. 2015 Jan;143(1):97-106. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu210. Epub 2014 Oct 10.
15 Definition of transcriptome-based indices for quantitative characterization of chemically disturbed stem cell development: introduction of the STOP-Toxukn and STOP-Toxukk tests. Arch Toxicol. 2017 Feb;91(2):839-864.
16 von Willebrand factor and thrombin activation in children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia: an impact of peripheral blasts. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010 Jul 1;54(7):963-9. doi: 10.1002/pbc.22466.
17 Effect of metal cations on the conformation and inactivation of recombinant human factor VIII. J Pharm Sci. 2004 Oct;93(10):2549-57. doi: 10.1002/jps.20167.
18 Comparison of HepG2 and HepaRG by whole-genome gene expression analysis for the purpose of chemical hazard identification. Toxicol Sci. 2010 May;115(1):66-79.
19 Integrative omics data analyses of repeated dose toxicity of valproic acid in vitro reveal new mechanisms of steatosis induction. Toxicology. 2018 Jan 15;393:160-170.
20 Aminoglycoside suppression of nonsense mutations in severe hemophilia. Blood. 2005 Nov 1;106(9):3043-8. doi: 10.1182/blood-2005-03-1307. Epub 2005 Jul 28.
21 CXCL14 downregulation in human keratinocytes is a potential biomarker for a novel in vitro skin sensitization test. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2020 Jan 1;386:114828. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114828. Epub 2019 Nov 14.
22 Activation of AIFM2 enhances apoptosis of human lung cancer cells undergoing toxicological stress. Toxicol Lett. 2016 Sep 6;258:227-236.
23 Bringing in vitro analysis closer to in vivo: studying doxorubicin toxicity and associated mechanisms in 3D human microtissues with PBPK-based dose modelling. Toxicol Lett. 2018 Sep 15;294:184-192.
24 Exome-wide mutation profile in benzo[a]pyrene-derived post-stasis and immortal human mammary epithelial cells. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen. 2014 Dec;775-776:48-54. doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.10.011. Epub 2014 Nov 4.
25 Characterization of formaldehyde's genotoxic mode of action by gene expression analysis in TK6 cells. Arch Toxicol. 2013 Nov;87(11):1999-2012.
26 Multiple microRNAs function as self-protective modules in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in humans. Arch Toxicol. 2018 Feb;92(2):845-858.
27 Variants in FIX propeptide associated with vitamin K antagonist hypersensitivity: functional analysis and additional data confirming the common founder mutations. Ann Hematol. 2018 Jun;97(6):1061-1069. doi: 10.1007/s00277-018-3264-2. Epub 2018 Feb 15.
28 Air pollution and DNA methylation alterations in lung cancer: A systematic and comparative study. Oncotarget. 2017 Jan 3;8(1):1369-1391. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.13622.
29 Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation-based proteomics analysis of the effect of ginger oil on bisphenol A-induced breast cancer cell proliferation. Oncol Lett. 2021 Feb;21(2):101. doi: 10.3892/ol.2020.12362. Epub 2020 Dec 8.
30 Genetic predisposition to bleeding during oral anticoagulant therapy: evidence for common founder mutations (FIXVal-10 and FIXThr-10) and an independent CpG hotspot mutation (FIXThr-10). Thromb Haemost. 2001 Mar;85(3):454-7.
31 4.8% sevoflurane induces activation of autophagy in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells by the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. Neurotoxicology. 2022 May;90:256-264. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.04.008. Epub 2022 Apr 23.
32 Enhanced chemotherapeutic efficacy of docetaxel in human lung cancer cell line via GLUT1 inhibitor. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2023 Jun;37(6):e23348. doi: 10.1002/jbt.23348. Epub 2023 Mar 31.
33 Breast cancer cells response to the antineoplastic agents cisplatin, carboplatin, and doxorubicin at the mRNA expression levels of distinct apoptosis-related genes, including the new member, BCL2L12. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 Jan;1095:35-44. doi: 10.1196/annals.1397.005.
34 Extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation and Bcl-2 downregulation mediate apoptosis after gemcitabine treatment partly via a p53-independent pathway. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Oct 19;502(3):169-83. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.09.006.
35 ADReCS-Target: target profiles for aiding drug safety research and application. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D911-D917. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx899.
36 Cannabidiol enhances cytotoxicity of anti-cancer drugs in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Sci Rep. 2020 Nov 26;10(1):20622. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77674-y.
37 Verapamil potentiates anti-glioblastoma efficacy of temozolomide by modulating apoptotic signaling. Toxicol In Vitro. 2018 Oct;52:306-313. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.07.001. Epub 2018 Jul 9.
38 Inhibition of caspase-dependent mitochondrial permeability transition protects airway epithelial cells against mustard-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis. 2006 Sep;11(9):1545-59. doi: 10.1007/s10495-006-8764-1.
39 Sertraline, an antidepressant, induces apoptosis in hepatic cells through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Toxicol Sci. 2014 Feb;137(2):404-15. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kft254. Epub 2013 Nov 5.
40 -Carotene Induces Apoptosis in Human Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines via the Cav-1/AKT/NF-B Signaling Pathway. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2016 Mar;30(3):148-57. doi: 10.1002/jbt.21773. Epub 2016 Jan 6.
41 Comparison of phenotypic and transcriptomic effects of false-positive genotoxins, true genotoxins and non-genotoxins using HepG2 cells. Mutagenesis. 2011 Sep;26(5):593-604.
42 All-trans-retinoic acid intensifies endoplasmic reticulum stress in N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V repressed human hepatocarcinoma cells by perturbing homocysteine metabolism. J Cell Biochem. 2010 Feb 15;109(3):468-77.
43 Physiological and toxicological transcriptome changes in HepG2 cells exposed to copper. Physiol Genomics. 2009 Aug 7;38(3):386-401.
44 Interplay between cellular methyl metabolism and adaptive efflux during oncogenic transformation from chronic arsenic exposure in human cells. J Biol Chem. 2008 Jul 11;283(28):19342-50.
45 Ethyl carbamate induces cell death through its effects on multiple metabolic pathways. Chem Biol Interact. 2017 Nov 1;277:21-32.
46 Novel ATP-competitive Akt inhibitor afuresertib suppresses the proliferation of malignant pleural mesothelioma cells. Cancer Med. 2017 Nov;6(11):2646-2659. doi: 10.1002/cam4.1179. Epub 2017 Sep 27.
47 Cell-based two-dimensional morphological assessment system to predict cancer drug-induced cardiotoxicity using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2019 Nov 15;383:114761. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114761. Epub 2019 Sep 15.