Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DC14BY5)

• Drug Combination Name: Thioguanine + Sirolimus
• Indication: Colon adenocarcinoma; Status: Investigative [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Thioguanine (DM7NKEV): Small molecular drug
  Sirolimus (DMGW1ID): Small molecular drug
• High-throughput Screening Result:
  Testing Cell Line: COLO 205
  Zero Interaction Potency (ZIP) Score: 0.08
  Bliss Independence Score: 2.59
  Loewe Additivity Score: 7.97
  LHighest Single Agent (HSA) Score: 9.22

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Thioguanine

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Acute lymphocytic leukaemia	2B33.3	Approved	[2]
Acute myelogenous leukaemia	2A41	Approved	[3]
Acute myeloid leukaemia	2A60	Approved	[4]
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)	1D64	Preclinical	[5]
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)	1D65	Preclinical	[5]

Thioguanine Interacts with 3 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
MERS-CoV papain-like proteinase (PL-PRO)	TTYJOLE	R1AB_CVEMC (854-2740)	Inhibitor	[5]
Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH)	TTCAQMW	NOUNIPROTAC	Intercalator	[11]
SARS-CoV papain-like proteinase (PL-PRO)	TTRGHB2	R1AB_CVHSA (819-2740)	Inhibitor	[5]

Thioguanine Interacts with 3 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2)	DTI7UX6	ABCG2_HUMAN	Substrate	[12]
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (ABCC4)	DTCSGPB	MRP4_HUMAN	Substrate	[13]
Concentrative Na(+)-nucleoside cotransporter 3 (SLC28A3)	DT4YL5R	S28A3_HUMAN	Substrate	[14]

Thioguanine Interacts with 2 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT)	DEFQ8VO	TPMT_HUMAN	Metabolism	[15]
Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT1)	DEVXTP5	HPRT_HUMAN	Metabolism	[16]

Thioguanine Interacts with 11 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT)	OTFOX70W	TPMT_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[17]
Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT1)	OTOEEEXG	HPRT_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[18]
Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT)	OTFOX70W	TPMT_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[19]
Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 (IMPDH2)	OTPG0K7E	IMDH2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53)	OTIE1VH3	P53_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[21]
Dystrophin (DMD)	OTD21T5J	DMD_HUMAN	Increases Splicing	[22]
Occludin (OCLN)	OTSUTVWL	OCLN_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[23]
DNA mismatch repair protein Msh2 (MSH2)	OT10H1AB	MSH2_HUMAN	Increases Response To Substance	[24]
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 5 (ABCC5)	OT34G4US	MRP5_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[25]
Caspase-8 (CASP8)	OTA8TVI8	CASP8_HUMAN	Increases Response To Substance	[21]
Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 2 (BIRC2)	OTFXFREP	BIRC2_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[26]

Indication(s) of Sirolimus

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Advanced cancer	2A00-2F9Z	Approved	[6]
Brainstem neoplasm	N.A.	Approved	[6]
Graft-versus-host disease	4B24	Approved	[6]
Intracranial meningioma	N.A.	Approved	[6]
Lung cancer	2C25.0	Approved	[6]
Lung lymphangioleiomyomatosis	N.A.	Approved	[6]
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis	CB07	Approved	[7]
Mucosal melanoma	N.A.	Approved	[6]
Multiple myeloma	2A83	Approved	[2]
Multiple sclerosis	8A40	Approved	[6]
Non-small-cell lung cancer	2C25.Y	Approved	[6]
Organ transplant rejection	NE84	Approved	[8]
Plasma cell myeloma	2A83.1	Approved	[6]
Prostate cancer	2C82.0	Approved	[6]
Salivary gland squamous cell carcinoma	N.A.	Approved	[6]
Uveitis	9A96.Z	Phase 3	[9]
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)	1D6Y	Phase 2	[10]
Dutch elm disease	8D64	Phase 1/2	[8]
Castration-resistant prostate carcinoma	N.A.	Investigative	[6]
Neuroblastoma	2D11.2	Investigative	[6]
Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma	N.A.	Investigative	[6]
Polycystic kidney disease	GB8Y	Investigative	[6]
Rheumatoid arthritis	FA20	Investigative	[6]

Sirolimus Interacts with 3 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR (mTOR)	TTCJG29	MTOR_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[27]
PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway (PAm pathway)	TTGQUFK	NOUNIPROTAC	Inhibitor	[28]
HUMAN mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)	TT7HQAF	MTOR_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[29]

Sirolimus Interacts with 2 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1)	DTUGYRD	MDR1_HUMAN	Substrate	[30]
Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (SLCO1B1)	DT3D8F0	SO1B1_HUMAN	Substrate	[31]

Sirolimus Interacts with 3 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[32]
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)	DEIBDNY	CP3A5_HUMAN	Metabolism	[33]
Cytochrome P450 3A7 (CYP3A7)	DERD86B	CP3A7_HUMAN	Metabolism	[33]

Sirolimus Interacts with 3 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Interleukin-2 (IL2)	OTGI4NSA	IL2_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[17]
Calcineurin subunit B type 1 (PPP3R1)	OTGQNFJQ	CANB1_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[17]
Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma (RORC)	OTUBFRPC	RORG_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[17]

Test Results of This Drug Combination in Other Disease Systems

Indication	DrugCom ID	Cell Line	Status	REF
Adult acute myeloid leukemia	DCXEQH0	HL-60(TB)	Investigative	[34]
Adult T acute lymphoblastic leukemia	DC51ICH	MOLT-4	Investigative	[34]
Amelanotic melanoma	DCTP44V	M14	Investigative	[35]

References

• [1] Biologically active neutrophil chemokine pattern in tonsillitis.Clin Exp Immunol. 2004 Mar;135(3):511-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2003.02390.x.
• [2] Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
• [3] Thioguanine FDA Label
• [4] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6845).
• [5] Thiopurine analogs and mycophenolic acid synergistically inhibit the papain-like protease of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Antiviral Res. 2015 Mar;115:9-16.
• [6] Sirolimus FDA Label
• [7] FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2019. Application Number: (ANDA) 201578.
• [8] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6031).
• [9] Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)
• [10] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04341675) Sirolimus Treatment in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 Pneumonia. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
• [11] Immune effector cells produce lethal DNA damage in cells treated with a thiopurine. Cancer Res. 2009 Mar 15;69(6):2393-9.
• [12] ABC transporters and their role in nucleoside and nucleotide drug resistance. Biochem Pharmacol. 2012 Apr 15;83(8):1073-83.
• [13] Multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4/ABCC4) mediates efflux of bimane-glutathione. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2004 Feb;36(2):247-57.
• [14] Involvement of the concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 and equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 in the resistance of T-lymphoblastic cell lines to thiopurines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Apr 28;343(1):208-15.
• [15] Usefulness of thiopurine methyltransferase and thiopurine metabolite analysis in clinical practice in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2010 Jul-Sep;73(3):331-5.
• [16] Qualitative and quantitative difference in mutation induction between carbon- and neon-ion beams in normal human cells. Biol Sci Space. 2003 Dec;17(4):302-6.
• [17] ADReCS-Target: target profiles for aiding drug safety research and application. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D911-D917. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx899.
• [18] CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout screens and target identification via whole-genome sequencing uncover host genes required for picornavirus infection. J Biol Chem. 2017 Jun 23;292(25):10664-10671. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M117.782425. Epub 2017 Apr 26.
• [19] Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guidelines for thiopurine methyltransferase genotype and thiopurine dosing. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Mar;89(3):387-91. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2010.320. Epub 2011 Jan 26.
• [20] Petit E, Langouet S, Akhdar H, Nicolas-Nicolaz C, Guillouzo A, Morel F. Differential toxic effects of azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine on human hepatocytes. Toxicol In Vitro. 2008;22(3):632-642. [PMID: 18222062]
• [21] Important role of caspase-8 for chemosensitivity of ALL cells. Clin Cancer Res. 2011 Dec 15;17(24):7605-13. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-0513. Epub 2011 Oct 18.
• [22] The effect of 6-thioguanine on alternative splicing and antisense-mediated exon skipping treatment for duchenne muscular dystrophy. PLoS Curr. 2012 Dec 12;4:ecurrents.md.597d700f92eaa70de261ea0d91821377. doi: 10.1371/currents.md.597d700f92eaa70de261ea0d91821377.
• [23] The thiopurine methyltransferase genetic polymorphism is associated with thioguanine-related veno-occlusive disease of the liver in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Oct;80(4):375-83. doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2006.07.002.
• [24] The effect of Msh2 knockdown on methylating agent induced toxicity in DNA glycosylase deficient cells. Toxicology. 2010 Jan 31;268(1-2):111-7. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.12.008. Epub 2009 Dec 16.
• [25] The multidrug resistance protein 5 (ABCC5) confers resistance to 5-fluorouracil and transports its monophosphorylated metabolites. Mol Cancer Ther. 2005 May;4(5):855-63.
• [26] Expression and prognostic significance of IAP-family genes in human cancers and myeloid leukemias. Clin Cancer Res. 2000 May;6(5):1796-803.
• [27] Knockouts model the 100 best-selling drugs--will they model the next 100 Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2003 Jan;2(1):38-51.
• [28] The genomic landscape of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Nat Genet. 2014 Aug;46(8):866-71.
• [29] Network-based drug repurposing for novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2. Cell Discov. 2020 Mar 16;6:14.
• [30] Pharmacogenetics of tacrolimus and sirolimus in renal transplant patients: from retrospective analyses to prospective studies. Transplant Proc. 2007 Sep;39(7):2142-4.
• [31] Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between the immunosuppressant sirolimus and the lipid-lowering drug ezetimibe in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Jun;87(6):663-7.
• [32] Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):83-448.
• [33] Drug Interactions Flockhart Table
• [34] Recurrent recessive mutation in deoxyguanosine kinase causes idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension.Hepatology. 2016 Jun;63(6):1977-86. doi: 10.1002/hep.28499. Epub 2016 Mar 31.
• [35] Loss of function mutations in VARS encoding cytoplasmic valyl-tRNA synthetase cause microcephaly, seizures, and progressive cerebral atrophy.Hum Genet. 2018 Apr;137(4):293-303. doi: 10.1007/s00439-018-1882-3. Epub 2018 Apr 24.