Details of Drug Off-Target (DOT)

General Information of Drug Off-Target (DOT) (ID: OTD21T5J)

• DOT Name: Dystrophin (DMD)
• Gene Name: DMD
• Related Disease:
  Becker muscular dystrophy
  Dilated cardiomyopathy 3B
  Duchenne muscular dystrophy
  Obsolete Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy
  Progressive muscular dystrophy
  Non-syndromic X-linked intellectual disability
  Obsolete familial isolated dilated cardiomyopathy
  Symptomatic form of muscular dystrophy of Duchenne and Becker in female carriers
• UniProt ID: DMD_HUMAN
• PDB ID: 1DXX; 1EG3; 1EG4; 3UUN
• Pfam ID: PF00307 ; PF09068 ; PF09069 ; PF00435 ; PF00397 ; PF00569
• Sequence:
  MLWWEEVEDCYEREDVQKKTFTKWVNAQFSKFGKQHIENLFSDLQDGRRLLDLLEGLTGQ
  KLPKEKGSTRVHALNNVNKALRVLQNNNVDLVNIGSTDIVDGNHKLTLGLIWNIILHWQV
  KNVMKNIMAGLQQTNSEKILLSWVRQSTRNYPQVNVINFTTSWSDGLALNALIHSHRPDL
  FDWNSVVCQQSATQRLEHAFNIARYQLGIEKLLDPEDVDTTYPDKKSILMYITSLFQVLP
  QQVSIEAIQEVEMLPRPPKVTKEEHFQLHHQMHYSQQITVSLAQGYERTSSPKPRFKSYA
  YTQAAYVTTSDPTRSPFPSQHLEAPEDKSFGSSLMESEVNLDRYQTALEEVLSWLLSAED
  TLQAQGEISNDVEVVKDQFHTHEGYMMDLTAHQGRVGNILQLGSKLIGTGKLSEDEETEV
  QEQMNLLNSRWECLRVASMEKQSNLHRVLMDLQNQKLKELNDWLTKTEERTRKMEEEPLG
  PDLEDLKRQVQQHKVLQEDLEQEQVRVNSLTHMVVVVDESSGDHATAALEEQLKVLGDRW
  ANICRWTEDRWVLLQDILLKWQRLTEEQCLFSAWLSEKEDAVNKIHTTGFKDQNEMLSSL
  QKLAVLKADLEKKKQSMGKLYSLKQDLLSTLKNKSVTQKTEAWLDNFARCWDNLVQKLEK
  STAQISQAVTTTQPSLTQTTVMETVTTVTTREQILVKHAQEELPPPPPQKKRQITVDSEI
  RKRLDVDITELHSWITRSEAVLQSPEFAIFRKEGNFSDLKEKVNAIEREKAEKFRKLQDA
  SRSAQALVEQMVNEGVNADSIKQASEQLNSRWIEFCQLLSERLNWLEYQNNIIAFYNQLQ
  QLEQMTTTAENWLKIQPTTPSEPTAIKSQLKICKDEVNRLSDLQPQIERLKIQSIALKEK
  GQGPMFLDADFVAFTNHFKQVFSDVQAREKELQTIFDTLPPMRYQETMSAIRTWVQQSET
  KLSIPQLSVTDYEIMEQRLGELQALQSSLQEQQSGLYYLSTTVKEMSKKAPSEISRKYQS
  EFEEIEGRWKKLSSQLVEHCQKLEEQMNKLRKIQNHIQTLKKWMAEVDVFLKEEWPALGD
  SEILKKQLKQCRLLVSDIQTIQPSLNSVNEGGQKIKNEAEPEFASRLETELKELNTQWDH
  MCQQVYARKEALKGGLEKTVSLQKDLSEMHEWMTQAEEEYLERDFEYKTPDELQKAVEEM
  KRAKEEAQQKEAKVKLLTESVNSVIAQAPPVAQEALKKELETLTTNYQWLCTRLNGKCKT
  LEEVWACWHELLSYLEKANKWLNEVEFKLKTTENIPGGAEEISEVLDSLENLMRHSEDNP
  NQIRILAQTLTDGGVMDELINEELETFNSRWRELHEEAVRRQKLLEQSIQSAQETEKSLH
  LIQESLTFIDKQLAAYIADKVDAAQMPQEAQKIQSDLTSHEISLEEMKKHNQGKEAAQRV
  LSQIDVAQKKLQDVSMKFRLFQKPANFEQRLQESKMILDEVKMHLPALETKSVEQEVVQS
  QLNHCVNLYKSLSEVKSEVEMVIKTGRQIVQKKQTENPKELDERVTALKLHYNELGAKVT
  ERKQQLEKCLKLSRKMRKEMNVLTEWLAATDMELTKRSAVEGMPSNLDSEVAWGKATQKE
  IEKQKVHLKSITEVGEALKTVLGKKETLVEDKLSLLNSNWIAVTSRAEEWLNLLLEYQKH
  METFDQNVDHITKWIIQADTLLDESEKKKPQQKEDVLKRLKAELNDIRPKVDSTRDQAAN
  LMANRGDHCRKLVEPQISELNHRFAAISHRIKTGKASIPLKELEQFNSDIQKLLEPLEAE
  IQQGVNLKEEDFNKDMNEDNEGTVKELLQRGDNLQQRITDERKREEIKIKQQLLQTKHNA
  LKDLRSQRRKKALEISHQWYQYKRQADDLLKCLDDIEKKLASLPEPRDERKIKEIDRELQ
  KKKEELNAVRRQAEGLSEDGAAMAVEPTQIQLSKRWREIESKFAQFRRLNFAQIHTVREE
  TMMVMTEDMPLEISYVPSTYLTEITHVSQALLEVEQLLNAPDLCAKDFEDLFKQEESLKN
  IKDSLQQSSGRIDIIHSKKTAALQSATPVERVKLQEALSQLDFQWEKVNKMYKDRQGRFD
  RSVEKWRRFHYDIKIFNQWLTEAEQFLRKTQIPENWEHAKYKWYLKELQDGIGQRQTVVR
  TLNATGEEIIQQSSKTDASILQEKLGSLNLRWQEVCKQLSDRKKRLEEQKNILSEFQRDL
  NEFVLWLEEADNIASIPLEPGKEQQLKEKLEQVKLLVEELPLRQGILKQLNETGGPVLVS
  APISPEEQDKLENKLKQTNLQWIKVSRALPEKQGEIEAQIKDLGQLEKKLEDLEEQLNHL
  LLWLSPIRNQLEIYNQPNQEGPFDVKETEIAVQAKQPDVEEILSKGQHLYKEKPATQPVK
  RKLEDLSSEWKAVNRLLQELRAKQPDLAPGLTTIGASPTQTVTLVTQPVVTKETAISKLE
  MPSSLMLEVPALADFNRAWTELTDWLSLLDQVIKSQRVMVGDLEDINEMIIKQKATMQDL
  EQRRPQLEELITAAQNLKNKTSNQEARTIITDRIERIQNQWDEVQEHLQNRRQQLNEMLK
  DSTQWLEAKEEAEQVLGQARAKLESWKEGPYTVDAIQKKITETKQLAKDLRQWQTNVDVA
  NDLALKLLRDYSADDTRKVHMITENINASWRSIHKRVSEREAALEETHRLLQQFPLDLEK
  FLAWLTEAETTANVLQDATRKERLLEDSKGVKELMKQWQDLQGEIEAHTDVYHNLDENSQ
  KILRSLEGSDDAVLLQRRLDNMNFKWSELRKKSLNIRSHLEASSDQWKRLHLSLQELLVW
  LQLKDDELSRQAPIGGDFPAVQKQNDVHRAFKRELKTKEPVIMSTLETVRIFLTEQPLEG
  LEKLYQEPRELPPEERAQNVTRLLRKQAEEVNTEWEKLNLHSADWQRKIDETLERLQELQ
  EATDELDLKLRQAEVIKGSWQPVGDLLIDSLQDHLEKVKALRGEIAPLKENVSHVNDLAR
  QLTTLGIQLSPYNLSTLEDLNTRWKLLQVAVEDRVRQLHEAHRDFGPASQHFLSTSVQGP
  WERAISPNKVPYYINHETQTTCWDHPKMTELYQSLADLNNVRFSAYRTAMKLRRLQKALC
  LDLLSLSAACDALDQHNLKQNDQPMDILQIINCLTTIYDRLEQEHNNLVNVPLCVDMCLN
  WLLNVYDTGRTGRIRVLSFKTGIISLCKAHLEDKYRYLFKQVASSTGFCDQRRLGLLLHD
  SIQIPRQLGEVASFGGSNIEPSVRSCFQFANNKPEIEAALFLDWMRLEPQSMVWLPVLHR
  VAAAETAKHQAKCNICKECPIIGFRYRSLKHFNYDICQSCFFSGRVAKGHKMHYPMVEYC
  TPTTSGEDVRDFAKVLKNKFRTKRYFAKHPRMGYLPVQTVLEGDNMETPVTLINFWPVDS
  APASSPQLSHDDTHSRIEHYASRLAEMENSNGSYLNDSISPNESIDDEHLLIQHYCQSLN
  QDSPLSQPRSPAQILISLESEERGELERILADLEEENRNLQAEYDRLKQQHEHKGLSPLP
  SPPEMMPTSPQSPRDAELIAEAKLLRQHKGRLEARMQILEDHNKQLESQLHRLRQLLEQP
  QAEAKVNGTTVSSPSTSLQRSDSSQPMLLRVVGSQTSDSMGEEDLLSPPQDTSTGLEEVM
  EQLNNSFPSSRGRNTPGKPMREDTM
• Function: Anchors the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton via F-actin. Ligand for dystroglycan. Component of the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex which accumulates at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and at a variety of synapses in the peripheral and central nervous systems and has a structural function in stabilizing the sarcolemma. Also implicated in signaling events and synaptic transmission.
• Tissue Specificity: Expressed in muscle fibers accumulating in the costameres of myoplasm at the sarcolemma. Expressed in brain, muscle, kidney, lung and testis. Most tissues contain transcripts of multiple isoforms. Isoform 15: Only isoform to be detected in heart and liver and is also expressed in brain, testis and hepatoma cells.
• KEGG Pathway:
  Cytoskeleton in muscle cells (hsa04820)
  Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (hsa05410)
  Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (hsa05412)
  Dilated cardiomyopathy (hsa05414)
  Viral myocarditis (hsa05416)
• Reactome Pathway:
  Striated Muscle Contraction (R-HSA-390522)
  Non-integrin membrane-ECM interactions (R-HSA-3000171)

Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) of This DOT

8 Disease(s) Related to This DOT

Disease Name	Disease ID	Evidence Level	Mode of Inheritance	REF
Becker muscular dystrophy	DIS5IYHL	Definitive	X-linked	[1]
Dilated cardiomyopathy 3B	DIS7YC1S	Definitive	X-linked	[1]
Duchenne muscular dystrophy	DISRQ3NV	Definitive	X-linked	[1]
Obsolete Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy	DISDH7FP	Definitive	X-linked	[2]
Progressive muscular dystrophy	DISV66YX	Definitive	X-linked	[2]
Non-syndromic X-linked intellectual disability	DIS71AI3	Supportive	X-linked	[3]
Obsolete familial isolated dilated cardiomyopathy	DIS4FXO4	Supportive	Autosomal dominant	[4]
Symptomatic form of muscular dystrophy of Duchenne and Becker in female carriers	DISNG8X5	Supportive	X-linked	[5]

This DOT Affected the Drug Response of 1 Drug(s)

Drug Name	Drug ID	Highest Status	Interaction	REF
Mitomycin	DMH0ZJE	Approved	Dystrophin (DMD) affects the response to substance of Mitomycin.	[23]

18 Drug(s) Affected the Gene/Protein Processing of This DOT

Drug Name	Drug ID	Highest Status	Interaction	REF
Valproate	DMCFE9I	Approved	Valproate decreases the expression of Dystrophin (DMD).	[6]
Ciclosporin	DMAZJFX	Approved	Ciclosporin decreases the expression of Dystrophin (DMD).	[7]
Tretinoin	DM49DUI	Approved	Tretinoin decreases the expression of Dystrophin (DMD).	[8]
Acetaminophen	DMUIE76	Approved	Acetaminophen decreases the expression of Dystrophin (DMD).	[9]
Doxorubicin	DMVP5YE	Approved	Doxorubicin decreases the expression of Dystrophin (DMD).	[10]
Hydrogen peroxide	DM1NG5W	Approved	Hydrogen peroxide affects the expression of Dystrophin (DMD).	[11]
Vorinostat	DMWMPD4	Approved	Vorinostat decreases the expression of Dystrophin (DMD).	[12]
Demecolcine	DMCZQGK	Approved	Demecolcine increases the expression of Dystrophin (DMD).	[14]
Etoposide	DMNH3PG	Approved	Etoposide decreases the expression of Dystrophin (DMD).	[15]
Mitoxantrone	DMM39BF	Approved	Mitoxantrone decreases the expression of Dystrophin (DMD).	[10]
Daunorubicin	DMQUSBT	Approved	Daunorubicin decreases the expression of Dystrophin (DMD).	[10]
Gentamicin	DMKINJO	Approved	Gentamicin increases the expression of Dystrophin (DMD).	[16]
Thioguanine	DM7NKEV	Approved	Thioguanine increases the splicing of Dystrophin (DMD).	[17]
Genistein	DM0JETC	Phase 2/3	Genistein decreases the expression of Dystrophin (DMD).	[18]
Benzo(a)pyrene	DMN7J43	Phase 1	Benzo(a)pyrene increases the expression of Dystrophin (DMD).	[19]
Geldanamycin	DMS7TC5	Discontinued in Phase 2	Geldanamycin increases the expression of Dystrophin (DMD).	[21]
Trichostatin A	DM9C8NX	Investigative	Trichostatin A increases the expression of Dystrophin (DMD).	[22]
Formaldehyde	DM7Q6M0	Investigative	Formaldehyde increases the expression of Dystrophin (DMD).	[14]

4 Drug(s) Affected the Post-Translational Modifications of This DOT

Drug Name	Drug ID	Highest Status	Interaction	REF
Fulvestrant	DM0YZC6	Approved	Fulvestrant decreases the methylation of Dystrophin (DMD).	[13]
PMID28870136-Compound-52	DMFDERP	Patented	PMID28870136-Compound-52 affects the phosphorylation of Dystrophin (DMD).	[20]
Bisphenol A	DM2ZLD7	Investigative	Bisphenol A affects the methylation of Dystrophin (DMD).	[13]
Coumarin	DM0N8ZM	Investigative	Coumarin increases the phosphorylation of Dystrophin (DMD).	[20]

References

• [1] Classification of Genes: Standardized Clinical Validity Assessment of Gene-Disease Associations Aids Diagnostic Exome Analysis and Reclassifications. Hum Mutat. 2017 May;38(5):600-608. doi: 10.1002/humu.23183. Epub 2017 Feb 13.
• [2] Technical standards for the interpretation and reporting of constitutional copy-number variants: a joint consensus recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) and the Clinical Genome Resource (ClinGen). Genet Med. 2020 Feb;22(2):245-257. doi: 10.1038/s41436-019-0686-8. Epub 2019 Nov 6.
• [3] A 3-base pair deletion, c.9711_9713del, in DMD results in intellectual disability without muscular dystrophy. Eur J Hum Genet. 2014 Apr;22(4):480-5. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.169. Epub 2013 Jul 31.
• [4] Mutations in the muscle LIM protein and alpha-actinin-2 genes in dilated cardiomyopathy and endocardial fibroelastosis. Mol Genet Metab. 2003 Sep-Oct;80(1-2):207-15. doi: 10.1016/s1096-7192(03)00142-2.
• [5] Clinical Practice Guidelines for Rare Diseases: The Orphanet Database. PLoS One. 2017 Jan 18;12(1):e0170365. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170365. eCollection 2017.
• [6] Human embryonic stem cell-derived test systems for developmental neurotoxicity: a transcriptomics approach. Arch Toxicol. 2013 Jan;87(1):123-43.
• [7] Comparison of HepG2 and HepaRG by whole-genome gene expression analysis for the purpose of chemical hazard identification. Toxicol Sci. 2010 May;115(1):66-79.
• [8] Phenotypic characterization of retinoic acid differentiated SH-SY5Y cells by transcriptional profiling. PLoS One. 2013 May 28;8(5):e63862.
• [9] Gene expression analysis of precision-cut human liver slices indicates stable expression of ADME-Tox related genes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2011 May 15;253(1):57-69.
• [10] Identification of genomic biomarkers for anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes: an in vitro repeated exposure toxicity approach for safety assessment. Arch Toxicol. 2016 Nov;90(11):2763-2777.
• [11] Minimal peroxide exposure of neuronal cells induces multifaceted adaptive responses. PLoS One. 2010 Dec 17;5(12):e14352. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014352.
• [12] Definition of transcriptome-based indices for quantitative characterization of chemically disturbed stem cell development: introduction of the STOP-Toxukn and STOP-Toxukk tests. Arch Toxicol. 2017 Feb;91(2):839-864.
• [13] DNA methylome-wide alterations associated with estrogen receptor-dependent effects of bisphenols in breast cancer. Clin Epigenetics. 2019 Oct 10;11(1):138. doi: 10.1186/s13148-019-0725-y.
• [14] Characterization of formaldehyde's genotoxic mode of action by gene expression analysis in TK6 cells. Arch Toxicol. 2013 Nov;87(11):1999-2012.
• [15] Cell death mechanisms of the anti-cancer drug etoposide on human cardiomyocytes isolated from pluripotent stem cells. Arch Toxicol. 2018 Apr;92(4):1507-1524.
• [16] Gentamicin administration in Duchenne patients with premature stop codon. Preliminary results. Acta Myol. 2003 May;22(1):15-21.
• [17] The effect of 6-thioguanine on alternative splicing and antisense-mediated exon skipping treatment for duchenne muscular dystrophy. PLoS Curr. 2012 Dec 12;4:ecurrents.md.597d700f92eaa70de261ea0d91821377. doi: 10.1371/currents.md.597d700f92eaa70de261ea0d91821377.
• [18] Quantitative proteomics and transcriptomics addressing the estrogen receptor subtype-mediated effects in T47D breast cancer cells exposed to the phytoestrogen genistein. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2011 Jan;10(1):M110.002170.
• [19] Benzo[a]pyrene-induced changes in microRNA-mRNA networks. Chem Res Toxicol. 2012 Apr 16;25(4):838-49.
• [20] Quantitative phosphoproteomics reveal cellular responses from caffeine, coumarin and quercetin in treated HepG2 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2022 Aug 15;449:116110. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116110. Epub 2022 Jun 7.
• [21] Identification of transcriptome signatures and biomarkers specific for potential developmental toxicants inhibiting human neural crest cell migration. Arch Toxicol. 2016 Jan;90(1):159-80.
• [22] From transient transcriptome responses to disturbed neurodevelopment: role of histone acetylation and methylation as epigenetic switch between reversible and irreversible drug effects. Arch Toxicol. 2014 Jul;88(7):1451-68.
• [23] Gene expression profiling of 30 cancer cell lines predicts resistance towards 11 anticancer drugs at clinically achieved concentrations. Int J Cancer. 2006 Apr 1;118(7):1699-712. doi: 10.1002/ijc.21570.