Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DCHUDB6)

• Drug Combination Name: Thioguanine + Chlorambucil
• Indication: Breast adenocarcinoma; Status: Investigative [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Thioguanine (DM7NKEV): Small molecular drug
  Chlorambucil (DMRKE63): Small molecular drug
• High-throughput Screening Result:
  Testing Cell Line: MDA-MB-468
  Zero Interaction Potency (ZIP) Score: 2.65
  Bliss Independence Score: 5.59
  Loewe Additivity Score: 3.6
  LHighest Single Agent (HSA) Score: 4.81

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Thioguanine

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Acute lymphocytic leukaemia	2B33.3	Approved	[2]
Acute myelogenous leukaemia	2A41	Approved	[3]
Acute myeloid leukaemia	2A60	Approved	[4]
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)	1D64	Preclinical	[5]
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)	1D65	Preclinical	[5]

Thioguanine Interacts with 3 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
MERS-CoV papain-like proteinase (PL-PRO)	TTYJOLE	R1AB_CVEMC (854-2740)	Inhibitor	[5]
Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH)	TTCAQMW	NOUNIPROTAC	Intercalator	[8]
SARS-CoV papain-like proteinase (PL-PRO)	TTRGHB2	R1AB_CVHSA (819-2740)	Inhibitor	[5]

Thioguanine Interacts with 3 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2)	DTI7UX6	ABCG2_HUMAN	Substrate	[9]
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (ABCC4)	DTCSGPB	MRP4_HUMAN	Substrate	[10]
Concentrative Na(+)-nucleoside cotransporter 3 (SLC28A3)	DT4YL5R	S28A3_HUMAN	Substrate	[11]

Thioguanine Interacts with 2 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT)	DEFQ8VO	TPMT_HUMAN	Metabolism	[12]
Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT1)	DEVXTP5	HPRT_HUMAN	Metabolism	[13]

Thioguanine Interacts with 11 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT)	OTFOX70W	TPMT_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[14]
Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT1)	OTOEEEXG	HPRT_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[15]
Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT)	OTFOX70W	TPMT_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[16]
Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 (IMPDH2)	OTPG0K7E	IMDH2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[17]
Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53)	OTIE1VH3	P53_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[18]
Dystrophin (DMD)	OTD21T5J	DMD_HUMAN	Increases Splicing	[19]
Occludin (OCLN)	OTSUTVWL	OCLN_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[20]
DNA mismatch repair protein Msh2 (MSH2)	OT10H1AB	MSH2_HUMAN	Increases Response To Substance	[21]
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 5 (ABCC5)	OT34G4US	MRP5_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[22]
Caspase-8 (CASP8)	OTA8TVI8	CASP8_HUMAN	Increases Response To Substance	[18]
Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 2 (BIRC2)	OTFXFREP	BIRC2_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[23]

Indication(s) of Chlorambucil

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia	2A82.0	Approved	[6]
Small lymphocytic lymphoma	2A82.0	Approved	[7]
Classic Hodgkin lymphoma	N.A.	Investigative	[7]
Follicular lymphoma	2A80	Investigative	[7]

Chlorambucil Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
DNA replication (DNA repli)	TTABD5E	NOUNIPROTAC	Intercalator	[24]

Chlorambucil Interacts with 2 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1)	DTUGYRD	MDR1_HUMAN	Substrate	[25]
Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1A2 (SLCO1A2)	DTE2B1D	SO1A2_HUMAN	Substrate	[26]

Chlorambucil Interacts with 1 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTP1)	DEK6079	GSTP1_HUMAN	Metabolism	[27]

Chlorambucil Interacts with 37 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Glutathione S-transferase P (GSTP1)	OTLP0A0Y	GSTP1_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[28]
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1 (ABCB1)	OTEJROBO	MDR1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[29]
Glutathione S-transferase A1 (GSTA1)	OTA7K5XA	GSTA1_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[30]
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10 (AKR1B10)	OTOA4HTH	AK1BA_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[31]
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)	OTO46S5S	LIF_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[31]
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2 (AKR1C2)	OTQ2XMO3	AK1C2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[31]
Bcl-2-interacting killer (BIK)	OTTH1T3D	BIK_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[31]
F-box only protein 30 (FBXO30)	OTD1P6LA	FBX30_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[31]
Histone chaperone ASF1A (ASF1A)	OT4S44GP	ASF1A_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[31]
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10A (TNFRSF10A)	OTBPCU2O	TR10A_HUMAN	Affects Expression	[32]
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10B (TNFRSF10B)	OTA1CPBV	TR10B_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[33]
Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5 (BIRC5)	OTILXZYL	BIRC5_HUMAN	Affects Expression	[34]
Myc proto-oncogene protein (MYC)	OTPV5LUK	MYC_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[35]
Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53)	OTIE1VH3	P53_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[33]
Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 (BCL2)	OT9DVHC0	BCL2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[35]
Histone H2AX (H2AX)	OT18UX57	H2AX_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[36]
HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP alpha 1 chain (HLA-DPA1)	OT7OG7Y2	DPA1_HUMAN	Affects Expression	[37]
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 (FAS)	OTP9XG86	TNR6_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[38]
14-3-3 protein sigma (SFN)	OTLJCZ1U	1433S_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[33]
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (CDKN1A)	OTQWHCZE	CDN1A_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[39]
Caspase-3 (CASP3)	OTIJRBE7	CASP3_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[38]
Histone H4 (H4C1)	OTB71W46	H4_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[36]
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mdm2 (MDM2)	OTOVXARF	MDM2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[34]
DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 1 (RAD51)	OTNVWGC1	RAD51_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[40]
Apoptosis regulator BAX (BAX)	OTAW0V4V	BAX_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[41]
Caspase-8 (CASP8)	OTA8TVI8	CASP8_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[38]
kinase isozyme 4, mitochondrial (PDK4)	OTCMHMBZ	PDK4_HUMAN	Affects Expression	[42]
Bcl-2-binding component 3, isoforms 3/4 (BBC3)	OTUAXDAY	BBC3B_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[34]
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NFE2L2)	OT0HENJ5	NF2L2_HUMAN	Increases Response To Substance	[43]
Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)	OT3DVIGM	DYR_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[44]
Cytidine deaminase (CDA)	OT3HXP6N	CDD_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[45]
Fanconi anemia group G protein (FANCG)	OT7MC8TZ	FANCG_HUMAN	Increases Response To Substance	[46]
Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 2 (BIRC2)	OTFXFREP	BIRC2_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[23]
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (ABCC1)	OTGUN89S	MRP1_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[28]
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 2 (ABCC2)	OTJSIGV5	MRP2_HUMAN	Affects Export	[47]
Glutathione S-transferase Mu 1 (GSTM1)	OTSBF2MO	GSTM1_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[48]
Fanconi anemia group C protein (FANCC)	OTTIDM3P	FANCC_HUMAN	Increases Response To Substance	[46]

Test Results of This Drug Combination in Other Disease Systems

Indication	DrugCom ID	Cell Line	Status	REF
Adult acute myeloid leukemia	DCRQCVA	HL-60(TB)	Investigative	[49]
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma	DCVXYEO	SR	Investigative	[49]
Childhood T acute lymphoblastic leukemia	DCB2BC4	CCRF-CEM	Investigative	[49]
Glioblastoma	DC0I6H1	SNB-75	Investigative	[49]
Glioma	DCQZSDF	SF-295	Investigative	[49]
Colon adenocarcinoma	DCKEV10	COLO 205	Investigative	[1]
Adenocarcinoma	DCLTOFJ	HCT116	Investigative	[50]
Minimally invasive lung adenocarcinoma	DCECL80	NCI-H322M	Investigative	[50]

References

• [1] Biologically active neutrophil chemokine pattern in tonsillitis.Clin Exp Immunol. 2004 Mar;135(3):511-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2003.02390.x.
• [2] Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
• [3] Thioguanine FDA Label
• [4] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6845).
• [5] Thiopurine analogs and mycophenolic acid synergistically inhibit the papain-like protease of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Antiviral Res. 2015 Mar;115:9-16.
• [6] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7143).
• [7] Chlorambucil FDA Label
• [8] Immune effector cells produce lethal DNA damage in cells treated with a thiopurine. Cancer Res. 2009 Mar 15;69(6):2393-9.
• [9] ABC transporters and their role in nucleoside and nucleotide drug resistance. Biochem Pharmacol. 2012 Apr 15;83(8):1073-83.
• [10] Multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4/ABCC4) mediates efflux of bimane-glutathione. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2004 Feb;36(2):247-57.
• [11] Involvement of the concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 and equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 in the resistance of T-lymphoblastic cell lines to thiopurines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Apr 28;343(1):208-15.
• [12] Usefulness of thiopurine methyltransferase and thiopurine metabolite analysis in clinical practice in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2010 Jul-Sep;73(3):331-5.
• [13] Qualitative and quantitative difference in mutation induction between carbon- and neon-ion beams in normal human cells. Biol Sci Space. 2003 Dec;17(4):302-6.
• [14] ADReCS-Target: target profiles for aiding drug safety research and application. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D911-D917. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx899.
• [15] CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout screens and target identification via whole-genome sequencing uncover host genes required for picornavirus infection. J Biol Chem. 2017 Jun 23;292(25):10664-10671. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M117.782425. Epub 2017 Apr 26.
• [16] Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guidelines for thiopurine methyltransferase genotype and thiopurine dosing. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Mar;89(3):387-91. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2010.320. Epub 2011 Jan 26.
• [17] Petit E, Langouet S, Akhdar H, Nicolas-Nicolaz C, Guillouzo A, Morel F. Differential toxic effects of azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine on human hepatocytes. Toxicol In Vitro. 2008;22(3):632-642. [PMID: 18222062]
• [18] Important role of caspase-8 for chemosensitivity of ALL cells. Clin Cancer Res. 2011 Dec 15;17(24):7605-13. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-0513. Epub 2011 Oct 18.
• [19] The effect of 6-thioguanine on alternative splicing and antisense-mediated exon skipping treatment for duchenne muscular dystrophy. PLoS Curr. 2012 Dec 12;4:ecurrents.md.597d700f92eaa70de261ea0d91821377. doi: 10.1371/currents.md.597d700f92eaa70de261ea0d91821377.
• [20] The thiopurine methyltransferase genetic polymorphism is associated with thioguanine-related veno-occlusive disease of the liver in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Oct;80(4):375-83. doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2006.07.002.
• [21] The effect of Msh2 knockdown on methylating agent induced toxicity in DNA glycosylase deficient cells. Toxicology. 2010 Jan 31;268(1-2):111-7. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.12.008. Epub 2009 Dec 16.
• [22] The multidrug resistance protein 5 (ABCC5) confers resistance to 5-fluorouracil and transports its monophosphorylated metabolites. Mol Cancer Ther. 2005 May;4(5):855-63.
• [23] Expression and prognostic significance of IAP-family genes in human cancers and myeloid leukemias. Clin Cancer Res. 2000 May;6(5):1796-803.
• [24] Roles of DNA repair and reductase activity in the cytotoxicity of the hypoxia-activated dinitrobenzamide mustard PR-104A. Mol Cancer Ther. 2009 Jun;8(6):1714-23.
• [25] Mammalian drug efflux transporters of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) family in multidrug resistance: A review of the past decade. Cancer Lett. 2016 Jan 1;370(1):153-64.
• [26] Transporters and renal drug elimination. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2004;44:137-66.
• [27] The anti-cancer drug chlorambucil as a substrate for the human polymorphic enzyme glutathione transferase P1-1: kinetic properties and crystallographic characterisation of allelic variants. J Mol Biol. 2008 Jun 27;380(1):131-44.
• [28] The influence of coordinate overexpression of glutathione phase II detoxification gene products on drug resistance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 Aug;294(2):480-7.
• [29] Enhanced in vitro invasiveness and drug resistance with altered gene expression patterns in a human lung carcinoma cell line after pulse selection with anticancer drugs. Int J Cancer. 2004 Sep 10;111(4):484-93. doi: 10.1002/ijc.20230.
• [30] Role of multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) and glutathione S-transferase A1-1 in alkylating agent resistanceKinetics of glutathione conjugate formation and efflux govern differential cellular sensitivity to chlorambucil versus melphalan toxicity. J Biol Chem. 2001 Mar 16;276(11):7952-6.
• [31] Oxidative stress mechanisms do not discriminate between genotoxic and nongenotoxic liver carcinogens. Chem Res Toxicol. 2015 Aug 17;28(8):1636-46.
• [32] Role of the TRAIL/APO2-L death receptors in chlorambucil- and fludarabine-induced apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncogene. 2003 Nov 13;22(51):8356-69. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207004.
• [33] Differential effects of chemotherapeutic drugs versus the MDM-2 antagonist nutlin-3 on cell cycle progression and induction of apoptosis in SKW6.4 lymphoblastoid B-cells. J Cell Biochem. 2008 May 15;104(2):595-605. doi: 10.1002/jcb.21649.
• [34] Differential gene expression induction by TRAIL in B chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells showing high versus low levels of Zap-70. J Cell Physiol. 2007 Oct;213(1):229-36. doi: 10.1002/jcp.21116.
• [35] Theophylline synergizes with chlorambucil in inducing apoptosis of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Blood. 1996 Sep 15;88(6):2172-82.
• [36] A two-hit mechanism for pre-mitotic arrest of cancer cell proliferation by a polyamide-alkylator conjugate. Cell Cycle. 2006 Jul;5(14):1537-48. doi: 10.4161/cc.5.14.2913. Epub 2006 Jul 17.
• [37] Systems pharmacological analysis of drugs inducing stevens-johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Chem Res Toxicol. 2015 May 18;28(5):927-34. doi: 10.1021/tx5005248. Epub 2015 Apr 3.
• [38] Caspase 8 activation independent of Fas (CD95/APO-1) signaling may mediate killing of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells by cytotoxic drugs or gamma radiation. Blood. 2001 Nov 1;98(9):2800-7. doi: 10.1182/blood.v98.9.2800.
• [39] Disruption of gene expression and induction of apoptosis in prostate cancer cells by a DNA-damaging agent tethered to an androgen receptor ligand. Chem Biol. 2005 Jul;12(7):779-87. doi: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2005.05.009.
• [40] Chlorambucil induction of HsRad51 in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clin Cancer Res. 1999 Aug;5(8):2178-84.
• [41] Bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotides enhance the cytotoxicity of chlorambucil in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells. Leuk Lymphoma. 2001 Jul;42(3):491-8. doi: 10.3109/10428190109064606.
• [42] The MT1G Gene in LUHMES Neurons Is a Sensitive Biomarker of Neurotoxicity. Neurotox Res. 2020 Dec;38(4):967-978. doi: 10.1007/s12640-020-00272-3. Epub 2020 Sep 1.
• [43] Characterization of the cancer chemopreventive NRF2-dependent gene battery in human keratinocytes: demonstration that the KEAP1-NRF2 pathway, and not the BACH1-NRF2 pathway, controls cytoprotection against electrophiles as well as redox-cycling compounds. Carcinogenesis. 2009 Sep;30(9):1571-80. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgp176. Epub 2009 Jul 16.
• [44] Increased resistance to nitrogen mustards and antifolates following in vitro selection of murine fibroblasts and primary hematopoietic cells transduced with a bicistronic retroviral vector expressing the rat glutathione S-transferase A3 and a mutant dihydrofolate reductase. Cancer Gene Ther. 2003 Aug;10(8):637-46. doi: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700619.
• [45] Coexpression of rat glutathione S-transferase A3 and human cytidine deaminase by a bicistronic retroviral vector confers in vitro resistance to nitrogen mustards and cytosine arabinoside in murine fibroblasts. Cancer Gene Ther. 2000 May;7(5):757-65. doi: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700169.
• [46] In vivo therapeutic responses contingent on Fanconi anemia/BRCA2 status of the tumor. Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Oct 15;11(20):7508-15. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-1048.
• [47] Role of multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2, ABCC2) in alkylating agent detoxification: MRP2 potentiates glutathione S-transferase A1-1-mediated resistance to chlorambucil cytotoxicity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Jan;308(1):260-7. doi: 10.1124/jpet.103.057729. Epub 2003 Oct 20.
• [48] Glutathione S-transferase M1 and multidrug resistance protein 1 act in synergy to protect melanoma cells from vincristine effects. Mol Pharmacol. 2004 Apr;65(4):897-905. doi: 10.1124/mol.65.4.897.
• [49] Recurrent recessive mutation in deoxyguanosine kinase causes idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension.Hepatology. 2016 Jun;63(6):1977-86. doi: 10.1002/hep.28499. Epub 2016 Mar 31.
• [50] Loss of function mutations in VARS encoding cytoplasmic valyl-tRNA synthetase cause microcephaly, seizures, and progressive cerebral atrophy.Hum Genet. 2018 Apr;137(4):293-303. doi: 10.1007/s00439-018-1882-3. Epub 2018 Apr 24.