Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DCWUYXI)

• Drug Combination Name: Raloxifene + Bleomycin
• Indication: Cutaneous melanoma; Status: Investigative [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Raloxifene (DMDKF3M): Small molecular drug
  Bleomycin (DMNER5S): Small molecular drug
• High-throughput Screening Result:
  Testing Cell Line: SK-MEL-28
  Zero Interaction Potency (ZIP) Score: 0.18
  Bliss Independence Score: 4.16
  Loewe Additivity Score: 4.33
  LHighest Single Agent (HSA) Score: 4.39

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Raloxifene

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Osteoporosis	FB83.0	Approved	[2]

Raloxifene Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Estrogen receptor (ESR)	TTZAYWL	ESR1_HUMAN	Modulator	[5]

Raloxifene Interacts with 1 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1)	DTUGYRD	MDR1_HUMAN	Substrate	[6]

Raloxifene Interacts with 3 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[7]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1)	DEYGVN4	UD11_HUMAN	Metabolism	[8]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A10 (UGT1A10)	DEL5N6Y	UD110_HUMAN	Metabolism	[9]

Indication(s) of Bleomycin

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Cervical cancer	2C77.0	Approved	[3]
Head and neck cancer	2D42	Approved	[3]
Hodgkin lymphoma	2B30	Approved	[4]
Penile cancer	N.A.	Approved	[3]
Testicular germ cell tumor	N.A.	Approved	[3]
Classic Hodgkin lymphoma	N.A.	Investigative	[3]
Follicular lymphoma	2A80	Investigative	[3]

Bleomycin Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Human Deoxyribonucleic acid (hDNA)	TTUTN1I	NOUNIPROTAC	Breaker	[14]

Bleomycin Interacts with 1 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Bleomycin hydrolase (BLMH)	DECH1VP	BLMH_HUMAN	Metabolism	[15]

Bleomycin Interacts with 41 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Bleomycin hydrolase (BLMH)	OT2QPWQJ	BLMH_HUMAN	Affects Response To Substance	[16]
Superoxide dismutase (SOD1)	OT39TA1L	SODC_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[17]
Catalase (CAT)	OTHEBX9R	CATA_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[17]
Superoxide dismutase , mitochondrial (SOD2)	OTIWXGZ9	SODM_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[17]
Interstitial collagenase (MMP1)	OTI4I2V1	MMP1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[18]
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF2)	OT1M7D28	CSF2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[18]
Interleukin-8 (CXCL8)	OTS7T5VH	IL8_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[18]
C-X-C motif chemokine 2 (CXCL2)	OTEJCYMY	CXCL2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[18]
Mucin-5AC (MUC5AC)	OTJV8O04	MUC5A_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[18]
Proheparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HBEGF)	OTLU00JS	HBEGF_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[18]
Transmembrane protein 250 (TMEM250)	OTLJ4G5G	TM250_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[10]
Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1)	OTWA9KFU	SOCS1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[19]
Serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk2 (CHEK2)	OT8ZPCNS	CHK2_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[20]
Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein (TGFB1)	OTV5XHVH	TGFB1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[11]
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)	OT4IE164	TNFA_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
Interleukin-1 beta (IL1B)	OT0DWXXB	IL1B_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[11]
Fibronectin (FN1)	OTB5ZN4Q	FINC_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[11]
Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53)	OTIE1VH3	P53_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Interleukin-6 (IL6)	OTUOSCCU	IL6_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[11]
Histone H2AX (H2AX)	OT18UX57	H2AX_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[23]
Cathepsin S (CTSS)	OT3PXIPM	CATS_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[24]
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3B)	OTL3L14B	GSK3B_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[25]
Max-interacting protein 1 (MXI1)	OTUQ9E0D	MXI1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[10]
Actin, aortic smooth muscle (ACTA2)	OTEDLG8E	ACTA_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[11]
Unconventional myosin-Ie (MYO1E)	OTM9YSIZ	MYO1E_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[10]
Transcription intermediary factor 1-beta (TRIM28)	OTE38OBF	TIF1B_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[20]
Serine-protein kinase ATM (ATM)	OTQVOHLT	ATM_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[20]
Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 1A (SMC1A)	OT9ZMRK9	SMC1A_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[20]
7SK snRNA methylphosphate capping enzyme (MEPCE)	OTRBQEYP	MEPCE_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[10]
Transmembrane protein 87A (TMEM87A)	OT8ATDVX	TM87A_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[10]
Terminal nucleotidyltransferase 4B (TENT4B)	OTUF6FWW	PAPD5_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[10]
Lipase member H (LIPH)	OTRGYLKL	LIPH_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[10]
Abasic site processing protein HMCES (HMCES)	OTVRDL6U	HMCES_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[10]
Small integral membrane protein 14 (SMIM14)	OT47IF19	SIM14_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[10]
Kelch-like protein 42 (KLHL42)	OTK6WARI	KLH42_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[10]
Inactive cell surface hyaluronidase CEMIP2 (CEMIP2)	OT9I1XUO	CEIP2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[10]
ERBB receptor feedback inhibitor 1 (ERRFI1)	OT7VZ2IZ	ERRFI_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[10]
Transmembrane and coiled-coil domain protein 3 (TMCC3)	OTAIQ6V6	TMCC3_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[10]
Lactosylceramide alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase (ST3GAL5)	OT27CCUF	SIAT9_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[10]
Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 2 (BIRC2)	OTFXFREP	BIRC2_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[26]
DNA cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1)	OTM2DGTK	DNMT1_HUMAN	Affects Response To Substance	[27]

Test Results of This Drug Combination in Other Disease Systems

Indication	DrugCom ID	Cell Line	Status	REF
Adult T acute lymphoblastic leukemia	DCRJCUI	MOLT-4	Investigative	[28]
Glioma	DCR6AF5	SF-295	Investigative	[28]
Amelanotic melanoma	DCWPU5U	MDA-MB-435	Investigative	[1]
Ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma	DCEXMNM	SK-OV-3	Investigative	[1]

References

• [1] Loss of function mutations in VARS encoding cytoplasmic valyl-tRNA synthetase cause microcephaly, seizures, and progressive cerebral atrophy.Hum Genet. 2018 Apr;137(4):293-303. doi: 10.1007/s00439-018-1882-3. Epub 2018 Apr 24.
• [2] Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
• [3] Bleomycin FDA Label
• [4] Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. J Nat Prod. 2007 Mar;70(3):461-77.
• [5] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Target id: 620).
• [6] Influence of hepatic and intestinal efflux transporters and their genetic variants on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of raloxifene in osteoporosis treatment. Transl Res. 2012 Oct;160(4):298-308.
• [7] The role of P-glycoprotein in the bioactivation of raloxifene. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 Dec;34(12):2073-8.
• [8] Drug-drug interactions for UDP-glucuronosyltransferase substrates: a pharmacokinetic explanation for typically observed low exposure (AUCi/AUC) ratios. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004 Nov;32(11):1201-8.
• [9] Characterization of raloxifene glucuronidation: potential role of UGT1A8 genotype on raloxifene metabolism in vivo. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2013 Jul;6(7):719-30.
• [10] Development and validation of the TGx-HDACi transcriptomic biomarker to detect histone deacetylase inhibitors in human TK6 cells. Arch Toxicol. 2021 May;95(5):1631-1645. doi: 10.1007/s00204-021-03014-2. Epub 2021 Mar 26.
• [11] Pulmonary fibrosis model using micro-CT analyzable human PSC-derived alveolar organoids containing alveolar macrophage-like cells. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2022 Aug;38(4):557-575. doi: 10.1007/s10565-022-09698-1. Epub 2022 Mar 10.
• [12] An antisense oligonucleotide targeted to human Ku86 messenger RNA sensitizes M059K malignant glioma cells to ionizing radiation, bleomycin, and etoposide but not DNA cross-linking agents. Cancer Res. 2002 Oct 15;62(20):5888-96.
• [13] XRCC1 deficiency sensitizes human lung epithelial cells to genotoxicity by crocidolite asbestos and Libby amphibole. Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Dec;118(12):1707-13. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1002312. Epub 2010 Aug 11.
• [14] Bleomycin and talisomycin sequence-specific strand scission of DNA: a mechanism of double-strand cleavage. Cancer Res. 1982 Jul;42(7):2779-85.
• [15] The C-terminus of human bleomycin hydrolase is required for protection against bleomycin-induced chromosomal damage. Mutat Res. 1998 Oct 12;421(1):1-7.
• [16] Genetic polymorphisms of DNA repair and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes: role in mutagen sensitivity. Carcinogenesis. 2002 Jun;23(6):1003-8. doi: 10.1093/carcin/23.6.1003.
• [17] Age-dependent basal level and induction capacity of copper-zinc and manganese superoxide dismutase and other scavenging enzyme activities in leukocytes from young and elderly adults. Am J Pathol. 1993 Jul;143(1):312-20.
• [18] Agents associated with lung inflammation induce similar responses in NCI-H292 lung epithelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro. 2008 Oct;22(7):1782-8.
• [19] Characterization of DNA reactive and non-DNA reactive anticancer drugs by gene expression profiling. Mutat Res. 2007 Jun 1;619(1-2):16-29. doi: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2006.12.007. Epub 2007 Feb 8.
• [20] Direct activation of ATM by resveratrol under oxidizing conditions. PLoS One. 2014 Jun 16;9(6):e97969. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097969. eCollection 2014.
• [21] Enhanced IL-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha release and messenger RNA expression in macrophages from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis or after asbestos exposure. J Immunol. 1993 May 1;150(9):4188-96.
• [22] Synergistic anticancer activity of dietary tea polyphenols and bleomycin hydrochloride in human cervical cancer cell: Caspase-dependent and independent apoptotic pathways. Chem Biol Interact. 2016 Mar 5;247:1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.01.012. Epub 2016 Jan 29.
• [23] Distinct mechanisms of cell-kill by triapine and its terminally dimethylated derivative Dp44mT due to a loss or gain of activity of their copper(II) complexes. Biochem Pharmacol. 2014 Oct 1;91(3):312-22. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.08.006. Epub 2014 Aug 15.
• [24] Radiation-induced cathepsin S is involved in radioresistance. Int J Cancer. 2009 Apr 15;124(8):1794-801. doi: 10.1002/ijc.24095.
• [25] Bleomycin-induced nuclear factor-kappaB activation in human bronchial epithelial cells involves the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta. Toxicol Lett. 2009 Jun 22;187(3):194-200. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.02.023. Epub 2009 Mar 13.
• [26] Expression and prognostic significance of IAP-family genes in human cancers and myeloid leukemias. Clin Cancer Res. 2000 May;6(5):1796-803.
• [27] DNA methylation inhibitor 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine induces reversible genome-wide DNA damage that is distinctly influenced by DNA methyltransferases 1 and 3B. Mol Cell Biol. 2008 Jan;28(2):752-71. doi: 10.1128/MCB.01799-07. Epub 2007 Nov 8.
• [28] Recurrent recessive mutation in deoxyguanosine kinase causes idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension.Hepatology. 2016 Jun;63(6):1977-86. doi: 10.1002/hep.28499. Epub 2016 Mar 31.