Details of the Drug

General Information of Drug (ID: DME78OA)

Drug Name
Biperiden
Synonyms
Akineton; Beperiden; Biperidene; Biperideno; Biperidenum; Biperidine; Biperidene hydrochloride; KL 373; Akineton (TN);Biperidene [INN-French]; Biperideno [INN-Spanish]; Biperidenum [INN-Latin]; Biperiden (JAN/USP/INN); Biperiden [USAN:BAN:INN:JAN]; Biperiden [USAN:INN:BAN:JAN]; Alpha-5-Norbornen-2-yl-alpha-phenyl-1-piperidinepropanol; Alpha-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl-alpha-phenyl-1-piperidinepropanol; Alpha-Bicyclo(2.2.1)hept-5-en-2-yl-alpha-phenyl-1-piperidinepropanol; Alpha-(Bicyclo(2.2.1)hept-5-en-2-yl)-alpha-phenyl-1-piperidino propanol; 1-(5-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-enyl)-1-phenyl-3-piperidin-1-ylpropan-1-ol; 1-(Bicyclo(2.2.1)hept-5-en-2alpha-yl)-1-phenyl-3-piperidinopropanol; 1-(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)-1-phenyl-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol; 1-Bicycloheptenyl-1-phenyl-3-piperidino-propanol-1; 1-Piperidinepropanol, .alpha.-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl-.alpha.-phenyl-, hydrochloride; 3-Piperidino-1-phenyl-1-bicyclo(2.2.1)hepten-(5)-yl-propanol-(1); 3-Piperidino-1-phenyl-1-bicyclo(2.2.1)hepten-(5)-yl-propanol-(1) [German]; 3-Piperidino-1-phenyl-1-bicycloheptenyl-1-propanol
Indication
Disease Entry ICD 11 Status REF
Parkinson disease 8A00.0 Approved [1]
Parkinsonian disorder N.A. Approved [2]
Postencephalitic Parkinson disease N.A. Approved [2]
Therapeutic Class
Antiparkinson Agents
Affected Organisms
Humans and other mammals
ATC Code
N04AA02: Biperiden
N04AA: Tertiary amines
N04A: ANTICHOLINERGIC AGENTS
N04: ANTI-PARKINSON DRUGS
N: NERVOUS SYSTEM
N04AA02: Biperiden
N04AA: Tertiary amines
N04A: ANTICHOLINERGIC AGENTS
N04: ANTI-PARKINSON DRUGS
N: NERVOUS SYSTEM
Drug Type
Small molecular drug
Structure
3D MOL 2D MOL
#Ro5 Violations (Lipinski): 0 Molecular Weight (mw) 311.5
Logarithm of the Partition Coefficient (xlogp) 4.3
Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds) 5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor) 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc) 2
ADMET Property
BDDCS Class
Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) Class 1: high solubility and high permeability [3]
Bioavailability
The bioavailability of drug is 87% []
Clearance
The drug present in the plasma can be removed from the body at the rate of 12 mL/min/kg [4]
Half-life
The concentration or amount of drug in body reduced by one-half in 24 hours [4]
MRTD
The Maximum Recommended Therapeutic Dose (MRTD) of drug that ensured maximising efficacy and moderate side effect is 0.64211 micromolar/kg/day [5]
Unbound Fraction
The unbound fraction of drug in plasma is 0.097% [4]
Vd
Fluid volume that would be required to contain the amount of drug present in the body at the same concentration as in the plasma 12 L/kg [4]
Water Solubility
The ability of drug to dissolve in water is measured as 1 mg/mL [3]
Chemical Identifiers
Formula
C21H29NO
IUPAC Name
1-(2-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-enyl)-1-phenyl-3-piperidin-1-ylpropan-1-ol
Canonical SMILES
C1CCN(CC1)CCC(C2CC3CC2C=C3)(C4=CC=CC=C4)O
InChI
InChI=1S/C21H29NO/c23-21(19-7-3-1-4-8-19,11-14-22-12-5-2-6-13-22)20-16-17-9-10-18(20)15-17/h1,3-4,7-10,17-18,20,23H,2,5-6,11-16H2
InChIKey
YSXKPIUOCJLQIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Cross-matching ID
PubChem CID
2381
ChEBI ID
CHEBI:3112
CAS Number
514-65-8
UNII
0FRP6G56LD
DrugBank ID
DB00810
TTD ID
D0B4TN
INTEDE ID
DR2266
Combinatorial Drugs (CBD) Click to Jump to the Detailed CBD Information of This Drug
Repurposed Drugs (RPD) Click to Jump to the Detailed RPD Information of This Drug

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug


Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)
DTT Name DTT ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 (CHRM1) TTZ9SOR ACM1_HUMAN Antagonist [6]

Drug Off-Target (DOT)
DOT Name DOT ID UniProt ID Interaction REF
Bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6) OT9WN536 BMP6_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [7]
Cystine/glutamate transporter (SLC7A11) OTKJ6PXW XCT_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [7]
Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (MET) OT7K55MU MET_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [7]
Interleukin-1 alpha (IL1A) OTPSGILV IL1A_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [7]
Interleukin-1 beta (IL1B) OT0DWXXB IL1B_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [7]
Interleukin-24 (IL24) OT4VUWH1 IL24_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [7]
Interleukin-8 (CXCL8) OTS7T5VH IL8_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [7]
Phosphatidylcholine translocator ABCB4 (ABCB4) OTE6PY83 MDR3_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [8]
Proepiregulin (EREG) OTRM4NQY EREG_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [7]
PTB-containing, cubilin and LRP1-interacting protein (PID1) OT5YJ7FI PCLI1_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [7]
Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) Jump to Detail Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Molecular Expression Atlas of This Drug

The Studied Disease Parkinson disease
ICD Disease Classification 8A00.0
Molecule Name Molecule Type Gene Name p-value Fold-Change Z-score
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 (CHRM1) DTT CHRM1 5.59E-01 0.19 0.41
Molecular Expression Atlas (MEA) Jump to Detail Molecular Expression Atlas of This Drug

Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) Information of This Drug

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Same Disease as Biperiden
DDI Drug Name DDI Drug ID Severity Mechanism Disease REF
Levodopa DMN3E57 Moderate Altered absorption of Biperiden due to GI dynamics variation caused by Levodopa. Parkinsonism [8A00] [9]
Orphenadrine DMW542E Moderate Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Biperiden and Orphenadrine. Parkinsonism [8A00] [10]
Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Disease Different from Biperiden (Comorbidity)
DDI Drug Name DDI Drug ID Severity Mechanism Comorbidity REF
Bethanechol DMCLHO0 Moderate Antagonize the effect of Biperiden when combined with Bethanechol. Abnormal micturition [MF50] [11]
Oliceridine DM6MDCF Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Biperiden and Oliceridine. Acute pain [MG31] [12]
Mepyramine DMB4SFH Moderate Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Biperiden and Mepyramine. Allergic/hypersensitivity disorder [4A80-4A8Z] [13]
Phenyltoloxamine DMKAEQW Moderate Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Biperiden and Phenyltoloxamine. Allergic/hypersensitivity disorder [4A80-4A8Z] [13]
Memantine DMD9WSC Moderate Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Biperiden and Memantine. Alzheimer disease [8A20] [10]
Rivastigmine DMG629M Moderate Antagonize the effect of Biperiden when combined with Rivastigmine. Alzheimer disease [8A20] [14]
Donepezil DMIYG7Z Moderate Antagonize the effect of Biperiden when combined with Donepezil. Alzheimer disease [8A20] [14]
Methylphenobarbital DMDSWAG Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Biperiden and Methylphenobarbital. Anxiety disorder [6B00-6B0Z] [12]
Desipramine DMT2FDC Moderate Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Biperiden and Desipramine. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [6A05] [10]
Cariprazine DMJYDVK Moderate Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Biperiden and Cariprazine. Bipolar disorder [6A60] [10]
Loperamide DMOJZQ9 Moderate Additive antimotility effects by the combination of Biperiden and Loperamide. Bowel habit change [ME05] [15]
Acetylcholine DMDF79Z Moderate Antagonize the effect of Biperiden when combined with Acetylcholine. Cataract [9B10] [16]
Umeclidinium DM4E8O9 Moderate Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Biperiden and Umeclidinium. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [CA22] [17]
Tiotropium DMFDC0Q Moderate Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Biperiden and Tiotropium. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [CA22] [17]
Revefenacin DMMP5SI Moderate Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Biperiden and Revefenacin. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [CA22] [17]
Dihydrocodeine DMB0FWL Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Biperiden and Dihydrocodeine. Chronic pain [MG30] [12]
Remifentanil DMZTXCH Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Biperiden and Remifentanil. Corneal disease [9A76-9A78] [12]
Arbutamine DMCY8AF Moderate Increased risk of rapid heart rate by the combination of Biperiden and Arbutamine. Coronary atherosclerosis [BA80] [18]
Ethanol DMDRQZU Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Biperiden and Ethanol. Cystitis [GC00] [19]
Cyclobenzaprine DM1YBRM Moderate Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Biperiden and Cyclobenzaprine. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [10]
Isocarboxazid DMAF1NB Minor Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Biperiden and Isocarboxazid. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [12]
OPC-34712 DMHG57U Moderate Antagonize the effect of Biperiden when combined with OPC-34712. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [20]
Clomipramine DMINRKW Moderate Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Biperiden and Clomipramine. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [10]
Doxepin DMPI98T Moderate Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Biperiden and Doxepin. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [10]
Maprotiline DMPWB7T Moderate Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Biperiden and Maprotiline. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [10]
Esketamine DMVU687 Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Biperiden and Esketamine. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [21]
Mepenzolate DM8YU2F Moderate Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Biperiden and Mepenzolate. Digestive system disease [DE2Z] [13]
Oxybutynine DMJPBAX Moderate Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Biperiden and Oxybutynine. Discovery agent [N.A.] [10]
Heroin diacetylmorphine DMDBWHY Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Biperiden and Heroin diacetylmorphine. Dissociative neurological symptom disorder [6B60] [12]
Zonisamide DM0DTF7 Major Increased risk of hyperpyrexia by the combination of Biperiden and Zonisamide. Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z] [22]
Phenobarbital DMXZOCG Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Biperiden and Phenobarbital. Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z] [12]
Cannabidiol DM0659E Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Biperiden and Cannabidiol. Epileptic encephalopathy [8A62] [12]
Diphenhydramine DMKQTBA Moderate Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Biperiden and Diphenhydramine. Episodic vestibular syndrome [AB31] [10]
Nadolol DMW6GVL Moderate Antagonize the effect of Biperiden when combined with Nadolol. Essential hypertension [BA00] [23]
Solifenacin DMG592Q Moderate Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Biperiden and Solifenacin. Functional bladder disorder [GC50] [10]
Tolterodine DMSHPW8 Moderate Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Biperiden and Tolterodine. Functional bladder disorder [GC50] [10]
Ketoconazole DMPZI3Q Moderate Decreased absorption of Biperiden due to altered gastric pH caused by Ketoconazole. Fungal infection [1F29-1F2F] [24]
Pilocarpine DMV9ADG Moderate Antagonize the effect of Biperiden when combined with Pilocarpine. Glaucoma [9C61] [11]
Carvedilol DMHTEAO Moderate Antagonize the effect of Biperiden when combined with Carvedilol. Heart failure [BD10-BD1Z] [23]
Chlorothiazide DMLHESP Minor Altered absorption of Biperiden due to GI dynamics variation caused by Chlorothiazide. Heart failure [BD10-BD1Z] [25]
Acebutolol DM0TI4U Moderate Antagonize the effect of Biperiden when combined with Acebutolol. Hypertension [BA00-BA04] [23]
Penbutolol DM4ES8F Moderate Antagonize the effect of Biperiden when combined with Penbutolol. Hypertension [BA00-BA04] [26]
Nebivolol DM7F1PA Moderate Antagonize the effect of Biperiden when combined with Nebivolol. Hypertension [BA00-BA04] [23]
Pindolol DMD2NV7 Moderate Antagonize the effect of Biperiden when combined with Pindolol. Hypertension [BA00-BA04] [23]
Trichlormethiazide DMHAQCO Minor Altered absorption of Biperiden due to GI dynamics variation caused by Trichlormethiazide. Hypertension [BA00-BA04] [25]
Hydrochlorothiazide DMUSZHD Minor Altered absorption of Biperiden due to GI dynamics variation caused by Hydrochlorothiazide. Hypertension [BA00-BA04] [25]
Belladonna DM2RBWK Moderate Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Biperiden and Belladonna. Infectious gastroenteritis/colitis [1A40] [10]
Amantadine DMS3YE9 Moderate Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Biperiden and Amantadine. Influenza [1E30-1E32] [27]
Amobarbital DM0GQ8N Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Biperiden and Amobarbital. Insomnia [7A00-7A0Z] [12]
ITI-007 DMUQ1DO Moderate Antagonize the effect of Biperiden when combined with ITI-007. Insomnia [7A00-7A0Z] [20]
R0-93877 DMM4U9G Moderate Antagonize the effect of Biperiden when combined with R0-93877. Irritable bowel syndrome [DD91] [28]
Physostigmine DM2N0TO Moderate Antagonize the effect of Biperiden when combined with Physostigmine. Lips/oral mucosa miscellaneous disorder [DA02] [14]
Allopregnanolone DMNLHAC Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Biperiden and Allopregnanolone. Mental/behavioural/neurodevelopmental disorder [6E20-6E8Z] [29]
Lasmiditan DMXLVDT Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Biperiden and Lasmiditan. Migraine [8A80] [30]
Flibanserin DM70DTN Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Biperiden and Flibanserin. Mood disorder [6A60-6E23] [31]
Neostigmine DM6T2J3 Moderate Antagonize the effect of Biperiden when combined with Neostigmine. Myasthenia gravis [8C6Y] [32]
Edrophonium DMCRQHB Moderate Antagonize the effect of Biperiden when combined with Edrophonium. Myasthenia gravis [8C6Y] [32]
Ambenonium DMOP0BL Moderate Antagonize the effect of Biperiden when combined with Ambenonium. Myasthenia gravis [8C6Y] [32]
Phenindamine DMDTC7R Moderate Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Biperiden and Phenindamine. Nasopharyngitis [CA00] [13]
Dimenhydrinate DM264B3 Moderate Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Biperiden and Dimenhydrinate. Nausea/vomiting [MD90] [10]
Promethazine DM6I5GR Moderate Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Biperiden and Promethazine. Nausea/vomiting [MD90] [10]
Cyclizine DM9G7BS Moderate Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Biperiden and Cyclizine. Nausea/vomiting [MD90] [13]
Metoclopramide DMFA5MY Moderate Antagonize the effect of Biperiden when combined with Metoclopramide. Nausea/vomiting [MD90] [33]
Polythiazide DMCH80F Minor Altered absorption of Biperiden due to GI dynamics variation caused by Polythiazide. Oedema [MG29] [25]
Levomethadyl Acetate DM06HG5 Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Biperiden and Levomethadyl Acetate. Opioid use disorder [6C43] [12]
Apraclonidine DMO4PVE Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Biperiden and Apraclonidine. Optic nerve disorder [9C40] [34]
Oxymorphone DM65AGJ Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Biperiden and Oxymorphone. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [12]
Levorphanol DMGS80V Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Biperiden and Levorphanol. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [12]
Dezocine DMJDB0Y Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Biperiden and Dezocine. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [12]
Flavoxate DMKV4NL Moderate Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Biperiden and Flavoxate. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [10]
Nalbuphine DMOSQGU Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Biperiden and Nalbuphine. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [12]
Buprenorphine DMPRI8G Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Biperiden and Buprenorphine. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [12]
Hydrocodone DMQ2JO5 Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Biperiden and Hydrocodone. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [12]
Methylscopolamine DM5VWOB Moderate Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Biperiden and Methylscopolamine. Peptic ulcer [DA61] [10]
Levomepromazine DMIKFEL Moderate Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Biperiden and Levomepromazine. Psychotic disorder [6A20-6A25] [13]
Quetiapine DM1N62C Moderate Antagonize the effect of Biperiden when combined with Quetiapine. Schizophrenia [6A20] [20]
Mesoridazine DM2ZGAN Moderate Antagonize the effect of Biperiden when combined with Mesoridazine. Schizophrenia [6A20] [35]
Aripiprazole DM3NUMH Moderate Antagonize the effect of Biperiden when combined with Aripiprazole. Schizophrenia [6A20] [20]
Iloperidone DM6AUFY Moderate Antagonize the effect of Biperiden when combined with Iloperidone. Schizophrenia [6A20] [20]
Paliperidone DM7NPJS Moderate Antagonize the effect of Biperiden when combined with Paliperidone. Schizophrenia [6A20] [20]
Molindone DMAH70G Moderate Antagonize the effect of Biperiden when combined with Molindone. Schizophrenia [6A20] [20]
Thiothixene DMDINC4 Moderate Antagonize the effect of Biperiden when combined with Thiothixene. Schizophrenia [6A20] [20]
Trifluoperazine DMKBYWI Moderate Antagonize the effect of Biperiden when combined with Trifluoperazine. Schizophrenia [6A20] [20]
Asenapine DMSQZE2 Moderate Antagonize the effect of Biperiden when combined with Asenapine. Schizophrenia [6A20] [20]
Fentanyl DM8WAHT Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Biperiden and Fentanyl. Sensation disturbance [MB40] [12]
Pramlintide DM0EZ9Q Moderate Altered absorption of Biperiden due to GI dynamics variation caused by Pramlintide. Type-1/2 diabete [5A10-5A11] [36]
Chlorpheniramine DM5URA2 Moderate Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Biperiden and Chlorpheniramine. Vasomotor/allergic rhinitis [CA08] [10]
Methdilazine DMAUHQX Moderate Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Biperiden and Methdilazine. Vasomotor/allergic rhinitis [CA08] [13]
Trimeprazine DMEMV9D Moderate Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Biperiden and Trimeprazine. Vasomotor/allergic rhinitis [CA08] [13]
Brompheniramine DMFOVSD Moderate Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Biperiden and Brompheniramine. Vasomotor/allergic rhinitis [CA08] [10]
Acrivastine DMTIGA0 Moderate Additive anticholinergic effects by the combination of Biperiden and Acrivastine. Vasomotor/allergic rhinitis [CA08] [13]
⏷ Show the Full List of 91 DDI Information of This Drug

References

1 Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
2 Biperiden FDA Label
3 BDDCS applied to over 900 drugs
4 Trend Analysis of a Database of Intravenous Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Humans for 1352 Drug Compounds
5 Estimating the safe starting dose in phase I clinical trials and no observed effect level based on QSAR modeling of the human maximum recommended daily dose
6 Evaluation of in vivo binding properties of 3H-NMPB and 3H-QNB in mouse brain. J Neural Transm. 1999;106(7-8):583-92.
7 An in vitro coculture system of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with hepatocellular carcinoma-derived cells for predicting drug-induced liver injury. Arch Toxicol. 2021 Jan;95(1):149-168. doi: 10.1007/s00204-020-02882-4. Epub 2020 Aug 20.
8 Evaluating the Role of Multidrug Resistance Protein 3 (MDR3) Inhibition in Predicting Drug-Induced Liver Injury Using 125 Pharmaceuticals. Chem Res Toxicol. 2017 May 15;30(5):1219-1229. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00048. Epub 2017 May 4.
9 Algeri S, Cerletti C, Curcio M, et al. "Effect of anticholinergic drugs on gastro-intestinal absorption of L-dopa in rats and man." Eur J Pharmacol 35 (1976): 293-9. [PMID: 1248506]
10 Cohen MA, Alfonso CA, Mosquera M. Development of urinary retention during treatment with clozapine and meclizine [published correction appears in Am J Psychiatry 1994 Jun;151(6):952]. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151(4):619-620. [PMID: 8147469]
11 Benjamin KW "Toxicity of ocular medications." Int Ophthalmol Clin 19 (1979): 199-255. [PMID: 376469]
12 Product Information. Artane (trihexyphenidyl). Lederle Laboratories, Wayne, NJ.
13 Kulik AV, Wilbur R "Delirium and stereotypy from anticholinergic antiparkinson drugs." Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 6 (1982): 75-82. [PMID: 7202232]
14 Beers MH, Ouslander JG, Rollingher I, Reuben DB, Brooks J, Beck JC "Explicit criteria for determining inappropriate medication use in nursing home residents." Arch Intern Med 151 (1991): 1825-32. [PMID: 1888249]
15 Eronen M, Putkonen H, Hallikainen T, Vartiainen H "Lethal gastroenteritis associated with clozapine and loperamide." Am J Psychiatry 160 (2003): 2242-2243. [PMID: 14638602]
16 Multum Information Services, Inc. Expert Review Panel.
17 Cole JM, Sheehan AH, Jordan JK "Concomitant use of ipratropium and tiotropium in chronic obstructive plmonary disease." Ann Pharmacother 46 (2012): 1717-21. [PMID: 23170031]
18 Product Information. GenESA (arbutamine). Gensia Inc, San Diego, CA.
19 Linnoila M "Drug effects on psychomotor skills related to driving: interaction of atropine, glycopyrrhonium and alcohol." Eur J Clin Pharmacol 6 (1973): 107-12. [PMID: 4588850]
20 Hvizdos AJ, Bennett JA, Wells BG, Rappaport KB, Mendel SA "Anticholinergic psychosis in a patient receiving usual doses of haloperidol." Clin Pharm 2 (1983): 174-8. [PMID: 6883947]
21 Cerner Multum, Inc. "Australian Product Information.".
22 Product Information. Zonegran (zonisamide) Elan Pharmaceuticals, S. San Francisco, CA.
23 Cerner Multum, Inc. "UK Summary of Product Characteristics.".
24 Product Information. Nizoral (ketoconazole). Janssen Pharmaceutica, Titusville, NJ.
25 Beermann B, Groschinsky-Grind M "Enhancement of the gastrointestinal absorption of hydrochlorothiazide by propantheline." Eur J Clin Pharmacol 13 (1978): 385-7. [PMID: 668798]
26 Gilman AG, Rall TW, Nies AS, Taylor P, eds. "Goodman and Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 8th ed." New York, NY: Pergamon Press Inc. (1990):.
27 Postma JU, van Tilburg W "Visual hallucinations and delirium during treatment with amantadine (Symmetrel)." J Am Geriatr Soc 23 (1975): 212-5. [PMID: 123540]
28 EMEA. European Medicines Agency "EPARs. European Union Public Assessment Reports.".
29 Product Information. Zulresso (brexanolone). Sage Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA.
30 Product Information. Reyvow (lasmiditan). Lilly, Eli and Company, Indianapolis, IN.
31 Product Information. Addyi (flibanserin). Sprout Pharmaceuticals, Raleigh, NC.
32 Product Information. Mestinon (pyridostigmine). ICN Pharmaceuticals Inc, Cost Mesa, CA.
33 Product Information. Motilium (domperidone). Janssen-Ortho Inc, Toronto, ON.
34 Product Information. Alphagan (brimonidine ophthalmic). Allergan Inc, Irvine, CA.
35 Warnes H, Lehmann HE, Ban TA "Adynamic ileus during psychoactive medication: a report of three fatal and five severe cases." Can Med Assoc J 96 (1967): 1112-3. [PMID: 6021058]
36 Product Information. Symlin (pramlintide). Amphastar Pharmaceuticals Inc, South El Monte, CA.