Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DC8FXOF)

• Drug Combination Name: Dacarbazine + Romidepsin
• Indication: Lung adenocarcinoma; Status: Investigative [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Dacarbazine (DMNPZL4): Small molecular drug
  Romidepsin (DMT5GNL): Small molecular drug
• High-throughput Screening Result:
  Testing Cell Line: EKVX
  Zero Interaction Potency (ZIP) Score: 19.58
  Bliss Independence Score: 22.21
  Loewe Additivity Score: 22.92
  LHighest Single Agent (HSA) Score: 24.43

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Dacarbazine

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Adenocarcinoma	2D40	Approved	[2]
Astrocytoma	2A00.0Y	Approved	[2]
Brain disease	8C70-8E61	Approved	[2]
Central nervous system disease	8A04-8D87	Approved	[2]
Glioblastoma	2A00	Approved	[2]
Gliosarcoma	N.A.	Approved	[2]
Melanoma	2C30	Approved	[3]
Classic Hodgkin lymphoma	N.A.	Investigative	[2]
Neuroblastoma	2D11.2	Investigative	[2]

Dacarbazine Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Human Deoxyribonucleic acid (hDNA)	TTUTN1I	NOUNIPROTAC	Breaker	[8]

Dacarbazine Interacts with 3 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2)	DEJGDUW	CP1A2_HUMAN	Metabolism	[9]
Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1)	DE6OQ3W	CP1A1_HUMAN	Metabolism	[10]
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)	DEVDYN7	CP2E1_HUMAN	Metabolism	[11]

Dacarbazine Interacts with 12 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5 (BIRC5)	OTILXZYL	BIRC5_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[12]
Interleukin-8 (CXCL8)	OTS7T5VH	IL8_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[7]
Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1)	OT43DI6J	IRF1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[13]
Methylated-DNA--protein-cysteine methyltransferase (MGMT)	OT40A9WH	MGMT_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[14]
Induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 (MCL1)	OT2YYI1A	MCL1_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[15]
DNA repair nuclease/redox regulator APEX1 (APEX1)	OT53OI14	APEX1_HUMAN	Increases Response To Substance	[16]
Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1 (SLC2A1)	OTA675TJ	GTR1_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[17]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3)	OTCYKGKO	MK03_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[18]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1)	OTH85PI5	MK01_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[18]
Clusterin (CLU)	OTQGG0JM	CLUS_HUMAN	Affects Response To Substance	[19]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 (MAP3K1)	OTS3FVTY	M3K1_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[18]
Erythropoietin (EPO)	OTZ90CN4	EPO_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[20]

Indication(s) of Romidepsin

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma	2B01	Approved	[4]
Gastrin-producing neuroendocrine tumor	N.A.	Approved	[5]
Glucagonoma	N.A.	Approved	[5]
Insulinoma	2C10.1	Approved	[5]
Lung carcinoid tumor	N.A.	Approved	[5]
Melanoma	2C30	Approved	[5]
Primary cutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified	N.A.	Approved	[5]
Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma	N.A.	Approved	[5]
Urethral cancer	2C93	Approved	[5]
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma	2A90.C	Phase 3	[6]
Renal cell carcinoma	2C90	Phase 3	[4]

Romidepsin Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1)	TT6R7JZ	HDAC1_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[23]

Romidepsin Interacts with 2 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1)	DTUGYRD	MDR1_HUMAN	Substrate	[24]
Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B3 (SLCO1B3)	DT9C1TS	SO1B3_HUMAN	Substrate	[24]

Romidepsin Interacts with 3 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[25]
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)	DEIBDNY	CP3A5_HUMAN	Metabolism	[26]
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6)	DEPKLMQ	CP2B6_HUMAN	Metabolism	[27]

Romidepsin Interacts with 41 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1 (ABCB1)	OTEJROBO	MDR1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[28]
Broad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2 (ABCG2)	OTW8V2V1	ABCG2_HUMAN	Affects Expression	[29]
E3 SUMO-protein ligase CBX4 (CBX4)	OT4XVRRF	CBX4_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[30]
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10B (TNFRSF10B)	OTA1CPBV	TR10B_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[31]
Bcl-2-like protein 11 (BCL2L11)	OTNQQWFJ	B2L11_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[32]
Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 beta (GADD45B)	OTL9I7LO	GA45B_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[33]
Serine/threonine-protein kinase 17B (STK17B)	OT4NYNO8	ST17B_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[30]
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)	OTAPLO1S	EGFR_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[34]
RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase (RAF1)	OT51LSFO	RAF1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[34]
Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 (ERBB2)	OTOAUNCK	ERBB2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[34]
Retinoblastoma-associated protein (RB1)	OTQJUJMZ	RB_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[34]
Poly polymerase 1 (PARP1)	OT310QSG	PARP1_HUMAN	Increases Cleavage	[35]
Clusterin (CLU)	OTQGG0JM	CLUS_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[30]
G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-B1 (CCNB1)	OT19S7E5	CCNB1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[34]
Histone H2AX (H2AX)	OT18UX57	H2AX_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[22]
Transcription factor JunD (JUND)	OTNKACJD	JUND_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[30]
Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit (NFKB1)	OTNRRD8I	NFKB1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[35]
Cyclin-A2 (CCNA2)	OTPHHYZJ	CCNA2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[34]
NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha (NFKBIA)	OTFT924M	IKBA_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[35]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3)	OTCYKGKO	MK03_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[22]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1)	OTH85PI5	MK01_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[22]
RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT1)	OT8H2YY7	AKT1_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[36]
Receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase FLT3 (FLT3)	OTMSRYMK	FLT3_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[22]
Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBF1)	OTWBRPAI	SRBP1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[30]
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (CDKN1A)	OTQWHCZE	CDN1A_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[37]
Caspase-3 (CASP3)	OTIJRBE7	CASP3_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[34]
Caspase-9 (CASP9)	OTD4RFFG	CASP9_HUMAN	Increases Cleavage	[35]
Friend leukemia integration 1 transcription factor (FLI1)	OT0EV3LX	FLI1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[38]
RNA-binding protein EWS (EWSR1)	OT7SRHV3	EWS_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[38]
DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 1 (RAD51)	OTNVWGC1	RAD51_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[22]
Induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 (MCL1)	OT2YYI1A	MCL1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[36]
Bcl-2-interacting killer (BIK)	OTTH1T3D	BIK_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[30]
Spectrin alpha chain, non-erythrocytic 1 (SPTAN1)	OT6VY3A3	SPTN1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[30]
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3)	OTS3SGH7	NR1I3_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[39]
Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer (BAK1)	OTDP6ILW	BAK_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[36]
Histone H3.1t (H3-4)	OTY6ITYF	H31T_HUMAN	Increases Acetylation	[39]
Sodium/iodide cotransporter (SLC5A5)	OTU7E9G7	SC5A5_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[40]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 3 (MAP3K3)	OT53LJGW	M3K3_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[30]
Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1)	OTE4EFH8	CP1A1_HUMAN	Affects Metabolism	[41]
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (ABCC1)	OTGUN89S	MRP1_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[42]
Transcription factor p65 (RELA)	OTUJP9CN	TF65_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[35]

Test Results of This Drug Combination in Other Disease Systems

Indication	DrugCom ID	Cell Line	Status	REF
Adenocarcinoma	DCBHO58	A549	Investigative	[1]
Amelanotic melanoma	DCJ8DJO	MDA-MB-435	Investigative	[1]
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma	DC1INYN	SR	Investigative	[1]
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma	DCJI44M	TK-10	Investigative	[1]
Cutaneous melanoma	DCHYN2U	SK-MEL-5	Investigative	[1]
Glioblastoma	DC9C9NT	SNB-75	Investigative	[1]
Glioma	DC7WSEP	SF-268	Investigative	[1]
High grade ovarian serous adenocarcinoma	DCC800G	OVCAR-5	Investigative	[1]
Melanoma	DC2SAYU	MALME-3M	Investigative	[1]
Invasive ductal carcinoma	DCX4ZA6	BT-549	Investigative	[43]

References

• [1] Recurrent recessive mutation in deoxyguanosine kinase causes idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension.Hepatology. 2016 Jun;63(6):1977-86. doi: 10.1002/hep.28499. Epub 2016 Mar 31.
• [2] Dacarbazine FDA Label
• [3] FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 075259.
• [4] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7006).
• [5] Romidepsin FDA Label
• [6] Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)
• [7] Dacarbazine causes transcriptional up-regulation of interleukin 8 and vascular endothelial growth factor in melanoma cells: a possible escape mechanism from chemotherapy. Mol Cancer Ther. 2003 Aug;2(8):753-63.
• [8] Predicting the myelotoxicity of chemotherapy: the use of pretreatment O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase determination in peripheral blood mono... Melanoma Res. 2011 Dec;21(6):502-8.
• [9] Study on mesenchymal stem cells mediated enzyme-prodrug gene CYP1A2 targeting anti-tumor effect. Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 2009 Oct;30(10):667-71.
• [10] Metabolic activation of dacarbazine by human cytochromes P450: the role of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP2E1. Clin Cancer Res. 1999 Aug;5(8):2192-7.
• [11] Role of cytochrome P450 isoenzymes in metabolism of O(6)-benzylguanine: implications for dacarbazine activation. Clin Cancer Res. 2001 Dec;7(12):4239-44.
• [12] Serum bcl-2 and survivin levels in melanoma. Melanoma Res. 2004 Dec;14(6):543-6. doi: 10.1097/00008390-200412000-00017.
• [13] CD69 on CD56+ NK cells and response to chemoimmunotherapy in metastatic melanoma. Eur J Clin Invest. 2007 Nov;37(11):887-96. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2007.01873.x.
• [14] Pharmacokinetic, biochemical and clinical effects of dimethyltriazenoimidazole-4-carboxamide-bischloroethylnitrosourea combination therapy in patients with advanced breast cancer. Int J Cancer. 2003 Feb 20;103(5):686-92. doi: 10.1002/ijc.10849.
• [15] Mcl-1 antisense therapy chemosensitizes human melanoma in a SCID mouse xenotransplantation model. J Invest Dermatol. 2003 Jun;120(6):1081-6. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12252.x.
• [16] Impairment of APE1 function enhances cellular sensitivity to clinically relevant alkylators and antimetabolites. Mol Cancer Res. 2009 Jun;7(6):897-906. doi: 10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-08-0519. Epub 2009 May 26.
• [17] Glut-1 as a therapeutic target: increased chemoresistance and HIF-1-independent link with cell turnover is revealed through COMPARE analysis and metabolomic studies. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2008 Mar;61(3):377-93. doi: 10.1007/s00280-007-0480-1. Epub 2007 May 23.
• [18] Exposure of melanoma cells to dacarbazine results in enhanced tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. J Clin Oncol. 2004 Jun 1;22(11):2092-100. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2004.11.070. Epub 2004 May 3.
• [19] Clusterin regulates drug-resistance in melanoma cells. J Invest Dermatol. 2005 Jun;124(6):1300-7. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23720.x.
• [20] Functional erythropoietin autocrine loop in melanoma. Am J Pathol. 2005 Mar;166(3):823-30. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)62303-6.
• [21] Inhibition of transcription, expression, and secretion of the vascular epithelial growth factor in human epithelial endometriotic cells by romidepsin. Fertil Steril. 2011 Apr;95(5):1579-83. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.12.058. Epub 2011 Feb 4.
• [22] Inhibitors of class I HDACs and of FLT3 combine synergistically against leukemia cells with mutant FLT3. Arch Toxicol. 2022 Jan;96(1):177-193. doi: 10.1007/s00204-021-03174-1. Epub 2021 Oct 19.
• [23] Hughes B: 2009 FDA drug approvals. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2010 Feb;9(2):89-92.
• [24] Population pharmacokinetics of romidepsin in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and relapsed peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Feb 15;15(4):1496-503.
• [25] A phase I/II trial of the histone deacetylase inhibitor romidepsin for adults with recurrent malignant glioma: North American Brain Tumor Consortium Study 03-03. Neuro Oncol. 2011 May;13(5):509-16.
• [26] Population pharmacokinetics of romidepsin in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and relapsed peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Feb 15;15(4):1496-503.
• [27] FDA Label of Romidepsin. The 2020 official website of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
• [28] Chemoresistance to depsipeptide FK228 [(E)-(1S,4S,10S,21R)-7-[(Z)-ethylidene]-4,21-diisopropyl-2-oxa-12,13-dithia-5,8,20,23-tetraazabicyclo[8,7,6]-tricos-16-ene-3,6,9,22-pentanone] is mediated by reversible MDR1 induction in human cancer cell lines. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005 Jul;314(1):467-75. doi: 10.1124/jpet.105.083956. Epub 2005 Apr 15.
• [29] Aberrant promoter methylation of the ABCG2 gene in renal carcinoma. Mol Cell Biol. 2006 Nov;26(22):8572-85.
• [30] 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine and depsipeptide synergistically induce expression of BIK (BCL2-interacting killer). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Dec 15;351(2):455-61. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.10.055. Epub 2006 Oct 18.
• [31] Bortezomib and depsipeptide sensitize tumors to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand: a novel method to potentiate natural killer cell tumor cytotoxicity. Cancer Res. 2006 Jul 15;66(14):7317-25. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0680.
• [32] Histone deacetylase inhibitors FK228, N-(2-aminophenyl)-4-[N-(pyridin-3-yl-methoxycarbonyl)amino- methyl]benzamide and m-carboxycinnamic acid bis-hydroxamide augment radiation-induced cell death in gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma cells. Int J Cancer. 2004 Jun 10;110(2):301-8. doi: 10.1002/ijc.20117.
• [33] A sequential treatment of depsipeptide followed by 5-azacytidine enhances Gadd45beta expression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Anticancer Res. 2007 Nov-Dec;27(6B):3783-9.
• [34] Abrogation of p21 expression by flavopiridol enhances depsipeptide-mediated apoptosis in malignant pleural mesothelioma cells. Clin Cancer Res. 2004 Mar 1;10(5):1813-25. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-0901-3.
• [35] Interactions between bortezomib and romidepsin and belinostat in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Jan 15;14(2):549-58. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1934.
• [36] Blocking downstream signaling pathways in the context of HDAC inhibition promotes apoptosis preferentially in cells harboring mutant Ras. Oncotarget. 2016 Oct 25;7(43):69804-69815. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.12001.
• [37] Up-regulation of MDR1 and induction of doxorubicin resistance by histone deacetylase inhibitor depsipeptide (FK228) and ATRA in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. Blood. 2006 Feb 15;107(4):1546-54. doi: 10.1182/blood-2004-10-4126. Epub 2005 Oct 13.
• [38] Antitumor effects of histone deacetylase inhibitor on Ewing's family tumors. Int J Cancer. 2005 Sep 20;116(5):784-92. doi: 10.1002/ijc.21069.
• [39] Enhanced transgene expression in urothelial cancer gene therapy with histone deacetylase inhibitor. J Urol. 2005 Aug;174(2):747-52. doi: 10.1097/01.ju.0000164723.20555.e6.
• [40] Enhancement of sodium/iodide symporter expression in thyroid and breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2006 Sep;13(3):797-826. doi: 10.1677/erc.1.01143.
• [41] Identification of cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of FK228, a potent histone deacetylase inhibitor, in human liver microsomes. Biol Pharm Bull. 2005 Jan;28(1):124-9.
• [42] Involvement of P-glycoprotein and MRP1 in resistance to cyclic tetrapeptide subfamily of histone deacetylase inhibitors in the drug-resistant osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma cells. Int J Cancer. 2006 Jan 1;118(1):90-7. doi: 10.1002/ijc.21297.
• [43] Biologically active neutrophil chemokine pattern in tonsillitis.Clin Exp Immunol. 2004 Mar;135(3):511-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2003.02390.x.