Details of the Drug-Related molecule(s) Interaction Atlas

General Information of Drug (ID: DMWV3TZ)

• Drug Name: Finasteride Drug Info
• Synonyms: Andozac; Eucoprost; FIT; Finasterida; Finasteridum; Finastid; Finpecia; Propecia; Propeshia; Proscar; Prostide; Cahill May Roberts Brand of Finasteride; Chibro Proscar; Frosst Iberica Brand of Finasteride; Lipha Brand of Finasteride; MSD Brand of Finasteride; MSD Chibropharm Brand of Finasteride; MK 0906; MK 906; MK906; Merck Brand 1 of Finasteride; Merck Brand 2 of Finasteride; Merck Frosst Brand 1 of Finasteride; Merck Frosst Brand 2 of Finasteride; Alternova (TN); Appecia (TN); Chibro-Proscar; Finalo (TN); Finara (TN); Finast (TN); Finasterid (TN); Finasterid IVAX (TN); Finasterida [INN-Spanish]; Finasteridum [INN-Latin]; Finax (TN); Fincar (TN); Finpecia (TN); Gefina (TN); KS-1058; MK-0906; MK-906; Merck Sharp & Dhome Brand 2 of Finasteride; Merck Sharp & Dohme Brand 1 of Finasteride; Propecia (TN); Proscar (TN); Prosteride (TN); YM-152; Finasteride (USP/INN); Finasteride [USAN:INN:BAN]; L-652,931; Proscar, Propecia, Finasteride; N-tert-Butyl-3-oxo-4-aza-5alpha-androst-1-en-17beta-carboxamide; N-tert-Butyl-3-oxo-4-aza-5alpha-androst-1-ene-17beta-carboxamide; N-(2-methyl-2-propyl)-3-oxo-4-aza-5alpha-androst-1-ene-17beta-carboxamide; N-(2-Methyl-2-propyl)-3-oxo-4-aza-5-alpha-androst-1-ene-17-beta-carboxamide; (1S,3aS,3bS,5aR,9aR,9bS,11aS)-N-tert-butyl-9a,11a-dimethyl-7-oxo-1,2,3,3a,3b,4,5,5a,6,9b,10,11-dodecahydroindeno[5,4-f]quinoline-1-carboxamide; (4aR,4bS,6aS,7S,9aS,9bS,11aR)-N-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4a,6a-dimethyl-2-oxo-2,4a,4b,5,6,6a,7,8,9,9a,9b,10,11,11a-tetradecahydro-1H-indeno[5,4-f]quinoline-7-carboxamide; (4aR,4bS,6aS,7S,9aS,9bS,11aR)-N-(tert-butyl)-4a,6a-dimethyl-2-oxo-2,4a,4b,5,6,6a,7,8,9,9a,9b,10,11,11a-tetradecahydro-1H-indeno[5,4-f]quinoline-7-carboxamide; (5alpha,17beta)-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-3-oxo-4-azaandrost-1-ene-17-carboxamide; 17beta-(N-tert-butylcarbamoyl)-4-aza-5 alpha-androst-1-en-3-one

Indication

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Baldness, male pattern		Approved	[1]
Benign prostatic hyperplasia	GA90	Approved	[2]
Retinopathy	9B71	Approved	[1]

• Therapeutic Class: Antihyperplasia Agents
• Cross-matching ID:
  PubChem CID: 57363
  ChEBI ID: CHEBI:5062
  CAS Number: CAS 98319-26-7
  TTD Drug ID: DMWV3TZ
  INTEDE Drug ID: DR0695
  ACDINA Drug ID: D00275

Molecule-Related Drug Atlas

Drug(s) Targeting Oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (SRD5A)

Drug Name	Drug ID	Indication	ICD 11	Highest Status	REF
Dutasteride	DMQ4TJK	Benign prostatic hyperplasia	GA90	Approved	[3]
Polyestradiol Phosphate	DM0PMGJ	Prostate cancer	2C82.0	Approved	[13]
Azelaic Acid	DMHVL0J	Acne vulgaris	ED80	Approved	[14]
Dutasteride + tamsulosin	DM6P8HU	Benign prostatic hyperplasia	GA90	Phase 3	[15]
Epristeride	DM35T1O	Hirsutism	ED72	Phase 3	[16]
FK-143	DMEL15U	Prostate disease	GA91	Phase 2	[17]
Turosteride	DMW7PFS	Prostate disease	GA91	Phase 2	[18]
IZONSTERIDE	DM3KXMG	Hirsutism	ED72	Phase 1/2	[19]
ONO-3805	DM1RKWV	Prostate disease	GA91	Discontinued in Phase 3	[20]
CS-891B	DM17I8O	Alopecia	ED70	Discontinued in Phase 2	[21]

Drug(s) Targeting Steroid 5-alpha-reductase 2 (SRD5A2)

Drug Name	Drug ID	Indication	ICD 11	Highest Status	REF
GP515	DMRUIX3	Discovery agent	N.A.	Investigative	[22]
2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-4-pentafluorophenylazo-phenol	DMRVYKQ	Discovery agent	N.A.	Investigative	[23]
4-[4-benzyloxy)benzoyl]benzoic acid	DMQ9IN4	Discovery agent	N.A.	Investigative	[24]
4-[4-(benzhydryloxy)benzoyl]benzoic acid	DM8MVE9	Discovery agent	N.A.	Investigative	[24]
(3-methyl-4-(4-phenoxybenzoyl)phenyl)acetic acid	DMX5CY3	Discovery agent	N.A.	Investigative	[24]
(3-fluoro-4-(4-phenoxybenzoyl)phenyl)acetic acid	DMPHM23	Discovery agent	N.A.	Investigative	[24]
{4-[4-(4-bromophenoxy)benzoyl]phenyl}acetic acid	DMX53OY	Discovery agent	N.A.	Investigative	[24]
(E)-3-(4-(4-phenoxybenzoyl)phenyl)acrylic acid	DMOWGT3	Discovery agent	N.A.	Investigative	[24]
4,4'-dihydroxyoctafluoroazobenzene	DM1ONBT	Discovery agent	N.A.	Investigative	[23]
4-(4-phenoxybenzoyl)benzoic acid	DMOHB6U	Discovery agent	N.A.	Investigative	[24]

Drug(s) Metabolized By Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)

Drug Name	Drug ID	Indication	ICD 11	Highest Status	REF
Doxorubicin	DMVP5YE	Acute myelogenous leukaemia	2A41	Approved	[25]
Progesterone	DMUY35B	Amenorrhea	GA20.0	Approved	[26]
Tamoxifen	DMLB0EZ	Breast cancer	2C60-2C65	Approved	[27]
Estradiol	DMUNTE3	Acne vulgaris	ED80	Approved	[28]
Acetaminophen	DMUIE76	Allergic rhinitis	CA08.0	Approved	[29]
Imatinib	DM7RJXL	Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia	2A85	Approved	[30]
Etoposide	DMNH3PG	Acute myelogenous leukaemia	2A41	Approved	[31]
Zidovudine	DM4KI7O	Human immunodeficiency virus infection	1C62	Approved	[32]
Prasterone	DM67VKL	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	CA22	Approved	[26]
Verapamil	DMA7PEW	Angina pectoris	BA40	Approved	[33]

Drug(s) Metabolized By Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)

Drug Name	Drug ID	Indication	ICD 11	Highest Status	REF
Doxorubicin	DMVP5YE	Acute myelogenous leukaemia	2A41	Approved	[34]
Progesterone	DMUY35B	Amenorrhea	GA20.0	Approved	[35]
Tamoxifen	DMLB0EZ	Breast cancer	2C60-2C65	Approved	[36]
Estradiol	DMUNTE3	Acne vulgaris	ED80	Approved	[6]
Acetaminophen	DMUIE76	Allergic rhinitis	CA08.0	Approved	[37]
Sulfasalazine	DMICA9H	Irritable bowel syndrome	DD91.0	Approved	[38]
Imatinib	DM7RJXL	Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia	2A85	Approved	[39]
Etoposide	DMNH3PG	Acute myelogenous leukaemia	2A41	Approved	[40]
Verapamil	DMA7PEW	Angina pectoris	BA40	Approved	[41]
Sorafenib	DMS8IFC	Adenocarcinoma	2D40	Approved	[6]

Drug(s) Metabolized By Cytochrome P450 3A7 (CYP3A7)

Drug Name	Drug ID	Indication	ICD 11	Highest Status	REF
Progesterone	DMUY35B	Amenorrhea	GA20.0	Approved	[42]
Tamoxifen	DMLB0EZ	Breast cancer	2C60-2C65	Approved	[6]
Estradiol	DMUNTE3	Acne vulgaris	ED80	Approved	[6]
Imatinib	DM7RJXL	Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia	2A85	Approved	[6]
Prasterone	DM67VKL	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	CA22	Approved	[5]
Verapamil	DMA7PEW	Angina pectoris	BA40	Approved	[43]
Sorafenib	DMS8IFC	Adenocarcinoma	2D40	Approved	[6]
Quinine	DMSWYF5	Malaria	1F40-1F45	Approved	[6]
Irinotecan	DMP6SC2	Adenocarcinoma	2D40	Approved	[6]
Metronidazole	DMTIVEN	Abscess		Approved	[44]

Drug(s) Affected By 3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 1 (SRD5A1)

Drug Name	Drug ID	Indication	ICD 11	Highest Status	REF
Tretinoin	DM49DUI	Acne vulgaris	ED80	Approved	[45]
Isotretinoin	DM4QTBN	Acne vulgaris	ED80	Approved	[46]
Arsenic trioxide	DM61TA4	Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia	2A85	Approved	[47]
Testosterone	DM7HUNW	Hot flushes	GA30	Approved	[48]
Dydrogesterone	DMAKIDV	Menstrual disorder	GA20.3	Approved	[49]
Hydroxyflutamide	DMGIZF5	Prostate cancer	2C82.0	Approved	[50]
Cupric Sulfate	DMP0NFQ	Fungal infection	1F29-1F2F	Approved	[51]
Dutasteride	DMQ4TJK	Benign prostatic hyperplasia	GA90	Approved	[52]
Progesterone	DMUY35B	Amenorrhea	GA20.0	Approved	[49]
Doxorubicin	DMVP5YE	Acute myelogenous leukaemia	2A41	Approved	[53]

Drug(s) Affected By Prostate-specific antigen (KLK3)

Drug Name	Drug ID	Indication	ICD 11	Highest Status	REF
Fulvestrant	DM0YZC6	Breast cancer	2C60-2C65	Approved	[54]
Levonorgestrel	DM1DP7T	Atypical endometrial hyperplasia		Approved	[55]
Selenium	DM25CGV	N. A.	N. A.	Approved	[56]
Quercetin	DM3NC4M	Obesity	5B81	Approved	[57]
Troglitazone	DM3VFPD	Diabetic complication	5A2Y	Approved	[58]
Prasterone	DM67VKL	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	CA22	Approved	[59]
Nevirapine	DM6HX9B	Human immunodeficiency virus infection	1C62	Approved	[60]
Thalidomide	DM70BU5	Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma		Approved	[61]
Testosterone	DM7HUNW	Hot flushes	GA30	Approved	[62]
Calcitriol	DM8ZVJ7	Congenital alopecia	LC30	Approved	[63]

Drug(s) Affected By 3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 2 (SRD5A2)

Drug Name	Drug ID	Indication	ICD 11	Highest Status	REF
Testosterone	DM7HUNW	Hot flushes	GA30	Approved	[48]
Ciclosporin	DMAZJFX	Graft-versus-host disease	4B24	Approved	[64]
Propofol	DMB4OLE	Anaesthesia	9A78.6	Approved	[65]
Zoledronate	DMIXC7G	Adenocarcinoma	2D40	Approved	[66]
Flutamide	DMK0O7U	Prostate cancer	2C82.0	Approved	[8]
Dutasteride	DMQ4TJK	Benign prostatic hyperplasia	GA90	Approved	[52]
Estradiol	DMUNTE3	Acne vulgaris	ED80	Approved	[64]
Progesterone	DMUY35B	Amenorrhea	GA20.0	Approved	[67]
Methyltestosterone	DMWLFGO	Advanced cancer	2A00-2F9Z	Approved	[8]
Resveratrol	DM3RWXL	Giant cell arteritis	4A44.2	Phase 3	[68]

Drug(s) Affected By Bile salt export pump (ABCB11)

Drug Name	Drug ID	Indication	ICD 11	Highest Status	REF
Glimepiride	DM5FSJA	Diabetic complication	5A2Y	Approved	[9]
Ezetimibe	DM7A8TW	Atherosclerosis	BD40	Approved	[69]
Glipizide	DMZA5PQ	Diabetic complication	5A2Y	Approved	[69]
Bosentan	DMIOGBU	Pulmonary arterial hypertension	BB01.0	Approved	[70]
Indinavir	DM0T3YH	Human immunodeficiency virus infection	1C62	Approved	[9]
Ofloxacin	DM0VQN3	Acute gonococcal cervicitis		Approved	[69]
Primidone	DM0WX6I	Epilepsy	8A60-8A68	Approved	[71]
Gefitinib	DM15F0X	Colon adenocarcinoma		Approved	[9]
Drospirenone	DM1A9W3	Acne vulgaris	ED80	Approved	[72]
Nitrendipine	DM21C09	Hypertension	BA00-BA04	Approved	[9]

Drug(s) Affected By Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2 (NR1I2)

Drug Name	Drug ID	Indication	ICD 11	Highest Status	REF
Verapamil	DMA7PEW	Angina pectoris	BA40	Approved	[73]
Vidarabine	DM0N85H	Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma		Approved	[73]
Beta-carotene	DM0RXBT	Vitamin deficiency	5B55-5B71	Approved	[74]
Fulvestrant	DM0YZC6	Breast cancer	2C60-2C65	Approved	[75]
Secobarbital	DM14RF5	Epilepsy	8A60-8A68	Approved	[11]
Etidronic acid	DM1XHYJ	Bone Paget disease		Approved	[73]
Tiaprofenic acid	DM23D7J	Osteoarthritis	FA00-FA05	Approved	[73]
Bromperidol	DM24XYQ	Schizophrenia	6A20	Approved	[73]
Simvastatin	DM30SGU	Arteriosclerosis	BD40	Approved	[76]
Deoxycholic acid	DM3GYAL	Subcutaneous fat disorder	EF02	Approved	[77]

Drug(s) Affected By Interleukin-1 beta (IL1B)

Drug Name	Drug ID	Indication	ICD 11	Highest Status	REF
Cannabidiol	DM0659E	Dravet syndrome	8A61.11	Approved	[78]
Fulvestrant	DM0YZC6	Breast cancer	2C60-2C65	Approved	[79]
Gefitinib	DM15F0X	Colon adenocarcinoma		Approved	[80]
Fexofenadine	DM17ONX	Allergic rhinitis	CA08.0	Approved	[81]
Hydrogen peroxide	DM1NG5W	Infectious disease	1A00-CA43.1	Approved	[82]
Lumiracoxib	DM1S4AG	Chronic renal failure	GB61.Z	Approved	[81]
Imiquimod	DM1TMA3	Alopecia areata	ED70.2	Approved	[83]
Selenium	DM25CGV	N. A.	N. A.	Approved	[84]
Ribavirin	DMEYLH9	Hepatitis C virus infection	1E51.1	Approved	[85]
Spironolactone	DM2AQ5N	Chronic heart failure	BD1Z	Approved	[86]

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (SRD5A)	TT2A0DR	S5A1_HUMAN; S5A2_HUMAN; PORED_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[3]
Steroid 5-alpha-reductase 2 (SRD5A2)	TTT02K8	S5A2_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[4]

Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme (DME)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) Main DME	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Substrate	[5]
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)	DEIBDNY	CP3A5_HUMAN	Substrate	[6]
Cytochrome P450 3A7 (CYP3A7)	DERD86B	CP3A7_HUMAN	Substrate	[6]

Drug Off-Target (DOT)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Interaction	REF
3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 1 (SRD5A1)	OTQRET2B	S5A1_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[7]
3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 2 (SRD5A2)	OTTG0NFD	S5A2_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[8]
Bile salt export pump (ABCB11)	OTRU7THO	ABCBB_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[9]
Interleukin-1 beta (IL1B)	OT0DWXXB	IL1B_HUMAN	Protein Interaction/Cellular Processes	[10]
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2 (NR1I2)	OTC5U0N5	NR1I2_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[11]
Prostate-specific antigen (KLK3)	OTFGSBFJ	KLK3_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[12]

References

• [1] Finasteride FDA Label
• [2] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6818).
• [3] The role of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors in prostate pathophysiology: Is there an additional advantage to inhibition of type 1 isoenzyme Can Urol Assoc J. 2009 Jun;3(3 Suppl 2):S109-14.
• [4] Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)
• [5] Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):83-448.
• [6] Drug Interactions Flockhart Table
• [7] Inhibition of the activity of 'basic' 5 alpha-reductase (type 1) detected in DU 145 cells and expressed in insect cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1994 Mar;48(4):347-52.
• [8] Effects of various pesticides on human 5alpha-reductase activity in prostate and LNCaP cells. Toxicol In Vitro. 2007 Apr;21(3):502-8.
• [9] Interference with bile salt export pump function is a susceptibility factor for human liver injury in drug development. Toxicol Sci. 2010 Dec; 118(2):485-500.
• [10] Central opioid inhibition of neuroendocrine stress responses in pregnancy in the rat is induced by the neurosteroid allopregnanolone. J Neurosci. 2009 May 20;29(20):6449-60. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0708-09.2009.
• [11] Identification and validation of novel human pregnane X receptor activators among prescribed drugs via ligand-based virtual screening. Drug Metab Dispos. 2011 Feb;39(2):337-44. doi: 10.1124/dmd.110.035808. Epub 2010 Nov 10.
• [12] Antiandrogenic effects of novel androgen synthesis inhibitors on hormone-dependent prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 2000 Dec 1;60(23):6630-40.
• [13] Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
• [14] Inhibition of 5 alpha-reductase activity in human skin by zinc and azelaic acid. Br J Dermatol. 1988 Nov;119(5):627-32.
• [15] Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of GlaxoSmithKline (2009).
• [16] Discovery of a novel hybrid from finasteride and epristeride as 5alpha-reductase inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2011 Jan 1;21(1):475-8.
• [17] FK143, a novel nonsteroidal inhibitor of steroid 5 alpha-reductase: (1) In vitro effects on human and animal prostatic enzymes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1995 Apr;52(4):357-63.
• [18] Hormonal effects of turosteride, a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor, in the rat. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1993 Nov;46(5):549-55.
• [19] Phase I and clinical pharmacology of a type I and II, 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor (LY320236) in prostate cancer: elevation of estradiol as possible... Urology. 2004 Jan;63(1):114-9.
• [20] Significant role of 5 alpha-reductase on feedback effects of androgen in rat anterior pituitary cells demonstrated with a nonsteroidal 5 alpha-redu... J Androl. 1994 Nov-Dec;15(6):521-7.
• [21] The novel drug CS-891 inhibits 5alpha-reductase activity in freshly isolated dermal papilla of human hair follicles. Eur J Dermatol. 2000 Dec;10(8):593-5.
• [22] 19-nor-10-azasteroids: a novel class of inhibitors for human steroid 5alpha-reductases 1 and 2. J Med Chem. 1997 Mar 28;40(7):1112-29.
• [23] Hydroxyperfluoroazobenzenes: novel inhibitors of enzymes of androgen biosynthesis. J Med Chem. 1990 Sep;33(9):2452-5.
• [24] Novel 5alpha-reductase inhibitors: synthesis, structure-activity studies, and pharmacokinetic profile of phenoxybenzoylphenyl acetic acids. J Med Chem. 2006 Jan 26;49(2):748-59.
• [25] Expression levels and activation of a PXR variant are directly related to drug resistance in osteosarcoma cell lines. Cancer. 2007 Mar 1;109(5):957-65.
• [26] Contribution of human hepatic cytochrome P450 isoforms to regioselective hydroxylation of steroid hormones. Xenobiotica. 1998 Jun;28(6):539-47.
• [27] Comprehensive evaluation of tamoxifen sequential biotransformation by the human cytochrome P450 system in vitro: prominent roles for CYP3A and CYP2D6. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Sep;310(3):1062-75.
• [28] Isoform-specific regulation of cytochromes P450 expression by estradiol and progesterone. Drug Metab Dispos. 2013 Feb;41(2):263-9.
• [29] Metabolic interactions between acetaminophen (paracetamol) and two flavonoids, luteolin and quercetin, through in-vitro inhibition studies. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2017 Dec;69(12):1762-1772.
• [30] Potent mechanism-based inhibition of CYP3A4 by imatinib explains its liability to interact with CYP3A4 substrates. Br J Pharmacol. 2012 Apr;165(8):2787-98.
• [31] Effects of morin on the pharmacokinetics of etoposide in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2007 Apr;28(3):151-6.
• [32] The metabolism of zidovudine by human liver microsomes in vitro: formation of 3'-amino-3'-deoxythymidine. Biochem Pharmacol. 1994 Jul 19;48(2):267-76.
• [33] Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675.
• [34] Drug related genetic polymorphisms affecting adverse reactions to methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin in patients with urothelial cancer. J Urol. 2008 Dec;180(6):2389-95.
• [35] Human prostate CYP3A5: identification of a unique 5'-untranslated sequence and characterization of purified recombinant protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Jul 14;260(3):676-81.
• [36] Polymorphisms in cytochrome P4503A5 (CYP3A5) may be associated with race and tumor characteristics, but not metabolism and side effects of tamoxifen in breast cancer patients. Cancer Lett. 2005 Jan 10;217(1):61-72.
• [37] Induction of hepatic CYP2E1 by a subtoxic dose of acetaminophen in rats: increase in dichloromethane metabolism and carboxyhemoglobin elevation. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007 Oct;35(10):1754-8.
• [38] Urinary 6 beta-hydroxycortisol excretion in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol. 1997 Jan;36(1):54-8.
• [39] Clinical pharmacokinetics of imatinib. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(9):879-94.
• [40] Kinetics and regulation of cytochrome P450-mediated etoposide metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004 Sep;32(9):993-1000.
• [41] Differential mechanism-based inhibition of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 by verapamil. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 May;33(5):664-71.
• [42] The role of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) isoform(s) in oxidative metabolism of testosterone and benzphetamine in human adult and fetal liver. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1993 Jan;44(1):61-7.
• [43] Prediction of cytochrome P450 3A inhibition by verapamil enantiomers and their metabolites. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004 Feb;32(2):259-66.
• [44] The role of human cytochrome P450 enzymes in the formation of 2-hydroxymetronidazole: CYP2A6 is the high affinity (low Km) catalyst. Drug Metab Dispos. 2013 Sep;41(9):1686-94.
• [45] Transcriptional and Metabolic Dissection of ATRA-Induced Granulocytic Differentiation in NB4 Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells. Cells. 2020 Nov 5;9(11):2423. doi: 10.3390/cells9112423.
• [46] Temporal changes in gene expression in the skin of patients treated with isotretinoin provide insight into its mechanism of action. Dermatoendocrinol. 2009 May;1(3):177-87.
• [47] Arsenic trioxide and cisplatin synergism increase cytotoxicity in human ovarian cancer cells: therapeutic potential for ovarian cancer. Cancer Sci. 2009 Dec;100(12):2459-64.
• [48] Effects of low dose treatment of tributyltin on the regulation of estrogen receptor functions in MCF-7 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2013 Jun 1;269(2):176-86.
• [49] Progestin effects on expression of AKR1C1-AKR1C3, SRD5A1 and PGR in the Z-12 endometriotic epithelial cell line. Chem Biol Interact. 2013 Feb 25;202(1-3):218-25.
• [50] Androgen receptor modulation following combination exposure to brominated flame-retardants. Sci Rep. 2018 Mar 19;8(1):4843. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23181-0.
• [51] Physiological and toxicological transcriptome changes in HepG2 cells exposed to copper. Physiol Genomics. 2009 Aug 7;38(3):386-401.
• [52] Dutasteride affects progesterone metabolizing enzyme activity/expression in human breast cell lines resulting in suppression of cell proliferation and detachment. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2006 Aug;100(4-5):129-40.
• [53] Bringing in vitro analysis closer to in vivo: studying doxorubicin toxicity and associated mechanisms in 3D human microtissues with PBPK-based dose modelling. Toxicol Lett. 2018 Sep 15;294:184-192.
• [54] Arsenite and cadmium promote the development of mammary tumors. Carcinogenesis. 2020 Jul 14;41(7):1005-1014. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgz176.
• [55] Effects of natural products and nutraceuticals on steroid hormone-regulated gene expression. Clin Chim Acta. 2001 Oct;312(1-2):213-9. doi: 10.1016/s0009-8981(01)00626-x.
• [56] Prostate specific antigen expression is down-regulated by selenium through disruption of androgen receptor signaling. Cancer Res. 2004 Jan 1;64(1):19-22. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-2789.
• [57] Quercetin inhibits the expression and function of the androgen receptor in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Carcinogenesis. 2001 Mar;22(3):409-14. doi: 10.1093/carcin/22.3.409.
• [58] EPI-001 is a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma modulator with inhibitory effects on androgen receptor expression and activity in prostate cancer. Oncotarget. 2015 Feb 28;6(6):3811-24.
• [59] Androgen receptor or estrogen receptor-beta blockade alters DHEA-, DHT-, and E(2)-induced proliferation and PSA production in human prostate cancer cells. Prostate. 2007 Aug 1;67(11):1152-62. doi: 10.1002/pros.20585.
• [60] Nevirapine restores androgen signaling in hormone-refractory human prostate carcinoma cells both in vitro and in vivo. Prostate. 2009 May 15;69(7):744-54. doi: 10.1002/pros.20923.
• [61] An open-label phase II study of low-dose thalidomide in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Br J Cancer. 2003 Mar 24;88(6):822-7. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600817.
• [62] Inhibition of 5alpha-reductase enhances testosterone-induced expression of U19/Eaf2 tumor suppressor during the regrowth of LNCaP xenograft tumor in nude mice. Prostate. 2010 Oct 1;70(14):1575-85. doi: 10.1002/pros.21193.
• [63] Effects of 1alpha,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 and testosterone on miRNA and mRNA expression in LNCaP cells. Mol Cancer. 2011 May 18;10:58.
• [64] Comparison of HepG2 and HepaRG by whole-genome gene expression analysis for the purpose of chemical hazard identification. Toxicol Sci. 2010 May;115(1):66-79.
• [65] Propofol suppresses proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumor growth of liver cancer cells via suppressing cancer susceptibility candidate 9/phosphatase and tensin homolog/AKT serine/threonine kinase/mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase axis. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2022 Jan-Dec;41:9603271211065972. doi: 10.1177/09603271211065972.
• [66] Interleukin-19 as a translational indicator of renal injury. Arch Toxicol. 2015 Jan;89(1):101-6.
• [67] Molecular interactions of progesterone derivatives with 5 alpha-reductase types 1 and 2 and androgen receptors. Steroids. 2010 Jul;75(7):499-505.
• [68] Examining the genomic influence of skin antioxidants in vitro. Mediators Inflamm. 2010;2010.
• [69] Early identification of clinically relevant drug interactions with the human bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11). Toxicol Sci. 2013 Dec;136(2):328-43.
• [70] Omics-based responses induced by bosentan in human hepatoma HepaRG cell cultures. Arch Toxicol. 2018 Jun;92(6):1939-1952.
• [71] Evaluating the Role of Multidrug Resistance Protein 3 (MDR3) Inhibition in Predicting Drug-Induced Liver Injury Using 125 Pharmaceuticals. Chem Res Toxicol. 2017 May 15;30(5):1219-1229. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00048. Epub 2017 May 4.
• [72] A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development. Toxicol Sci. 2013 Nov;136(1):216-41.
• [73] Screening of a chemical library reveals novel PXR-activating pharmacologic compounds. Toxicol Lett. 2015 Jan 5;232(1):193-202. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.10.009. Epub 2014 Oct 16.
• [74] Induction of PXR-mediated metabolism by beta-carotene. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005 May 30;1740(2):162-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.11.013. Epub 2004 Dec 8.
• [75] Lignans, bacteriocides and organochlorine compounds activate the human pregnane X receptor (PXR). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2005 Dec 1;209(2):123-33. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2005.03.015.
• [76] Identification of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors as activators for human, mouse and rat constitutive androstane receptor. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Jul;33(7):924-9.
• [77] Acetylated deoxycholic (DCA) and cholic (CA) acids are potent ligands of pregnane X (PXR) receptor. Toxicol Lett. 2017 Jan 4;265:86-96.
• [78] Cannabidiol Modulates the Immunophenotype and Inhibits the Activation of the Inflammasome in Human Gingival Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Front Physiol. 2016 Nov 24;7:559. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00559. eCollection 2016.
• [79] ERE-independent ERalpha target genes differentially expressed in human breast tumors. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2005 Dec 21;245(1-2):53-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2005.10.003. Epub 2005 Nov 17.
• [80] Reactive metabolite of gefitinib activates inflammasomes: implications for gefitinib-induced idiosyncratic reaction. J Toxicol Sci. 2020;45(11):673-680. doi: 10.2131/jts.45.673.
• [81] An in vitro coculture system of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with hepatocellular carcinoma-derived cells for predicting drug-induced liver injury. Arch Toxicol. 2021 Jan;95(1):149-168. doi: 10.1007/s00204-020-02882-4. Epub 2020 Aug 20.
• [82] Gypenosides protect retinal pigment epithelium cells from oxidative stress. Food Chem Toxicol. 2018 Feb;112:76-85.
• [83] (9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol Suppresses Monocyte-Mediated Astrocyte Production of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 and Interleukin-6 in a Toll-Like Receptor 7-Stimulated Human Coculture. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2019 Oct;371(1):191-201. doi: 10.1124/jpet.119.260661. Epub 2019 Aug 5.
• [84] Changes in gene expression profiles in response to selenium supplementation among individuals with arsenic-induced pre-malignant skin lesions. Toxicol Lett. 2007 Mar 8;169(2):162-76. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.01.006. Epub 2007 Jan 19.
• [85] Profiling the immunotoxicity of chemicals based on in vitro evaluation by a combination of the Multi-ImmunoTox assay and the IL-8 Luc assay. Arch Toxicol. 2018 Jun;92(6):2043-2054. doi: 10.1007/s00204-018-2199-7. Epub 2018 Mar 29.
• [86] Spironolactone induces apoptosis in human mononuclear cells. Association between apoptosis and cytokine suppression. Apoptosis. 2006 Apr;11(4):573-9. doi: 10.1007/s10495-006-4919-3.