Details of the Drug

General Information of Drug (ID: DM3UZ95)

Drug Name

Bisoprolol

Synonyms

Bisocor; Bisoprololum; Cardicor; Concor; Detensiel; Emconcor; Emcor; Euradal; Isoten; Monocor; Soloc; Soprol; Zebeta; Bisoprolol fumerate; Bisoprolol hemifumarate; Bisoprololum [Latin]; CL-297939; Concor (TN); Concore (TN); EMD-33512; Monocor (TN); Zebeta (TN); Bisoprolol (USAN/INN); Bisoprolol [USAN:BAN:INN]; EMD-33-512; (+-)-1-((alpha-(2-Isopropoxyethoxy)-p-tolyl)oxy)-3-(isopropylamino)-2-propanol; (RS)-1-(4-(2-Isopropoxyethoxymethyl)phenoxy)-3-(isopropylamino)-2-propanol; 1-(propan-2-ylamino)-3-[4-(2-propan-2-yloxyethoxymethyl)phenoxy]propan-2-ol; 1-[(1-methylethyl)amino]-3-({4-[({2-[(1-methylethyl)oxy]ethyl}oxy)methyl]phenyl}oxy)propan-2-ol; 1-{4-[(2-isopropoxyethoxy)methyl]phenoxy}-3-(isopropylamino)propan-2-ol

Indication

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Hypertension	BA00-BA04	Approved	[1]
Malignant essential hypertension	BA00	Approved	[2]
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Therapeutic Class

Antihypertensive Agents

Affected Organisms

Humans and other mammals

ATC Code

C07AB07: Bisoprolol

C07AB: Beta blocking agents, selective

C07A: BETA BLOCKING AGENTS

C07: BETA BLOCKING AGENTS

C: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Drug Type

Small molecular drug

Structure

3D MOL

2D MOL

#Ro5 Violations (Lipinski): 1

Molecular Weight (mw)

325.4

Logarithm of the Partition Coefficient (xlogp)

1.9

Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds)

Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor)

Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc)

ADMET Property

Absorption Tmax: The time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) is 2 h []
BDDCS Class: Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) Class 3: high solubility and low permeability [3]
Bioavailability: The bioavailability of drug is 95% []
Clearance: The total body clearance of drug is 14.2 L/h [4]
Elimination: About 50% of an oral dose is excreted unchanged in the urine with the remainder of the dose excreted as inactive bisoprolol metabolites [5]
Half-life: The concentration or amount of drug in body reduced by one-half in 10 - 12 hours (in healthy individuals) [6]
Metabolism: The drug is metabolized via the cytochrome P450 enzym CYP3A4 to inactive metabolites [5]
MRTD: The Maximum Recommended Therapeutic Dose (MRTD) of drug that ensured maximising efficacy and moderate side effect is 0.877 micromolar/kg/day [7]
Unbound Fraction: The unbound fraction of drug in plasma is 0.66% [8]
Vd: The volume of distribution (Vd) of drug is 3.5 L/kg [9]

Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)

ADR Term	Variation	Related DOT	DOT ID	REF
Adverse drug reaction	Not Available	CYP2D6	OTZJC802	[10]
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Chemical Identifiers

Formula: C18H31NO4
IUPAC Name: 1-(propan-2-ylamino)-3-[4-(2-propan-2-yloxyethoxymethyl)phenoxy]propan-2-ol
Canonical SMILES: CC(C)NCC(COC1=CC=C(C=C1)COCCOC(C)C)O
InChI: InChI=1S/C18H31NO4/c1-14(2)19-11-17(20)13-23-18-7-5-16(6-8-18)12-21-9-10-22-15(3)4/h5-8,14-15,17,19-20H,9-13H2,1-4H3
InChIKey: VHYCDWMUTMEGQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Cross-matching ID

PubChem CID: 2405
ChEBI ID: CHEBI:3127
CAS Number: 66722-44-9
UNII: Y41JS2NL6U
DrugBank ID: DB00612
TTD ID: D0K3ZR
INTEDE ID: DR0216
ACDINA ID: D00072

Combinatorial Drugs (CBD)

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Repurposed Drugs (RPD)

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Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Adrenergic receptor beta-1 (ADRB1)	TTR6W5O	ADRB1_HUMAN	Antagonist	[11]

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Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme (DME)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)_{Main DME}	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Substrate	[12]
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)	DECB0K3	CP2D6_HUMAN	Substrate	[13]

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Drug Off-Target (DOT)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Interaction	REF
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1 (ABCB1)	OTEJROBO	MDR1_HUMAN	Regulation of Drug Effects	[14]
C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2)	OTAD2HEL	CCL2_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[15]
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)	OTZJC802	CP2D6_HUMAN	Drug Response	[10]
Interleukin-1 beta (IL1B)	OT0DWXXB	IL1B_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[15]
Interleukin-10 (IL10)	OTIRFRXC	IL10_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[15]
Interleukin-6 (IL6)	OTUOSCCU	IL6_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[15]
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)	OT4IE164	TNFA_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[15]

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Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA)

MIA Detail

Jump to Detail Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) Information of This Drug

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Same Disease as Bisoprolol

DDI Drug Name	DDI Drug ID	Severity	Mechanism	Disease	REF
Levamlodipine	DM92S6N	Moderate	Increased risk of cardiac depression by the combination of Bisoprolol and Levamlodipine.	Hypertension [BA00-BA04]	[16]
Verapamil	DMA7PEW	Major	Increased risk of cardiac depression by the combination of Bisoprolol and Verapamil.	Hypertension [BA00-BA04]	[16]
Indapamide	DMGN1PW	Moderate	Increased risk of hyperglycemia by the combination of Bisoprolol and Indapamide.	Hypertension [BA00-BA04]	[17]
Trichlormethiazide	DMHAQCO	Moderate	Increased risk of hypertriglyceridemia by the combination of Bisoprolol and Trichlormethiazide.	Hypertension [BA00-BA04]	[17]
Hydrochlorothiazide	DMUSZHD	Moderate	Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Bisoprolol and Hydrochlorothiazide.	Hypertension [BA00-BA04]	[17]
Clevidipine butyrate	DMW4M97	Moderate	Increased risk of cardiac depression by the combination of Bisoprolol and Clevidipine butyrate.	Hypertension [BA00-BA04]	[16]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 6 DDI Information of This Drug

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Disease Different from Bisoprolol (Comorbidity)

DDI Drug Name	DDI Drug ID	Severity	Mechanism	Comorbidity	REF
Scopolamine	DMOM8AL	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Bisoprolol when combined with Scopolamine.	Addictive disorder [6C50-6C5Z]	[18]
Bepridil	DM0RKS4	Moderate	Increased risk of cardiac depression by the combination of Bisoprolol and Bepridil.	Angina pectoris [BA40]	[16]
Dronedarone	DMA8FS5	Moderate	Increased risk of atrioventricular block by the combination of Bisoprolol and Dronedarone.	Angina pectoris [BA40]	[19]
Nifedipine	DMSVOZT	Moderate	Increased risk of cardiac depression by the combination of Bisoprolol and Nifedipine.	Angina pectoris [BA40]	[16]
Zileuton	DMVRIC2	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Bisoprolol caused by Zileuton.	Asthma [CA23]	[20]
Cariprazine	DMJYDVK	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Bisoprolol and Cariprazine.	Bipolar disorder [6A60]	[21]
Atracurium	DM42HXN	Moderate	Additive neuromuscular blocking effects by the combination of Bisoprolol and Atracurium.	Corneal disease [9A76-9A78]	[22]
Mivacurium	DM473VD	Moderate	Additive neuromuscular blocking effects by the combination of Bisoprolol and Mivacurium.	Corneal disease [9A76-9A78]	[22]
Tubocurarine	DMBZIVP	Moderate	Additive neuromuscular blocking effects by the combination of Bisoprolol and Tubocurarine.	Corneal disease [9A76-9A78]	[22]
Pasireotide	DMHM7JS	Moderate	Increased risk of bradycardia by the combination of Bisoprolol and Pasireotide.	Cushing syndrome [5A70]	[23]
OPC-34712	DMHG57U	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Bisoprolol and OPC-34712.	Depression [6A70-6A7Z]	[21]
Mepenzolate	DM8YU2F	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Bisoprolol when combined with Mepenzolate.	Digestive system disease [DE2Z]	[18]
Oxybutynine	DMJPBAX	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Bisoprolol when combined with Oxybutynine.	Discovery agent [N.A.]	[18]
Ethacrynic acid	DM60QMR	Moderate	Increased risk of hyperglycemia by the combination of Bisoprolol and Ethacrynic acid.	Essential hypertension [BA00]	[17]
Phenoxybenzamine	DM8KSQH	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Bisoprolol and Phenoxybenzamine.	Essential hypertension [BA00]	[24]
Nicardipine	DMCDYW7	Moderate	Increased risk of cardiac depression by the combination of Bisoprolol and Nicardipine.	Essential hypertension [BA00]	[16]
Tolterodine	DMSHPW8	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Bisoprolol when combined with Tolterodine.	Functional bladder disorder [GC50]	[18]
Propantheline	DM2EN6G	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Bisoprolol when combined with Propantheline.	Gastric ulcer [DA60]	[18]
Chlorothiazide	DMLHESP	Moderate	Increased risk of hypertriglyceridemia by the combination of Bisoprolol and Chlorothiazide.	Heart failure [BD10-BD1Z]	[17]
Furosemide	DMMQ8ZG	Moderate	Increased risk of hyperglycemia by the combination of Bisoprolol and Furosemide.	Heart failure [BD10-BD1Z]	[17]
Bumetanide	DMRV7H0	Moderate	Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Bisoprolol and Bumetanide.	Heart failure [BD10-BD1Z]	[17]
Hydroflumethiazide	DMVPUQI	Moderate	Increased risk of hyperglycemia by the combination of Bisoprolol and Hydroflumethiazide.	Heart failure [BD10-BD1Z]	[17]
Rifampin	DMA8J1G	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Bisoprolol caused by Rifampin mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme.	HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis [1B10-1B14]	[25]
Belladonna	DM2RBWK	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Bisoprolol when combined with Belladonna.	Infectious gastroenteritis/colitis [1A40]	[18]
Propiomazine	DMKY8V1	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Bisoprolol and Propiomazine.	Insomnia [7A00-7A0Z]	[21]
ITI-007	DMUQ1DO	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Bisoprolol and ITI-007.	Insomnia [7A00-7A0Z]	[21]
Clidinium	DMUMQZ0	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Bisoprolol when combined with Clidinium.	Irritable bowel syndrome [DD91]	[18]
Dicyclomine	DMZSDGX	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Bisoprolol when combined with Dicyclomine.	Irritable bowel syndrome [DD91]	[18]
Lanthanum carbonate	DMMJQSH	Moderate	Decreased absorption of Bisoprolol due to formation of complexes caused by Lanthanum carbonate.	Mineral absorption/transport disorder [5C64]	[23]
Thalidomide	DM70BU5	Moderate	Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Bisoprolol and Thalidomide.	Multiple myeloma [2A83]	[26]
Siponimod	DM2R86O	Major	Increased risk of bradycardia by the combination of Bisoprolol and Siponimod.	Multiple sclerosis [8A40]	[26]
Fingolimod	DM5JVAN	Major	Increased risk of bradycardia by the combination of Bisoprolol and Fingolimod.	Multiple sclerosis [8A40]	[27]
Ozanimod	DMT6AM2	Moderate	Increased risk of atrioventricular block by the combination of Bisoprolol and Ozanimod.	Multiple sclerosis [8A40]	[28]
Promethazine	DM6I5GR	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Bisoprolol and Promethazine.	Nausea/vomiting [MD90]	[21]
Methylscopolamine	DM5VWOB	Moderate	Antagonize the effect of Bisoprolol when combined with Methylscopolamine.	Peptic ulcer [DA61]	[18]
Terazosin	DM3JCVS	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Bisoprolol and Terazosin.	Prostate hyperplasia [GA90]	[24]
Levomepromazine	DMIKFEL	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Bisoprolol and Levomepromazine.	Psychotic disorder [6A20-6A25]	[21]
Fluphenazine	DMIT8LX	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Bisoprolol and Fluphenazine.	Psychotic disorder [6A20-6A25]	[21]
Quetiapine	DM1N62C	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Bisoprolol and Quetiapine.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[21]
Mesoridazine	DM2ZGAN	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Bisoprolol and Mesoridazine.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[21]
Thioridazine	DM35M8J	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Bisoprolol and Thioridazine.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[21]
Aripiprazole	DM3NUMH	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Bisoprolol and Aripiprazole.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[21]
Iloperidone	DM6AUFY	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Bisoprolol and Iloperidone.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[21]
Paliperidone	DM7NPJS	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Bisoprolol and Paliperidone.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[21]
Perphenazine	DMA4MRX	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Bisoprolol and Perphenazine.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[21]
Molindone	DMAH70G	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Bisoprolol and Molindone.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[21]
Thiothixene	DMDINC4	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Bisoprolol and Thiothixene.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[21]
Risperidone	DMN6DXL	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Bisoprolol and Risperidone.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[21]
Amisulpride	DMSJVAM	Moderate	Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias by the combination of Bisoprolol and Amisulpride.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[18]
Asenapine	DMSQZE2	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Bisoprolol and Asenapine.	Schizophrenia [6A20]	[21]
Pipecuronium	DM5F84A	Moderate	Additive neuromuscular blocking effects by the combination of Bisoprolol and Pipecuronium.	Tonus and reflex abnormality [MB47]	[22]
Doxacurium	DMKE7L9	Moderate	Additive neuromuscular blocking effects by the combination of Bisoprolol and Doxacurium.	Tonus and reflex abnormality [MB47]	[22]
Vecuronium	DMP0UK2	Moderate	Additive neuromuscular blocking effects by the combination of Bisoprolol and Vecuronium.	Tonus and reflex abnormality [MB47]	[22]
Rocuronium	DMY9BMK	Moderate	Additive neuromuscular blocking effects by the combination of Bisoprolol and Rocuronium.	Tonus and reflex abnormality [MB47]	[22]
Methdilazine	DMAUHQX	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Bisoprolol and Methdilazine.	Vasomotor/allergic rhinitis [CA08]	[21]
Trimeprazine	DMEMV9D	Moderate	Additive hypotensive effects by the combination of Bisoprolol and Trimeprazine.	Vasomotor/allergic rhinitis [CA08]	[29]
Amiodarone	DMUTEX3	Moderate	Increased risk of atrioventricular block by the combination of Bisoprolol and Amiodarone.	Ventricular tachyarrhythmia [BC71]	[30]
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Drug Inactive Ingredient(s) (DIG) and Formulation(s) of This Drug

DIG

DIG Name	DIG ID	PubChem CID	Functional Classification
Allura red AC dye	E00338	33258	Colorant
FD&C blue no. 2	E00446	2723854	Colorant
Sodium lauryl sulfate	E00464	3423265	Emulsifying agent; Modified-release agent; Penetration agent; Solubilizing agent; Surfactant; lubricant
Sunset yellow FCF	E00255	17730	Colorant
Beta-D-lactose	E00099	6134	Diluent; Dry powder inhaler carrier; Lyophilization aid
Calcium hydrogenphosphate	E00294	24441	Diluent
Carmellose sodium	E00625	Not Available	Disintegrant
Crospovidone	E00626	Not Available	Disintegrant
Eisenoxyd	E00585	56841934	Colorant
Ferric hydroxide oxide yellow	E00539	23320441	Colorant
Hypromellose	E00634	Not Available	Coating agent
Magnesium stearate	E00208	11177	lubricant
Polyethylene glycol 400	E00653	Not Available	Coating agent; Diluent; Ointment base; Plasticizing agent; Solvent; Suppository base; lubricant
Polyethylene glycol 4000	E00654	Not Available	Coating agent; Diluent; Ointment base; Plasticizing agent; Solvent; Suppository base; lubricant
Polyethylene glycol 6000	E00655	Not Available	Coating agent; Diluent; Ointment base; Plasticizing agent; Solvent; Suppository base; lubricant
Polysorbate 80	E00665	Not Available	Dispersing agent; Emollient; Emulsifying agent; Plasticizing agent; Solubilizing agent; Surfactant; Suspending agent
Silicon dioxide	E00670	Not Available	Anticaking agent; Opacifying agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Talc	E00520	16211421	Anticaking agent; Diluent; Glidant; lubricant
Titanium dioxide	E00322	26042	Coating agent; Colorant; Opacifying agent
Triacetin	E00080	5541	Humectant; Plasticizing agent; Solvent
Certolake sunset yellow	E00351	61817	Colorant
Haematite red	E00236	14833	Colorant
Hydrophobic colloidal silica	E00285	24261	Anticaking agent; Emulsion stabilizing agent; Glidant; Suspending agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Cellulose microcrystalline	E00698	Not Available	Adsorbent; Suspending agent; Diluent
Pregelatinized starch	E00674	Not Available	Binding agent; Diluent; Disintegrant
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⏷ Show the Full List of 25 Pharmaceutical Excipients of This Drug

Pharmaceutical Formulation

Formulation Name	Drug Dosage	Dosage Form	Route
Bisoprolol 5 mg tablet	5 mg	Oral Tablet	Oral
Bisoprolol 10 mg tablet	10 mg	Oral Tablet	Oral
Bisoprolol Fumarate 5mg tablet	5mg	Tablet	Oral

Jump to Detail Pharmaceutical Formulation Page of This Drug

References

1	URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7129).
2	Bisoprolol FDA Label
3	BDDCS applied to over 900 drugs
4	Kirch W, Rose I, Demers HG, Leopold G, Pabst J, Ohnhaus EE: Pharmacokinetics of bisoprolol during repeated oral administration to healthy volunteers and patients with kidney or liver disease. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1987 Aug;13(2):110-7. doi: 10.2165/00003088-198713020-00003.
5	Bisoprolol monograph
6	Pharmacodynamic profile of bisoprolol, a new beta 1-selective adrenoceptor antagonist. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1986 Sep;22(3):293-300. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1986.tb02890.x.
7	Estimating the safe starting dose in phase I clinical trials and no observed effect level based on QSAR modeling of the human maximum recommended daily dose
8	Trend Analysis of a Database of Intravenous Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Humans for 1352 Drug Compounds
9	Summary of product characteristics
10	ADReCS-Target: target profiles for aiding drug safety research and application. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D911-D917. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx899.
11	Antiarrhythmic effect of bisoprolol, a highly selective beta1-blocker, in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Int Heart J. 2008 May;49(3):281-93.
12	Stereoselective metabolism of bisoprolol enantiomers in dogs and humans. Life Sci. 1998;63(13):1097-108.
13	Drug-drug interactions of beta-adrenoceptor blockers. Arzneimittelforschung. 2003;53(12):814-22.
14	Characterization of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists as substrates and inhibitors of the drug transporter P-glycoprotein. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Jun;20(3):273-82. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2006.00408.x.
15	The effects of 1 month antihypertensive treatment with perindopril, bisoprolol or both on the ex vivo ability of monocytes to secrete inflammatory cytokines. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Nov;47(11):686-94. doi: 10.5414/cpp47686.
16	Anastassiades CJ "Nifedipine and beta-blocker drugs." Br Med J 281 (1980): 1251-2. [PMID: 6107167]
17	Dean S, Kendall MJ, Potter S, Thompson MH, Jackson DA "Nadolol in combination with indapamide and xipamide in resistant hypertensives." Eur J Clin Pharmacol 28 (1985): 29-33. [PMID: 3987783]
18	Cerner Multum, Inc. "UK Summary of Product Characteristics.".
19	Product Information. Multaq (dronedarone). sanofi-aventis , Bridgewater, NJ.
20	Product Information. Zylo Filmtab (zileuton). Abbott Pharmaceutical, Abbott Park, IL.
21	Aronowitz JS, Chakos MH, Safferman AZ, Lieberman JA "Syncope associated with the combination of clozapine and enalapril." J Clin Psychopharmacol 14 (1994): 429-30. [PMID: 7884028]
22	Chapple DJ, Clark JS, Hughes R "Interaction between atracurium and drugs used in anaesthesia." Br J Anaesth 55 Suppl 1 (1983): s17-22. [PMID: 6688011]
23	Canadian Pharmacists Association.
24	Chrysant SG "Experience with terazosin administered in combination with other antihypertensive agents." Am J Med 80 (1986): 55-61. [PMID: 2872808]
25	Kirch W, Rose I, Klingmann I, Pabst J, Ohnhaus EE "Interaction of bisoprolol with cimetidine and rifampicin." Eur J Clin Pharmacol 31 (1986): 59-62. [PMID: 2877885]
26	Cerner Multum, Inc. "Australian Product Information.".
27	Product Information. Gilenya (fingolimod). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
28	Product Information. Zeposia (ozanimod). Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ.
29	Product Information. Clozaril (clozapine). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
30	Leor J, Levartowsky D, Sharon C, Farfel Z "Amiodarone and beta-adrenergic blockers: an interaction with metoprolol but not with atenolol." Am Heart J 16 (1988): 206-7. [PMID: 3394625]