Details of the Drug

General Information of Drug (ID: DMKINJO)

Drug Name

Gentamicin

Synonyms

Alcomicin; Apogen; Bristagen; Cidomycin; GENTAMYCIN; Garamycin; Garasol; Gentacidin; Gentacycol; Gentafair; Gentak; Gentamar; Gentamicina; Gentamicine; Gentamicins; Gentamicinum; Gentamycinum; Gentavet; Gentocin; Jenamicin; Refobacin; Uromycine; Garamycin Otic Solution; Genoptic Liquifilm; Gentamcin Sulfate; Gentamicin sulphate sterile; Refobacin TM; Gentamicin C1; G-Mycin; G-Myticin; Garamycin (TN); Gentamicin (BAN); Gentamicin (TN); Gentamicina [INN-Spanish]; Gentamicine [INN-French]; Gentamicinum [INN-Latin];Gentamycin-creme; Gentamycin-creme [German]; Ocu-Mycin; Spectro-Genta; U-Gencin; Genoptic S.O.P.; O-2-amino-2,3,4,6,7-pentadeoxy-6-(methylamino)-alpha-D-ribo-heptopyranosyl-(1-4)-O-(3-deoxy-4-C-methyl-3-(methylamino)-beta-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1-6))-2-deoxy-D-streptamine; (1R,2S,3S,4R,6S)-4,6-diamino-3-[3-deoxy-4-C-methyl-3-(methylamino)-beta-L-arabinopyranosyloxy]-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 2-amino-2,3,4,6,7-pentadeoxy-6-(methylamino)-beta-L-lyxo-heptopyranoside; (1R,2S,3S,4R,6S)-4,6-diamino-3-{[3-deoxy-4-C-methyl-3-(methylamino)-beta-L-arabinopyranosyl]oxy}-2-hydroxycyclohexyl (6x)-2-amino-2,3,4,6,7-pentadeoxy-6-(methylamino)-alpha-D-erythro-heptopyranoside; (2R,3R,4R,5R)-2-[(1S,2S,3R,4S,6R)-4,6-diamino-3-[(2R,3R,6S)-3-amino-6-[1-(methylamino)ethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]oxy-5-methyl-4-(methylamino)oxane-3,5-diol; 2-[4,6-diamino-3-[3-amino-6-[1-(methylamino)ethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]oxy-5-methyl-4-(methylamino)oxane-3,5-diol; 4,6-diamino-3-{[3-deoxy-4-c-methyl-3-(methylamino)pentopyranosyl]oxy}-2-hydroxycyclohexyl 2-amino-2,3,4,6,7-pentadeoxy-6-(methylamino)heptopyranoside

Indication

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Bacteremia	1A73	Approved	[1]
Bacterial infection	1A00-1C4Z	Approved	[2]
Blepharoconjunctivitis	N.A.	Approved	[1]
Cholangitis	N.A.	Approved	[1]
Dacryocystitis	N.A.	Approved	[1]
Demodex blepharitis	1G07	Approved	[1]
Folliculitis	N.A.	Approved	[1]
Neonatal sepsis	N.A.	Approved	[1]
Paronychia	1F23.13	Approved	[1]
Peritonitis	N.A.	Approved	[1]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infectious disease	N.A.	Approved	[1]
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Therapeutic Class

Antibiotics

Drug Type

Small molecular drug

Structure

3D MOL

2D MOL

#Ro5 Violations (Lipinski): 3

Molecular Weight (mw)

477.6

Logarithm of the Partition Coefficient (xlogp)

-4.1

Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds)

Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor)

Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc)

ADMET Property

Clearance: The drug present in the plasma can be removed from the body at the rate of 1 mL/min/kg [3]
Elimination: In patients with normal renal function, 70% or more of an initial gentamicin dose can be recovered in the urine within 24 hours [4]
Half-life: The concentration or amount of drug in body reduced by one-half in 75 minutes (after intravenous administration) [5]
MRTD: The Maximum Recommended Therapeutic Dose (MRTD) of drug that ensured maximising efficacy and moderate side effect is 6.28133 micromolar/kg/day [6]
Unbound Fraction: The unbound fraction of drug in plasma is 1% [3]
Vd: Fluid volume that would be required to contain the amount of drug present in the body at the same concentration as in the plasma 0.33 L/kg [3]

Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)

ADR Term	Variation	Related DOT	DOT ID	REF
Drug toxicity	Not Available	PLA2G1B	OT1GG9FK	[7]
Drug toxicity	Not Available	PLCB1	OT9HYT7A	[7]
Necrosis	Not Available	ATP1A1	OTCJ458Q	[7]
Renal function abnormal	Not Available	PRCP	OTIUY91L	[7]
Renal function abnormal	Not Available	DPP6	OTWW3H0K	[7]
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Chemical Identifiers

Formula: C21H43N5O7
IUPAC Name: 2-[4,6-diamino-3-[3-amino-6-[1-(methylamino)ethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]oxy-5-methyl-4-(methylamino)oxane-3,5-diol
Canonical SMILES: CC(C1CCC(C(O1)OC2C(CC(C(C2O)OC3C(C(C(CO3)(C)O)NC)O)N)N)N)NC
InChI: InChI=1S/C21H43N5O7/c1-9(25-3)13-6-5-10(22)19(31-13)32-16-11(23)7-12(24)17(14(16)27)33-20-15(28)18(26-4)21(2,29)8-30-20/h9-20,25-29H,5-8,22-24H2,1-4H3
InChIKey: CEAZRRDELHUEMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Cross-matching ID

PubChem CID: 3467
CAS Number: 1403-66-3
DrugBank ID: DB00798
TTD ID: D0L9UU
VARIDT ID: DR01198
INTEDE ID: DR2174
ACDINA ID: D01123

Combinatorial Drugs (CBD)

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Repurposed Drugs (RPD)

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Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Bacterial 30S ribosomal RNA (Bact 30S rRNA)	TTOVFH2	NOUNIPROTAC	Modulator	[8]

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Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme (DME)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (aph-Ib)	DE5WGIM	A0A075C7U3_CAMJU	Substrate	[9]
Aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferase (aphA6)	DEWPAJD	KKA6_ACIBA	Substrate	[10]
Kanamycin/gentamycin-resistance enzyme (aacA)	DECXWN8	J3S7E2_CAMCO	Substrate	[9]
Aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferase (aacA)	DE48UAX	C5MQW3_KLEPO	Substrate	[11]
Endoglucanase Y (EGY)	DE2M583	A0A256VAC0_LACRE	Substrate	[12]
Endoglucanase Y (EGY)	DE2AZTG	A0A256VAC0_LACRE	Substrate	[12]

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Drug Off-Target (DOT)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Interaction	REF
1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 (PLCB1)	OT9HYT7A	PLCB1_HUMAN	Drug Response	[7]
Alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA)	OTTQQ7FN	IDUA_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[13]
Aminopeptidase N (ANPEP)	OTP3WYFD	AMPN_HUMAN	Protein Interaction/Cellular Processes	[14]
ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 1 (KCNJ1)	OTIXCRI6	KCNJ1_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[15]
Bcl-2-like protein 1 (BCL2L1)	OTRC5K9O	B2CL1_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[16]
Beta-2-microglobulin (B2M)	OTDWN6NX	B2MG_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[17]
Caspase-3 (CASP3)	OTIJRBE7	CASP3_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[16]
Caspase-8 (CASP8)	OTA8TVI8	CASP8_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[16]
Caspase-9 (CASP9)	OTD4RFFG	CASP9_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[16]
Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53)	OTIE1VH3	P53_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[16]

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Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA)

MIA Detail

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Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) Information of This Drug

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Same Disease as Gentamicin

DDI Drug Name	DDI Drug ID	Severity	Mechanism	Disease	REF
Cefotetan	DM07TX3	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Cefotetan.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[18]
Kanamycin	DM2DMPO	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Kanamycin.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[19]
Ceftizoxime	DM3VOGS	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Ceftizoxime.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[18]
Cefoperazone	DM53PV8	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Cefoperazone.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[18]
Cefprozil	DM7DSYP	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Cefprozil.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[18]
Ceftriaxone	DMCEW64	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Ceftriaxone.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[18]
Streptomycin	DME1LQN	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Streptomycin.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[19]
Cefepime	DMHVWIK	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Cefepime.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[18]
Cefpodoxime	DMJUNY5	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Cefpodoxime.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[18]
Rabeprazole	DMMZXIW	Moderate	Increased risk of hypomagnesemia by the combination of Gentamicin and Rabeprazole.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[20]
Cefazolin	DMPDYFR	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Cefazolin.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[18]
Netilmicin	DMRD1QK	Moderate	Increased risk of ototoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Netilmicin.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[19]
Cefonicid	DMTX2BH	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Cefonicid.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[18]
Cefradine	DMUNSWV	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Cefradine.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[21]
Cefoxitin	DMY8NC4	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Cefoxitin.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[18]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 15 DDI Information of This Drug

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Disease Different from Gentamicin (Comorbidity)

DDI Drug Name	DDI Drug ID	Severity	Mechanism	Comorbidity	REF
Remdesivir	DMBFZ6L	Moderate	Decreased renal excretion of Gentamicin caused by Remdesivir mediated nephrotoxicity.	1D6YCoronavirus Disease 2019 [1D6YCoronavirus Disease 2019]	[19]
Clindamycin	DM15HL8	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Clindamycin.	Acne vulgaris [ED80]	[19]
Cefuroxime	DMSIMD8	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Cefuroxime.	Acute bronchitis [CA42]	[18]
Framycetin	DMF8DNE	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Framycetin.	Alcoholic liver disease [DB94]	[19]
Inotersen	DMJ93CT	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Inotersen.	Amyloidosis [5D00]	[22]
Cefamandole	DMNEXZF	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Cefamandole.	Anaerobic bacterial infection [1A00-1A09]	[18]
Etidronic acid	DM1XHYJ	Moderate	Increased risk of hypocalcemia by the combination of Gentamicin and Etidronic acid.	Bone paget disease [FB85]	[23]
Risedronate	DM5FLTY	Moderate	Increased risk of hypocalcemia by the combination of Gentamicin and Risedronate.	Bone paget disease [FB85]	[23]
Iodipamide	DMXIQYS	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Iodipamide.	Cholelithiasis [DC11]	[24]
Phenylbutazone	DMAYL0T	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Phenylbutazone.	Chronic pain [MG30]	[25]
Ketoprofen	DMRKXPT	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Ketoprofen.	Chronic pain [MG30]	[25]
Atracurium	DM42HXN	Major	Additive neuromuscular blocking effects by the combination of Gentamicin and Atracurium.	Corneal disease [9A76-9A78]	[26]
Mivacurium	DM473VD	Major	Additive neuromuscular blocking effects by the combination of Gentamicin and Mivacurium.	Corneal disease [9A76-9A78]	[26]
Pancuronium	DMB0VY8	Major	Additive neuromuscular blocking effects by the combination of Gentamicin and Pancuronium.	Corneal disease [9A76-9A78]	[26]
Tubocurarine	DMBZIVP	Major	Additive neuromuscular blocking effects by the combination of Gentamicin and Tubocurarine.	Corneal disease [9A76-9A78]	[26]
Methoxyflurane	DML0RAE	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Methoxyflurane.	Corneal disease [9A76-9A78]	[22]
Mycophenolic acid	DMRBMAU	Moderate	Altered absorption of Gentamicin due to GI flora changes caused by Mycophenolic acid.	Crohn disease [DD70]	[27]
Ethacrynic acid	DM60QMR	Major	Increased risk of ototoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Ethacrynic acid.	Essential hypertension [BA00]	[28]
Dexlansoprazole	DM1DBV5	Moderate	Increased risk of hypomagnesemia by the combination of Gentamicin and Dexlansoprazole.	Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease [DA22]	[20]
Bumetanide	DMRV7H0	Major	Increased risk of ototoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Bumetanide.	Heart failure [BD10-BD1Z]	[29]
Givosiran	DM5PFIJ	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Givosiran.	Inborn porphyrin/heme metabolism error [5C58]	[19]
Meclofenamic acid	DM05FXR	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Meclofenamic acid.	Inflammatory spondyloarthritis [FA92]	[30]
Exjade	DMHPRWG	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Exjade.	Mineral absorption/transport disorder [5C64]	[31]
Neostigmine	DM6T2J3	Moderate	Additive neuromuscular blocking effects by the combination of Gentamicin and Neostigmine.	Myasthenia gravis [8C6Y]	[26]
Carboplatin	DMG281S	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Carboplatin.	Ovarian cancer [2C73]	[32]
Aspirin	DM672AH	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Aspirin.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[30]
Diflunisal	DM7EN8I	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Diflunisal.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[25]
Ibuprofen	DM8VCBE	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Ibuprofen.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[25]
Choline salicylate	DM8P137	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Choline salicylate.	Postoperative inflammation [1A00-CA43]	[25]
Bromfenac	DMKB79O	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Bromfenac.	Postoperative inflammation [1A00-CA43]	[25]
Everolimus	DM8X2EH	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Everolimus.	Renal cell carcinoma [2C90]	[33]
Temsirolimus	DMS104F	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Temsirolimus.	Renal cell carcinoma [2C90]	[33]
Salsalate	DM13P4C	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Salsalate.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[25]
Meloxicam	DM2AR7L	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Meloxicam.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[25]
Oxaprozin	DM9UB0P	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Oxaprozin.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[25]
Salicyclic acid	DM2F8XZ	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Salicyclic acid.	Seborrhoeic dermatitis [EA81]	[30]
Cephapirin	DMV2JNY	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Cephapirin.	Sepsis [1G40-1G41]	[21]
Ifosfamide	DMCT3I8	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Ifosfamide.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[19]
Pipecuronium	DM5F84A	Major	Additive neuromuscular blocking effects by the combination of Gentamicin and Pipecuronium.	Tonus and reflex abnormality [MB47]	[26]
Doxacurium	DMKE7L9	Major	Additive neuromuscular blocking effects by the combination of Gentamicin and Doxacurium.	Tonus and reflex abnormality [MB47]	[26]
Vecuronium	DMP0UK2	Major	Additive neuromuscular blocking effects by the combination of Gentamicin and Vecuronium.	Tonus and reflex abnormality [MB47]	[26]
Sirolimus	DMGW1ID	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Sirolimus.	Transplant rejection [NE84]	[33]
Tacrolimus	DMZ7XNQ	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Tacrolimus.	Transplant rejection [NE84]	[33]
Olsalazine	DMZW9HA	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Olsalazine.	Ulcerative colitis [DD71]	[34]
Plazomicin	DMKMBES	Moderate	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Gentamicin and Plazomicin.	Urinary tract infection [GC08]	[19]
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Drug Inactive Ingredient(s) (DIG) and Formulation(s) of This Drug

DIG

DIG Name	DIG ID	PubChem CID	Functional Classification
Butylparaben	E00142	7184	Antimicrobial preservative
methylparaben	E00149	7456	Antimicrobial preservative
Propylparaben sodium	E00567	23679044	Antimicrobial preservative
Stearic acid	E00079	5281	Emulsifying agent; Solubilizing agent; Viscosity-controlling agent; lubricant
Sulfuric acid	E00045	1118	Acidulant
Edetate disodium	E00186	8759	Complexing agent
Propylene glycol	E00040	1030	Antimicrobial preservative; Humectant; Plasticizing agent; Solvent
Sodium hydroxide	E00234	14798	Alkalizing agent
Sodium metabisulfite	E00444	656671	Antimicrobial preservative; Antioxidant
Water	E00035	962	Solvent
Isopropyl myristate	E00161	8042	Emollient; Oleaginous vehicle; Penetration agent; Solvent
Sorbitan tristearate	E00516	17800859	Dispersing agent; Emulsifying agent; Solubilizing agent; Surfactant; Suspending agent; Vaccine adjuvant
Polysorbate 40	E00716	Not Available	Dispersing agent; Emollient; Emulsifying agent; Surfactant; Plasticizing agent; Solubilizing agent; Suspending agent
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⏷ Show the Full List of 13 Pharmaceutical Excipients of This Drug

Pharmaceutical Formulation

Formulation Name	Drug Dosage	Dosage Form	Route
Gentamicin 0.1% ointment	0.10%	Ointment	Topical
Gentamicin 800mg/2ml solution	800mg/2ml	Solution	Intramuscular
Gentamicin 80mg/2ml solution	80mg/2ml	Solution	Intramuscular
Gentamicin 0.3% ointment	0.30%	Ointment	Topical

Jump to Detail Pharmaceutical Formulation Page of This Drug

References

1	Gentamicin FDA Label
2	URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 2427).
3	Trend Analysis of a Database of Intravenous Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Humans for 1352 Drug Compounds
4	DailyMed Drug Label Information: Gentamicin sulfate injection
5	Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in children and adults. J Infect Dis. 1975 Dec;132(6):637-51. doi: 10.1093/infdis/132.6.637.
6	Estimating the safe starting dose in phase I clinical trials and no observed effect level based on QSAR modeling of the human maximum recommended daily dose
7	ADReCS-Target: target profiles for aiding drug safety research and application. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D911-D917. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx899.
8	Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
9	Cloning and expression of novel aminoglycoside phosphotransferase genes from Campylobacter and their role in the resistance to six aminoglycosides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Dec 21;62(1). pii: e01682-17.
10	Relationship between antimicrobial resistance and aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme gene expressions in Acinetobacter baumannii. Chin Med J (Engl). 2005 Jan 20;118(2):141-5.
11	Detection of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolated from river waters flowing to the Guanabara Bay and from clinical samples of hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Biomedica. 2019 May 1;39(s1):135-149.
12	Expression of Clostridium thermocellum endoglucanase gene in Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus johnsonii and characterization of the genetically modified probiotic lactobacilli. Curr Microbiol. 2000 Apr;40(4):257-63.
13	Alpha-L-iduronidase premature stop codons and potential read-through in mucopolysaccharidosis type I patients. J Mol Biol. 2004 Apr 30;338(3):453-62.
14	Investigations on the potential nephrotoxicity of cefazedone and gentamicin and of their combination, in comparison with the combination of cefazolin and cephalothin with gentamicin. Arzneimittelforschung. 1979;29(2a):449-52.
15	Classification and rescue of ROMK mutations underlying hyperprostaglandin E syndrome/antenatal Bartter syndrome. Kidney Int. 2003 Sep;64(3):923-32. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00153.x.
16	In vitro evaluation of biomarkers of nephrotoxicity through gene expression using gentamicin. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2018 Sep;32(9):e22189. doi: 10.1002/jbt.22189. Epub 2018 Jul 10.
17	The absence of nephrotoxicity and differential nephrotoxicity between tobramycin and gentamicin. South Med J. 1990 Oct;83(10):1149-52. doi: 10.1097/00007611-199010000-00008.
18	Agencia Espaola de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios Healthcare "Centro de informacion online de medicamentos de la AEMPS - CIMA.".
19	Cerner Multum, Inc. "Australian Product Information.".
20	FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration "FDA Drug Safety Communication: Low magnesium levels can be associated with long-term use of proton pump inhibitor drugs (PPIs).".
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26	Burkett L, Bikhazi GB, Thomas KC Jr, Rosenthal DA, Wirta MG, Foldes FF "Mutual potentiation of the neuromuscular effects of antibiotics and relaxants." Anesth Analg 58 (1979): 107-15. [PMID: 571233]
27	Product Information. CellCept (mycophenolate mofetil). Roche Laboratories, Nutley, NJ.
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31	Product Information. Exjade (deferasirox). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
32	Product Information. Paraplatin (carboplatin). Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ.
33	Product Information. Prograf (tacrolimus). Fujisawa, Deerfield, IL.
34	Novis BH, Korzets Z, Chen P, Bernheim J "Nephrotic syndrome after treatment with 5-aminosalicylic acid." Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 296 (1988): 1442. [PMID: 3132281]