Details of the Drug

General Information of Drug (ID: DMCFE9I)

Drug Name
Valproate
Synonyms
99-66-1; Dipropylacetic acid; Depakine; Depakene; 2-Propylvaleric acid; Ergenyl; Di-n-propylacetic acid; Mylproin; Pentanoic acid, 2-propyl-; 4-Heptanecarboxylic acid; Propylvaleric acid; n-Dipropylacetic acid; Myproic Acid; Di-n-propylessigsaure; n-DPA; Dipropylacetate; Convulex; Depakin; Vupral; Acido valproico; Acide valproique; Acidum valproicum; Stavzor; Avugane; Baceca; Kyselina 2-propylvalerova; 2-n-Propyl-n-valeric acid; Acetic acid, dipropyl-; Abbott 44090; Valproinsaeure; Savicol; Convulsofin; Deproic; VPA; Depakin chrono; Dipropyl Acetate; Med Valproic; Valproic acid USP; Valproic acid USP24; Acide valproique [INN-French]; Acido valproico [INN-Spanish]; Acidum valproicum [INN-Latin]; Alti-Valproic; Depakote (TM); Dom-Valproic; G2M-777; Kyselina 2-propylvalerova [Czech]; N-DPA; N-Dipropylacetic acid; Novo-Valproic; Nu-Valproic; PMS-Valproic Acid; Penta-Valproic; Valproic acid (USP); Di-n-propylessigsaeure; Di-n-propylessigsaure [German]; Valproic acid [USAN:INN:BAN]; Valproic Acid, SodiumSalt (2:1); 2 PP (base)
Indication
Disease Entry ICD 11 Status REF
Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [1], [2], [3]
Alcohol dependence 6C40.2 Phase 2 [4]
Therapeutic Class
Neurology Agents
Drug Type
Small molecular drug
Structure
3D MOL 2D MOL
#Ro5 Violations (Lipinski): 0 Molecular Weight (mw) 144.21
Topological Polar Surface Area (xlogp) 2.8
Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds) 5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor) 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc) 2
ADMET Property
BDDCS Class
Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) Class 1: high solubility and high permeability [5]
Bioavailability
99% of drug becomes completely available to its intended biological destination(s) [6]
Clearance
The drug present in the plasma can be removed from the body at the rate of 0.16 mL/min/kg [7]
Elimination
1.8% of drug is excreted from urine in the unchanged form [5]
Half-life
The concentration or amount of drug in body reduced by one-half in 12 hours [7]
MRTD
The Maximum Recommended Therapeutic Dose (MRTD) of drug that ensured maximising efficacy and moderate side effect is 289.15057 micromolar/kg/day [8]
Unbound Fraction
The unbound fraction of drug in plasma is 0.08% [7]
Vd
Fluid volume that would be required to contain the amount of drug present in the body at the same concentration as in the plasma 0.14 L/kg [7]
Water Solubility
The ability of drug to dissolve in water is measured as 1.3 mg/mL [5]
Chemical Identifiers
Formula
C8H16O2
IUPAC Name
2-propylpentanoic acid
Canonical SMILES
CCCC(CCC)C(=O)O
InChI
InChI=1S/C8H16O2/c1-3-5-7(6-4-2)8(9)10/h7H,3-6H2,1-2H3,(H,9,10)
InChIKey
NIJJYAXOARWZEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Cross-matching ID
PubChem CID
3121
ChEBI ID
CHEBI:39867
CAS Number
99-66-1
DrugBank ID
DB00313
TTD ID
D0Y3KG
VARIDT ID
DR00399
INTEDE ID
DR1667
ACDINA ID
D00717

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug


Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)
DTT Name DTT ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 alpha (GSK-3A) TTRZQE3 GSK3A_HUMAN Inhibitor [4], [9]
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) TTBH0VX NOUNIPROTAC Inhibitor [10], [11], [12], [13], [14]

Drug Transporter (DTP)
DTP Name DTP ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Monocarboxylate transporter 2 (SLC16A7) DTLT3UG MOT2_HUMAN Substrate [15]
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (ABCC2) DTFI42L MRP2_HUMAN Substrate [16]

Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme (DME)
DME Name DME ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) DE5IED8 CP2C9_HUMAN Substrate [17]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) DEYGVN4 UD11_HUMAN Substrate [18]
Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase (CYP2C19) DEGTFWK CP2CJ_HUMAN Substrate [17]
Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) DEJVYAZ CP2A6_HUMAN Substrate [19]
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5) DEIBDNY CP3A5_HUMAN Substrate [20]
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) DEPKLMQ CP2B6_HUMAN Substrate [21]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 (UGT2B7) DEB3CV1 UD2B7_HUMAN Substrate [22]
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 (COX-1) DE073H6 PGH1_HUMAN Substrate [20]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9 (UGT1A9) DE85D2P UD19_HUMAN Substrate [20]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A10 (UGT1A10) DEL5N6Y UD110_HUMAN Substrate [23]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A6 (UGT1A6) DESD26P UD16_HUMAN Substrate [23]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A3 (UGT1A3) DEF2WXN UD13_HUMAN Substrate [18]
Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) Jump to Detail Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) Information of This Drug

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Same Disease as Valproate
DDI Drug Name DDI Drug ID Severity Mechanism Disease REF
Primidone DM0WX6I Moderate Decreased metabolism of Valproate caused by Primidone mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z] [122]
Mephenytoin DM5UGDK Moderate Increased plasma concentration of Valproate and Mephenytoin due to competitive binding of plasma proteins. Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z] [123]
Tiagabine DMKSQG0 Minor Increased plasma concentration of Valproate and Tiagabine due to competitive binding of plasma proteins. Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z] [124]
Fosphenytoin DMOX3LB Moderate Increased plasma concentration of Valproate and Fosphenytoin due to competitive binding of plasma proteins. Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z] [122]
Ethotoin DMXWOCP Moderate Increased plasma concentration of Valproate and Ethotoin due to competitive binding of plasma proteins. Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z] [123]
Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Disease Different from Valproate (Comorbidity)
DDI Drug Name DDI Drug ID Severity Mechanism Comorbidity REF
Remdesivir DMBFZ6L Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Valproate and Remdesivir. 1D6YCoronavirus Disease 2019 [1D6YCoronavirus Disease 2019] [125]
Arn-509 DMT81LZ Moderate Increased metabolism of Valproate caused by Arn-509 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Acute myeloid leukaemia [2A60] [126]
Nifedipine DMSVOZT Moderate Decreased metabolism of Valproate caused by Nifedipine mediated interference with first-pass metabolism. Angina pectoris [BA40] [127]
Bedaquiline DM3906J Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Valproate and Bedaquiline. Antimicrobial drug resistance [MG50-MG52] [128]
Montelukast DMD157S Moderate Decreased metabolism of Valproate caused by Montelukast mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Asthma [CA23] [129]
Desipramine DMT2FDC Moderate Antagonize the effect of Valproate when combined with Desipramine. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [6A05] [130]
Lamotrigine DM8SXYG Major Decreased metabolism of Valproate caused by Lamotrigine mediated inhibition of UGT. Bipolar disorder [6A60] [131]
Pexidartinib DMS2J0Z Major Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Valproate and Pexidartinib. Bone/articular cartilage neoplasm [2F7B] [132]
Nitazoxanide DMOWLVG Moderate Increased plasma concentration of Valproate and Nitazoxanide due to competitive binding of plasma proteins. Bowel habit change [ME05] [133]
Levomilnacipran DMV26S8 Moderate Antagonize the effect of Valproate when combined with Levomilnacipran. Chronic pain [MG30] [134]
Anisindione DM2C48U Moderate Increased plasma concentration of Valproate and Anisindione due to competitive binding of plasma proteins. Coagulation defect [3B10] [135]
Regorafenib DMHSY1I Moderate Decreased metabolism of Valproate caused by Regorafenib mediated inhibition of UGT. Colorectal cancer [2B91] [136]
Olopatadine DMKMWQG Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Valproate and Olopatadine. Conjunctiva disorder [9A60] [137]
Nimodipine DMQ0RKZ Minor Decreased metabolism of Valproate caused by Nimodipine mediated interference with first-pass metabolism. Coronary vasospastic disease [BA85] [138]
Ethanol DMDRQZU Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Valproate and Ethanol. Cystitis [GC00] [137]
Sertraline DM0FB1J Moderate Antagonize the effect of Valproate when combined with Sertraline. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [134]
Trimipramine DM1SC8M Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Valproate and Trimipramine. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [130]
Imipramine DM2NUH3 Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Valproate and Imipramine. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [130]
Fluoxetine DM3PD2C Minor Decreased metabolism of Valproate caused by Fluoxetine. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [139]
Nortriptyline DM4KDYJ Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Valproate and Nortriptyline. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [130]
Vilazodone DM4LECQ Moderate Antagonize the effect of Valproate when combined with Vilazodone. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [134]
Paroxetine DM5PVQE Moderate Increased risk of hyponatremia by the combination of Valproate and Paroxetine. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [134]
Vortioxetine DM6F1PU Moderate Increased risk of hyponatremia by the combination of Valproate and Vortioxetine. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [134]
Duloxetine DM9BI7M Moderate Increased risk of hyponatremia by the combination of Valproate and Duloxetine. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [134]
Milnacipran DMBFE74 Moderate Antagonize the effect of Valproate when combined with Milnacipran. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [134]
Escitalopram DMFK9HG Moderate Increased risk of hyponatremia by the combination of Valproate and Escitalopram. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [134]
Desvenlafaxine DMHD4PE Moderate Increased risk of hyponatremia by the combination of Valproate and Desvenlafaxine. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [134]
Amitriptyline DMK7F9S Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Valproate and Amitriptyline. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [130]
Amoxapine DMKITQE Moderate Antagonize the effect of Valproate when combined with Amoxapine. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [130]
Protriptyline DMNHTZI Moderate Antagonize the effect of Valproate when combined with Protriptyline. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [130]
Doxepin DMPI98T Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Valproate and Doxepin. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [130]
Esketamine DMVU687 Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Valproate and Esketamine. Depression [6A70-6A7Z] [125]
Cannabidiol DM0659E Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Valproate and Cannabidiol. Epileptic encephalopathy [8A62] [126]
Brimonidine DMQLT4N Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Valproate and Brimonidine. Glaucoma [9C61] [140]
Brentuximab vedotin DMWLC57 Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Valproate and Brentuximab vedotin. Hodgkin lymphoma [2B30] [141]
Zidovudine DM4KI7O Moderate Decreased metabolism of Valproate caused by Zidovudine mediated inhibition of UGT. Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62] [142]
Efavirenz DMC0GSJ Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Valproate and Efavirenz. Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62] [143]
Etravirine DMGV8QU Moderate Decreased metabolism of Valproate caused by Etravirine mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62] [144]
Ritonavir DMU764S Moderate Increased metabolism of Valproate caused by Ritonavir mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62] [125]
Fenofibrate DMFKXDY Moderate Decreased metabolism of Valproate caused by Fenofibrate mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Hyper-lipoproteinaemia [5C80] [125]
Mipomersen DMGSRN1 Major Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Valproate and Mipomersen. Hyper-lipoproteinaemia [5C80] [145]
Teriflunomide DMQ2FKJ Major Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Valproate and Teriflunomide. Hyper-lipoproteinaemia [5C80] [127]
BMS-201038 DMQTAGO Major Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Valproate and BMS-201038. Hyper-lipoproteinaemia [5C80] [146]
Lesinurad DMUR64T Moderate Decreased metabolism of Valproate caused by Lesinurad mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Inborn purine/pyrimidine/nucleotide metabolism error [5C55] [147]
Methotrexate DM2TEOL Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Valproate and Methotrexate. Leukaemia [2A60-2B33] [126]
Ceritinib DMB920Z Moderate Decreased metabolism of Valproate caused by Ceritinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Lung cancer [2C25] [125]
PF-06463922 DMKM7EW Moderate Increased metabolism of Valproate caused by PF-06463922 mediated induction of CYP450 enzyme. Lung cancer [2C25] [125]
Chloroquine DMSI5CB Moderate Antagonize the effect of Valproate when combined with Chloroquine. Malaria [1F40-1F45] [125]
Hydroxychloroquine DMSIVND Moderate Antagonize the effect of Valproate when combined with Hydroxychloroquine. Malaria [1F40-1F45] [125]
Calaspargase pegol DMQZBXI Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Valproate and Calaspargase pegol. Malignant haematopoietic neoplasm [2B33] [148]
Idelalisib DM602WT Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Valproate and Idelalisib. Mature B-cell leukaemia [2A82] [149]
Clofarabine DMCVJ86 Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Valproate and Clofarabine. Mature B-cell lymphoma [2A85] [150]
Arry-162 DM1P6FR Moderate Decreased clearance of Valproate due to the transporter inhibition by Arry-162. Melanoma [2C30] [125]
Lasmiditan DMXLVDT Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Valproate and Lasmiditan. Migraine [8A80] [151]
Lanthanum carbonate DMMJQSH Moderate Decreased absorption of Valproate due to formation of complexes caused by Lanthanum carbonate. Mineral absorption/transport disorder [5C64] [127]
Flibanserin DM70DTN Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Valproate and Flibanserin. Mood disorder [6A60-6E23] [152]
Thalidomide DM70BU5 Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Valproate and Thalidomide. Multiple myeloma [2A83] [153]
Orlistat DMRJSP8 Moderate Altered absorption of Valproate caused by Orlistat. Obesity [5B80-5B81] [154]
Rucaparib DM9PVX8 Moderate Decreased metabolism of Valproate caused by Rucaparib mediated inhibition of UGT. Ovarian cancer [2C73] [155]
Dextropropoxyphene DM23HCX Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Valproate and Dextropropoxyphene. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [156]
Diflunisal DM7EN8I Moderate Increased plasma concentration of Valproate and Diflunisal due to competitive binding of plasma proteins. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [157]
Ibuprofen DM8VCBE Minor Increased plasma concentration of Valproate and Ibuprofen due to competitive binding of plasma proteins. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [158]
Buprenorphine DMPRI8G Major Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Valproate and Buprenorphine. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [159]
Meperidine DMX4GND Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Valproate and Meperidine. Pain [MG30-MG3Z] [160]
Esomeprazole DM7BN0X Minor Increased plasma concentrations of Valproate and Esomeprazole due to competitive inhibition of the same metabolic pathway. Peptic ulcer [DA61] [161]
Choline salicylate DM8P137 Moderate Increased plasma concentration of Valproate and Choline salicylate due to competitive binding of plasma proteins. Postoperative inflammation [1A00-CA43] [157]
Lonafarnib DMGM2Z6 Moderate Decreased metabolism of Valproate caused by Lonafarnib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Premature ageing appearance [LD2B] [162]
Selexipag DMAHSU0 Moderate Decreased metabolism of Valproate caused by Selexipag mediated inhibition of UGT. Pulmonary hypertension [BB01] [125]
Salsalate DM13P4C Moderate Increased plasma concentration of Valproate and Salsalate due to competitive binding of plasma proteins. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [157]
Celecoxib DM6LOQU Moderate Decreased metabolism of Valproate caused by Celecoxib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [163]
Leflunomide DMR8ONJ Major Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Valproate and Leflunomide. Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20] [127]
Paliperidone DM7NPJS Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Valproate and Paliperidone. Schizophrenia [6A20] [126]
Risperidone DMN6DXL Moderate Increased plasma concentration of Valproate and Risperidone due to competitive binding of plasma proteins. Schizophrenia [6A20] [164]
Salicyclic acid DM2F8XZ Moderate Increased plasma concentration of Valproate and Salicyclic acid due to competitive binding of plasma proteins. Seborrhoeic dermatitis [EA81] [165]
Vardenafil DMTBGW8 Moderate Decreased metabolism of Valproate caused by Vardenafil mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme. Sexual dysfunction [HA00-HA01] [166]
Trabectedin DMG3Y89 Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Valproate and Trabectedin. Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z] [126]
Epirubicin DMPDW6T Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Valproate and Epirubicin. Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z] [125]
Pitolisant DM8RFNJ Moderate Accelerated clearance of Valproate due to the transporter induction by Pitolisant. Somnolence [MG42] [126]
Naltrexone DMUL45H Moderate Increased risk of hepatotoxicity by the combination of Valproate and Naltrexone. Substance abuse [6C40] [167]
Warfarin DMJYCVW Moderate Increased plasma concentration of Valproate and Warfarin due to competitive binding of plasma proteins. Supraventricular tachyarrhythmia [BC81] [135]
Lusutrombopag DMH6IKO Moderate Decreased clearance of Valproate due to the transporter inhibition by Lusutrombopag. Thrombocytopenia [3B64] [155]
Cetirizine DMOMP9U Moderate Additive CNS depression effects by the combination of Valproate and Cetirizine. Vasomotor/allergic rhinitis [CA08] [168]
⏷ Show the Full List of 82 DDI Information of This Drug

Drug Inactive Ingredient(s) (DIG) and Formulation(s) of This Drug

DIG
DIG Name DIG ID PubChem CID Functional Classification
Allura red AC dye E00338 33258 Colorant
D&C red no. 27 E00381 83511 Colorant
D&C red no. 28 E00491 6097185 Colorant
D&C red no. 30 E00456 3000709 Colorant
Diethyl phthalate E00135 6781 Plasticizing agent; Solvent
Ethyl acrylate E00191 8821 Film/membrane-forming agent; Flavoring agent
FD&C blue no. 1 E00263 19700 Colorant
FD&C blue no. 2 E00446 2723854 Colorant
Hydrazine yellow E00409 164825 Colorant
Isopropyl alcohol E00070 3776 Antimicrobial preservative; Solvent
Mannitol E00103 6251 Diluent; Flavoring agent; Lyophilization aid; Plasticizing agent; Tonicity agent
methylparaben E00149 7456 Antimicrobial preservative
Oleic acid E00421 445639 Emulsifying agent; Penetration agent; Solubilizing agent
Phenoxyisopropanol E00386 92839 Antimicrobial preservative
Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate E00141 7175 Antimicrobial preservative
Quinoline yellow WS E00309 24671 Colorant
Sodium lauryl sulfate E00464 3423265 Emulsifying agent; Modified-release agent; Penetration agent; Solubilizing agent; Surfactant; lubricant
Stearic acid E00079 5281 Emulsifying agent; Solubilizing agent; Viscosity-controlling agent; lubricant
Sunset yellow FCF E00255 17730 Colorant
Vanillin E00049 1183 Flavoring agent
Acetone E00004 180 Solvent
Ammonia E00007 222 Alkalizing agent
Beta-D-lactose E00099 6134 Diluent; Dry powder inhaler carrier; Lyophilization aid
Brushite E00392 104805 Diluent
Butyl alcohol E00011 263 Flavoring agent; Solvent
Carmellose sodium E00625 Not Available Disintegrant
Crospovidone E00626 Not Available Disintegrant
Dextrin E00359 62698 Binding agent; Diluent; Microencapsulating agent; Stiffening agent; Suspending agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Dibutyl sebacate E00160 7986 Plasticizing agent
Eisenoxyd E00585 56841934 Colorant
Ferric hydroxide oxide yellow E00539 23320441 Colorant
Ferrosoferric oxide E00231 14789 Colorant
Glycerin E00026 753 Antimicrobial preservative; Emollient; Flavoring agent; Humectant; Lubricant; Plasticizing agent; Solvent; Suppository base; Tonicity agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Glyceryl behenate E00481 5362585 Binding agent; Coating agent; Flavoring agent; Modified-release agent; Viscosity-controlling agent; lubricant
Glyceryl dibehenate E00537 22477175 Binding agent; Coating agent; Flavoring agent; Modified-release agent; Viscosity-controlling agent; lubricant
Hypromellose E00634 Not Available Coating agent
Isobutyl alcohol E00130 6560 Flavoring agent; Solvent
Lactose monohydrate E00393 104938 Binding agent; Diluent; Dry powder inhaler carrier; Lyophilization aid
Magnesium stearate E00208 11177 lubricant
Polyethylene glycol 3350 E00652 Not Available Coating agent; Diluent; Ointment base; Plasticizing agent; Solvent; Suppository base; lubricant
Polyethylene glycol 400 E00653 Not Available Coating agent; Diluent; Ointment base; Plasticizing agent; Solvent; Suppository base; lubricant
Polyethylene glycol 4000 E00654 Not Available Coating agent; Diluent; Ointment base; Plasticizing agent; Solvent; Suppository base; lubricant
Polysorbate 80 E00665 Not Available Dispersing agent; Emollient; Emulsifying agent; Plasticizing agent; Solubilizing agent; Surfactant; Suspending agent
Polyvinyl alcohol E00666 Not Available Coating agent; Emulsion stabilizing agent; Film/Membrane-forming agent
Potassium hydroxide E00233 14797 Alkalizing agent
Potassium sorbate E00566 23676745 Antimicrobial preservative
Povidone E00667 Not Available Binding agent; Coating agent; Disintegrant; Film/membrane-forming agent; Solubilizing agent; Suspending agent
Propylene glycol E00040 1030 Antimicrobial preservative; Humectant; Plasticizing agent; Solvent
Saccharose E00091 5988 Binding agent; Coating agent; Cryoprotectant; Diluent; Flavoring agent; Suspending agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Silicon dioxide E00670 Not Available Anticaking agent; Opacifying agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Sodium bicarbonate E00424 516892 Alkalizing agent; Diluent
Sodium hydroxide E00234 14798 Alkalizing agent
Soybean lecithin E00637 Not Available Other agent
Talc E00520 16211421 Anticaking agent; Diluent; Glidant; lubricant
Titanium dioxide E00322 26042 Coating agent; Colorant; Opacifying agent
Triacetin E00080 5541 Humectant; Plasticizing agent; Solvent
Triethyl citrate E00128 6506 Plasticizing agent; Solvent
Vinylpyrrolidone E00668 Not Available Binding agent; Coating agent; Disintegrant; Film/membrane-forming agent; Solubilizing agent; Suspending agent
Water E00035 962 Solvent
⏷ Show the Full List of 59 Pharmaceutical Excipients of This Drug
Pharmaceutical Formulation
Formulation Name Drug Dosage Dosage Form Route
Valproic acid 250 mg tablet 250 mg Delayed Release Oral Tablet Oral
Valproic acid 500 mg tablet 500 mg Delayed Release Oral Tablet Oral
Valproic acid 125 mg tablet 125 mg Delayed Release Oral Tablet Oral
Valproic acid 125 mg capsule 125 mg Delayed Release Oral Capsule Oral
Valproic acid 125 mg tablet 125 mg Delayed Release Tablet Oral
Valproic acid 125 mg tablet 125 mg Enteric Coated Tablet Oral
Valproic acid 500 mg tablet 500 mg Enteric Coated Tablet Oral
Valproic acid 250 mg tablet 250 mg 24 HR Extended Release Tablet Oral
Valproic acid 500 mg tablet 500 mg 24 HR Extended Release Tablet Oral
Valproic acid 250 mg tablet 250 mg Enteric Coated Tablet Oral
Valproic acid 250 mg tablet 250 mg 24 HR Extended Release Oral Tablet Oral
Valproic acid 500 mg tablet 500 mg 24 HR Extended Release Oral Tablet Oral
Valproic acid 500 mg tablet 500 mg Delayed Release Tablet Oral
Valproic acid 250 mg capsule 250 mg Delayed Release Oral Capsule Oral
Valproic acid 500 mg capsule 500 mg Delayed Release Oral Capsule Oral
Valproic acid 250 mg capsule 250 mg Oral Capsule Oral
Valproic acid 250 mg tablet 250 mg Delayed Release Tablet Oral
Jump to Detail Pharmaceutical Formulation Page of This Drug

References

1 URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7009).
2 Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
3 Emerging disease-modifying therapies for the treatment of motor neuron disease/amyotropic lateral sclerosis. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2007 May;12(2):229-52.
4 Challenges and new opportunities in the investigation of new drug therapies to treat frontotemporal dementia. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2008 Nov;12(11):1367-76.
5 BDDCS applied to over 900 drugs
6 Critical Evaluation of Human Oral Bioavailability for Pharmaceutical Drugs by Using Various Cheminformatics Approaches
7 Trend Analysis of a Database of Intravenous Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Humans for 1352 Drug Compounds
8 Estimating the safe starting dose in phase I clinical trials and no observed effect level based on QSAR modeling of the human maximum recommended daily dose
9 Development of medications for alcohol use disorders: recent advances and ongoing challenges. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2005 May;10(2):323-43.
10 Transcription-independent heritability of induced histone modifications in the mouse preimplantation embryo. PLoS One. 2009 Jun 30;4(6):e6086.
11 Histone deacetylase-2 is a key regulator of diabetes- and transforming growth factor-beta1-induced renal injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2009 Sep;297(3):F729-39.
12 Histone deacetylase inhibitors induce apoptosis, histone hyperacetylation and up-regulation of gene transcription in Schistosoma mansoni. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2009 Nov;168(1):7-15.
13 Anticancer activities of histone deacetylase inhibitors. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Sep;5(9):769-84.
14 The new generation of GABA enhancers. Potential in the treatment of epilepsy. CNS Drugs. 2001;15(5):339-50.
15 Monocarboxylate Transporters in Drug Disposition: Role in the Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics of the Drug of Abuse GHB.
16 Pharmacogenetics of membrane transporters: an update on current approaches. Mol Biotechnol. 2010 Feb;44(2):152-67.
17 A mechanistic approach to antiepileptic drug interactions. Ann Pharmacother. 1998 May;32(5):554-63.
18 Effect of aging on glucuronidation of valproic acid in human liver microsomes and the role of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT1A4, UGT1A8, and UGT1A10. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009 Jan;37(1):229-36.
19 Psychotropic drug interactions with valproate. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2005 Mar-Apr;28(2):96-101.
20 Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675.
21 Insights into CYP2B6-mediated drug-drug interactions. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2016 Sep;6(5):413-425.
22 Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction of lorazepam and valproic acid in relation to UGT2B7 genetic polymorphism in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Apr;83(4):595-600.
23 UDP glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A6 pharmacogenetics: II. Functional impact of the three most common nonsynonymous UGT1A6 polymorphisms (S7A, T181A, and R184S). J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005 Jun;313(3):1340-6.
24 Functional significance of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase variants in the metabolism of active tamoxifen metabolites. Cancer Res. 2009 Mar 1;69(5):1892-900.
25 Functional characterization of human and cynomolgus monkey UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 enzymes. Life Sci. 2010 Aug 14;87(7-8):261-8.
26 Effect of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A polymorphism (rs8330 and rs10929303) on glucuronidation status of acetaminophen. Dose Response. 2017 Sep 11;15(3):1559325817723731.
27 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 is the principal enzyme responsible for etoposide glucuronidation in human liver and intestinal microsomes: structural characterization of phenolic and alcoholic glucuronides of etoposide and estimation of enzyme kinetics. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007 Mar;35(3):371-80.
28 Interindividual variability in pharmacokinetics of generic nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in TB/HIV-coinfected Ghanaian patients: UGT2B7*1c is associated with faster zidovudine clearance and glucuronidation. J Clin Pharmacol. 2009 Sep;49(9):1079-90.
29 Characterization of rat intestinal microsomal UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity toward mycophenolic acid. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 Sep;34(9):1632-9.
30 Drug-drug interactions for UDP-glucuronosyltransferase substrates: a pharmacokinetic explanation for typically observed low exposure (AUCi/AUC) ratios. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004 Nov;32(11):1201-8.
31 Substrate-dependent modulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) by propofol in recombinant human UGT1A1 and human liver microsomes. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007 Sep;101(3):211-4.
32 Identification and preliminary characterization of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases catalyzing formation of ethyl glucuronide. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2014 Apr;406(9-10):2325-32.
33 Atorvastatin glucuronidation is minimally and nonselectively inhibited by the fibrates gemfibrozil, fenofibrate, and fenofibric acid. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007 Aug;35(8):1315-24.
34 Roles of cytochromes P450 1A2, 2A6, and 2C8 in 5-fluorouracil formation from tegafur, an anticancer prodrug, in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2000 Dec;28(12):1457-63.
35 Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):83-448.
36 Genotoxicity of tamoxifen, tamoxifen epoxide and toremifene in human lymphoblastoid cells containing human cytochrome P450s. Carcinogenesis. 1994 Jan;15(1):5-9.
37 Metabolic interactions between acetaminophen (paracetamol) and two flavonoids, luteolin and quercetin, through in-vitro inhibition studies. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2017 Dec;69(12):1762-1772.
38 The role of human cytochrome P450 enzymes in the formation of 2-hydroxymetronidazole: CYP2A6 is the high affinity (low Km) catalyst. Drug Metab Dispos. 2013 Sep;41(9):1686-94.
39 Possible involvement of multiple human cytochrome P450 isoforms in the liver metabolism of propofol. Br J Anaesth. 1998 Jun;80(6):788-95.
40 CYP2A6- and CYP2A13-catalyzed metabolism of the nicotine delta-5'(1')iminium ion. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2012 Nov;343(2):307-15.
41 Drug related genetic polymorphisms affecting adverse reactions to methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin in patients with urothelial cancer. J Urol. 2008 Dec;180(6):2389-95.
42 Human prostate CYP3A5: identification of a unique 5'-untranslated sequence and characterization of purified recombinant protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Jul 14;260(3):676-81.
43 Polymorphisms in cytochrome P4503A5 (CYP3A5) may be associated with race and tumor characteristics, but not metabolism and side effects of tamoxifen in breast cancer patients. Cancer Lett. 2005 Jan 10;217(1):61-72.
44 Drug Interactions Flockhart Table
45 Induction of hepatic CYP2E1 by a subtoxic dose of acetaminophen in rats: increase in dichloromethane metabolism and carboxyhemoglobin elevation. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007 Oct;35(10):1754-8.
46 Urinary 6 beta-hydroxycortisol excretion in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol. 1997 Jan;36(1):54-8.
47 Clinical pharmacokinetics of imatinib. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(9):879-94.
48 Kinetics and regulation of cytochrome P450-mediated etoposide metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004 Sep;32(9):993-1000.
49 Differential mechanism-based inhibition of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 by verapamil. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 May;33(5):664-71.
50 Progesterone and testosterone hydroxylation by cytochromes P450 2C19, 2C9, and 3A4 in human liver microsomes. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1997 Oct 1;346(1):161-9.
51 Tamoxifen inhibits cytochrome P450 2C9 activity in breast cancer patients. J Chemother. 2006 Aug;18(4):421-4.
52 Characterization of the oxidative metabolites of 17beta-estradiol and estrone formed by 15 selectively expressed human cytochrome p450 isoforms. Endocrinology. 2003 Aug;144(8):3382-98.
53 Drug-drug interactions with imatinib: an observational study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Oct;95(40):e5076.
54 Drug interactions with calcium channel blockers: possible involvement of metabolite-intermediate complexation with CYP3A. Drug Metab Dispos. 2000 Feb;28(2):125-30.
55 New insights into the structural features and functional relevance of human cytochrome P450 2C9. Part I. Curr Drug Metab. 2009 Dec;10(10):1075-126.
56 A potential role for the estrogen-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes in human breast carcinogenesis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2003 Dec;82(3):191-7.
57 In vitro comparative inhibition profiles of major human drug metabolising cytochrome P450 isozymes (CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4) by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1996;50(3):209-15.
58 Effect of tamoxifen on the enzymatic activity of human cytochrome CYP2B6. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Jun;301(3):945-52.
59 Hepatic metabolism of diclofenac: role of human CYP in the minor oxidative pathways. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999 Sep 1;58(5):787-96.
60 Drugs that may have potential CYP2B6 interactions.
61 Involvement of human cytochrome P450 2B6 in the omega- and 4-hydroxylation of the anesthetic agent propofol. Xenobiotica. 2007 Jul;37(7):717-24.
62 Nicotine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-butanone metabolism by cytochrome P450 2B6. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Dec;33(12):1760-4.
63 PharmGKB summary: phenytoin pathway. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2012 Jun;22(6):466-70.
64 Application of the relative activity factor approach in scaling from heterologously expressed cytochromes p450 to human liver microsomes: studies on amitriptyline as a model substrate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001 Apr;297(1):326-37.
65 High-dose rabeprazole/amoxicillin therapy as the second-line regimen after failure to eradicate H. pylori by triple therapy with the usual doses of a proton pump inhibitor, clarithromycin and amoxicillin. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003 Nov-Dec;50(54):2274-8.
66 Cytochrome P450 pharmacogenetics and cancer. Oncogene. 2006 Mar 13;25(11):1679-91.
67 CYP2C19*17 is associated with decreased breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009 May;115(2):391-6.
68 Cytochromes of the P450 2C subfamily are the major enzymes involved in the O-demethylation of verapamil in humans. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1995 Dec;353(1):116-21.
69 Diclofenac and its derivatives as tools for studying human cytochromes P450 active sites: particular efficiency and regioselectivity of P450 2Cs. Biochemistry. 1999 Oct 26;38(43):14264-70.
70 Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):525-33.
71 Metabolism and transport of tamoxifen in relation to its effectiveness: new perspectives on an ongoing controversy. Future Oncol. 2014 Jan;10(1):107-22.
72 Determination of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT2B7 activity in human liver microsomes by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with MS detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2008 Jul 1;870(1):84-90.
73 PharmGKB summary: mycophenolic acid pathway. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2014 Jan;24(1):73-9.
74 Pitavastatin: a review in hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2017 Apr;17(2):157-168.
75 Troglitazone glucuronidation in human liver and intestine microsomes: high catalytic activity of UGT1A8 and UGT1A10. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002 Dec;30(12):1462-9.
76 Ezetimibe: a review of its metabolism, pharmacokinetics and drug interactions. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(5):467-94.
77 Pharmacogenomics of statins: understanding susceptibility to adverse effects. Pharmgenomics Pers Med. 2016 Oct 3;9:97-106.
78 Glucuronidation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: identifying the enzymes responsible in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Jul;33(7):1027-35.
79 UGT1A1*28 is associated with decreased systemic exposure of atorvastatin lactone. Mol Diagn Ther. 2013 Aug;17(4):233-7.
80 Cerivastatin, genetic variants, and the risk of rhabdomyolysis. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2011 May;21(5):280-8.
81 Drug interactions between the immunosuppressant tacrolimus and the cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Apr;89(4):524-8.
82 S-Naproxen and desmethylnaproxen glucuronidation by human liver microsomes and recombinant human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT): role of UGT2B7 in the elimination of naproxen. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2005 Oct;60(4):423-33.
83 Polymorphic expression of UGT1A9 is associated with variable acetaminophen glucuronidation in neonates: a population pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic study. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2018 Oct;57(10):1325-1336.
84 Pharmacokinetic interaction involving sorafenib and the calcium-channel blocker felodipine in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma. Invest New Drugs. 2011 Dec;29(6):1511-4.
85 The evolution of population pharmacokinetic models to describe the enterohepatic recycling of mycophenolic acid in solid organ transplantation and autoimmune disease. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2011 Jan;50(1):1-24.
86 The UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9 enzyme is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and gamma target gene. J Biol Chem. 2003 Apr 18;278(16):13975-83.
87 UGT1A6 and UGT2B15 polymorphisms and acetaminophen conjugation in response to a randomized, controlled diet of select fruits and vegetables. Drug Metab Dispos. 2011 Sep;39(9):1650-7.
88 Pharmacokinetics of propofol and extrahepatic UGT1A6 gene expression in anhepatic rats. Pharmacology. 2009;84(4):219-26.
89 Polymorphisms of Aspirin-Metabolizing Enzymes CYP2C9, NAT2 and UGT1A6 in Aspirin-Intolerant Urticaria. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2011 Oct;3(4):273-6.
90 Deferiprone glucuronidation by human tissues and recombinant UDP glucuronosyltransferase 1A6: an in vitro investigation of genetic and splice variants. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009 Feb;37(2):322-9.
91 Structural and functional studies of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Drug Metab Rev. 1999 Nov;31(4):817-99.
92 Human UGT1A6 pharmacogenetics: identification of a novel SNP, characterization of allele frequencies and functional analysis of recombinant allozymes in human liver tissue and in cultured cells. Pharmacogenetics. 2004 Aug;14(8):487-99.
93 Identification of aspartic acid and histidine residues mediating the reaction mechanism and the substrate specificity of the human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases 1A. J Biol Chem. 2007 Dec 14;282(50):36514-24.
94 Glucuronidation of active tamoxifen metabolites by the human UDP glucuronosyltransferases. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007 Nov;35(11):2006-14.
95 [Pharmacology of mycophenolate mofetil: recent data and clinical consequences]. Nephrologie. 2001;22(7):331-7.
96 Characterization of raloxifene glucuronidation: potential role of UGT1A8 genotype on raloxifene metabolism in vivo. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2013 Jul;6(7):719-30.
97 In vitro metabolism, permeability, and efflux of bazedoxifene in humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 2010 Sep;38(9):1471-9.
98 UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and clinical drug-drug interactions. Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Apr;106(1):97-132.
99 Peroxidative free radical formation and O-demethylation of etoposide(VP-16) and teniposide(VM-26). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1986 Feb 26;135(1):215-20.
100 Involvement of the drug transporters p glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein Mrp2 in telithromycin transport. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006 Jan;50(1):80-7.
101 Dose-dependent disposition of methotrexate in Abcc2 and Abcc3 gene knockout murine models. Drug Metab Dispos. 2011 Nov;39(11):2155-61.
102 Mammalian multidrug-resistance proteins (MRPs). Essays Biochem. 2011 Sep 7;50(1):179-207.
103 Enhancing chemosensitivity in oral squamous cell carcinoma by lentivirus vector-mediated RNA interference targeting EGFR and MRP2. Oncol Lett. 2016 Sep;12(3):2107-2114.
104 Multidrug resistance associated protein 2 mediates transport of prostaglandin E2. Liver Int. 2006 Apr;26(3):362-8.
105 Lentivirus-mediated RNAi silencing targeting ABCC2 increasing the sensitivity of a human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line against cisplatin. J Transl Med. 2008 Oct 4;6:55.
106 Effect of acetaminophen on expression and activity of rat liver multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 and P-glycoprotein. Biochem Pharmacol. 2004 Aug 15;68(4):791-8.
107 Small intestinal efflux mediated by MRP2 and BCRP shifts sulfasalazine intestinal permeability from high to low, enabling its colonic targeting. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2009 Aug;297(2):G371-7.
108 Delineating the contribution of secretory transporters in the efflux of etoposide using Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells overexpressing P-glycoprotein (Pgp), multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP1), and canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter (cMOAT). Drug Metab Dispos. 2002 Apr;30(4):457-63.
109 Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2 (MRP2) Mediated Transport of Oxaliplatin-Derived Platinum in Membrane Vesicles. PLoS One. 2015 Jul 1;10(7):e0130727.
110 Clinical and Functional Relevance of the Monocarboxylate Transporter Family in Disease Pathophysiology and Drug Therapy. Clin Transl Sci. 2018 Jul;11(4):352-364.
111 Characterization of the high-affinity monocarboxylate transporter MCT2 in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Biochem J. 1999 Aug 1;341 ( Pt 3):529-35.
112 Histone Deacetylase inhibitors: new promise in the treatment of immune and inflammatory diseases. Curr Drug Targets. 2010 Nov;11(11):1430-8.
113 Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)
114 Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)
115 URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 8365).
116 Emerging therapies for multiple myeloma. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2009 Mar;14(1):99-127.
117 US patent application no. 2012,0302,505, Cyclodextrin-based polymers for therapeutic delivery.
118 Phase 1 study of the oral histone deacetylase inhibitor abexinostat in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, or chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Invest New Drugs. 2015 Apr;33(2):423-31.
119 Interpreting expression profiles of cancers by genome-wide survey of breadth of expression in normal tissues. Genomics 2005 Aug;86(2):127-41.
120 Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) inhibitors: a patent update (2014-2015).Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2017 Jun;27(6):657-666.
121 The GSK3 kinase inhibitor lithium produces unexpected hyperphosphorylation of -catenin, a GSK3 substrate, in human glioblastoma cells. Biol Open. 2018 Jan 26;7(1):bio030874.
122 Bourgeois BF "Pharmacologic interactions between valproate and other drugs." Am J Med 84 (1988): 29-33. [PMID: 3146222]
123 Henriksen O, Johannessen SI "Clinical and pharmacokinetic observations on sodium valproate: a 5-year follow-up study in 100 children with epilepsy." Acta Neurol Scand 65 (1982): 504-23. [PMID: 6810648]
124 Product Information. Gabitril (tiagabine). Abbott Pharmaceutical, Abbott Park, IL.
125 Cerner Multum, Inc. "Australian Product Information.".
126 Cerner Multum, Inc. "UK Summary of Product Characteristics.".
127 Canadian Pharmacists Association.
128 Product Information. Sirturo (bedaquiline). Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Titusville, NJ.
129 Karonen T, Filppula A, Laitila J, Niemi M, Neuvonen PJ, Backman JT "Gemfibrozil Markedly Increases the Plasma Concentrations of Montelukast: A Previously Unrecognized Role for CYP2C8 in the Metabolism of Montelukast." Clin Pharmacol Ther (2010):. [PMID: 20592724]
130 Fu C, Katzman M, Goldbloom DS "Valproate/nortriptyline interaction." J Clin Psychopharmacol 14 (1994): 205-6. [PMID: 8027418]
131 Anderson GD, Yau MK, Gidal BE, Harris SJ, Levy RH, Lai AA, Wolf KB, Wargin WA, Dren AT "Bidirectional interaction of valproate and lamotrigine in healthy subjects." Clin Pharmacol Ther 60 (1996): 145-56. [PMID: 8823232]
132 Product Information. Turalio (pexidartinib). Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Parsippany, NJ.
133 Product Information. Alinia (nitazoxanide). Romark Laboratories L.C., Tampa, FL.
134 Belcastro V, Costa C, Striano P "Levetiracetam-associated hyponatremia." Seizure 17 (2008): 389-90. [PMID: 18584781]
135 Guthrie SK, Stoysich AM, Bader G, Hilleman DE "Hypothesized interaction between valproic acid and warfarin." J Clin Psychopharmacol 15 (1995): 138-9. [PMID: 7782487]
136 Product Information. Stivarga (regorafenib). Bayer Pharmaceutical Inc, West Haven, CT.
137 Warrington SJ, Ankier SI, Turner P "Evaluation of possible interactions between ethanol and trazodone or amitriptyline." Neuropsychobiology 15 (1986): 31-7. [PMID: 3725002]
138 Tartara A, Galimberti CA, Manni R, et al "Differential effects of valproic acid and enzyme-inducing anticonvulsants on nimodipine pharmacokinetics in epileptic patients." Br J Clin Pharmacol 32 (1991): 335-40. [PMID: 1777370]
139 Corrigan FM "Sodium valproate augmentation of fluoxetine or fluvoxamine effects." Biol Psychiatry 31 (1992): 1178-9. [PMID: 1525286]
140 Product Information. Alphagan (brimonidine ophthalmic). Allergan Inc, Irvine, CA.
141 Product Information. Adcetris (brentuximab vedotin). Seattle Genetics Inc, Bothell, WA.
142 Lertora JJ, Rege AB, Greenspan DL, et al "Pharmacokinetic interaction between zidovudine and valproic acid in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus." Clin Pharmacol Ther 56 (1994): 272-8. [PMID: 7924122]
143 Elsharkawy AM, Schwab U, McCarron B, et al. "Efavirenz induced acute liver failure requiring liver transplantation in a slow drug metaboliser." J Clin Virol 58 (2013): 331-3. [PMID: 23763943]
144 Product Information. Intelence (etravirine). Ortho Biotech Inc, Bridgewater, NJ.
145 Product Information. Kynamro (mipomersen). Genzyme Corporation, Cambridge, MA.
146 Product Information. Juxtapid (lomitapide). Aegerion Pharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, MA.
147 Product Information. Zurampic (lesinurad). Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE.
148 Al-Nawakil C, Willems L, Mauprivez C, et.al "Successful treatment of l-asparaginase-induced severe acute hepatotoxicity using mitochondrial cofactors." Leuk Lymphoma 55 (2014): 1670-4. [PMID: 24090500]
149 Product Information. Zydelig (idelalisib). Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA.
150 Product Information. Clolar (clofarabine). sanofi-aventis, Bridgewater, NJ.
151 Product Information. Reyvow (lasmiditan). Lilly, Eli and Company, Indianapolis, IN.
152 Product Information. Addyi (flibanserin). Sprout Pharmaceuticals, Raleigh, NC.
153 Product Information. Thalomid (thalidomide). Celgene Corporation, Warren, NJ.
154 Bigham S, McGuigan C, MacDonald BK "Reduced absorption of lipophilic anti-epileptic medications when used concomitantly with the anti-obesity drug orlistat." Epilepsia 47 (2006): 2207. [PMID: 17201727]
155 EMA. European Medicines Agency. European Union "EMA - List of medicines under additional monitoring.".
156 Hansen BS, Dam M, Brandt J, et al "Influence of dextropropoxyphene on steady state serum levels and protein binding of three anti-epileptic drugs in man." Acta Neurol Scand 61 (1980): 357-67. [PMID: 6998251]
157 Abbott FS, Kassam J, Orr JM, Farrell K "The effect of aspirin on valproic acid metabolism." Clin Pharmacol Ther 40 (1986): 94-100. [PMID: 3087680]
158 Dasgupta A, Volk A "Displacement of valproic acid and carbamazepine from protein binding in normal and uremic sera by tolmetin, ibuprofen, and naproxen: presence of inhibitor in uremic serum that blocks valproic acid-naproxen interactions." Ther Drug Monit 18 (1996): 284-7. [PMID: 8738769]
159 Sekar M, Mimpriss TJ "Buprenorphine, benzodiazepines and prolonged respiratory depression." Anaesthesia 42 (1987): 567-8. [PMID: 3592200]
160 Lambertsen CJ, Wendel H, Longenhagen JB "The separate and combined respiratory effects of chlorpromazine and meperidine in normal men controlled at 46 mm Hg alveolar pCO2." J Pharmacol Exp Ther 131 (1961): 381-93. [PMID: 13758472]
161 Product Information. Nexium (esomeprazole) Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE.
162 Product Information. Zokinvy (lonafarnib). Eiger BioPharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA.
163 Product Information. Celebrex (celecoxib). Searle, Chicago, IL.
164 Baldassano CF, Ghaemi SN "Generalized edema with risperidone: divalproex sodium treatment." J Clin Psychiatry 57 (1996): 422. [PMID: 9746451]
165 Dasgupta A, Jacques M "Reduced in vitro displacement of valproic acid from protein binding by salicylate in uremic sera compared with normal sera - role of uremic compounds." Am J Clin Pathol 101 (1994): 349-53. [PMID: 8135194]
166 Product Information. Levitra (vardenafil). Bayer, West Haven, CT.
167 Product Information. ReVia (naltrexone). DuPont Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE.
168 Product Information. Zyrtec (cetirizine). Pfizer US Pharmaceuticals, New York, NY.