Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DCIBFV5)

• Drug Combination Name: Amlodipine + Losartan
• Indication: Hypertension; Status: Phase 4 [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Amlodipine (DMBDAZV): Small molecular drug
  Losartan (DM72JXH): Small molecular drug

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Amlodipine

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Angina pectoris	BA40	Approved	[2]
Chronic heart failure	BD1Z	Approved	[2]
Hypertension	BA00-BA04	Approved	[3]
Malignant essential hypertension	BA00	Approved	[2]
Stroke	8B20	Investigative	[2]

Amlodipine Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Voltage-gated calcium channel alpha-2/delta-1 (CACNA2D1)	TTFK1JQ	CA2D1_HUMAN	Blocker	[7]

Amlodipine Interacts with 1 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[8]

Amlodipine Interacts with 20 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1)	OTE4EFH8	CP1A1_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[9]
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6)	OTOYO4S7	CP2B6_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[9]
Aromatase (CYP19A1)	OTZ6XF74	CP19A_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[10]
Cytochrome P450 2J2 (CYP2J2)	OTJBTEH8	CP2J2_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[11]
Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2 (JAK2)	OTBIDOOR	JAK2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[12]
Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein (TGFB1)	OTV5XHVH	TGFB1_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[13]
Insulin (INS)	OTZ85PDU	INS_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[14]
Platelet basic protein (PPBP)	OT1FHGQS	CXCL7_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[15]
Endothelin-1 (EDN1)	OTZCACEG	EDN1_HUMAN	Affects Expression	[16]
Retinoblastoma-associated protein (RB1)	OTQJUJMZ	RB_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[17]
P-selectin (SELP)	OTWR90PK	LYAM3_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[15]
G1/S-specific cyclin-E1 (CCNE1)	OTLD7UID	CCNE1_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[17]
Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2)	OTB5DYYZ	CDK2_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[17]
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (CDKN1A)	OTQWHCZE	CDN1A_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[17]
Leptin (LEP)	OT5Q7ODW	LEP_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[18]
Adiponectin (ADIPOQ)	OTNX23LE	ADIPO_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[18]
Cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1)	OTYXFLSD	CP1B1_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[19]
Resistin (RETN)	OTW5Z1NH	RETN_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[18]
Natriuretic peptides A (NPPA)	OTMQNTNX	ANF_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[20]
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)	OTSXFBXB	CP3A5_HUMAN	Affects Response To Substance	[21]

Indication(s) of Losartan

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Diabetic kidney disease	GB61.Z	Approved	[4]
Hypertension	BA00-BA04	Approved	[5]
Prediabetes syndrome	N.A.	Approved	[4]
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)	1D6Y	Phase 3	[6]

Losartan Interacts with 2 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Angiotensin II receptor type-1 (AGTR1)	TT8DBY3	AGTR1_HUMAN	Antagonist	[22]
HUMAN type-1 angiotensin II receptor (AGTR1)	TTPKMXQ	AGTR1_HUMAN	Blocker	[23]

Losartan Interacts with 2 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1)	DTUGYRD	MDR1_HUMAN	Substrate	[24]
Peptide transporter 1 (SLC15A1)	DT9G7XN	S15A1_HUMAN	Substrate	[25]

Losartan Interacts with 8 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[26]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1)	DEYGVN4	UD11_HUMAN	Metabolism	[27]
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)	DEIBDNY	CP3A5_HUMAN	Metabolism	[26]
Cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8)	DES5XRU	CP2C8_HUMAN	Metabolism	[28]
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9)	DE5IED8	CP2C9_HUMAN	Metabolism	[29]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 (UGT2B7)	DEB3CV1	UD2B7_HUMAN	Metabolism	[29]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A3 (UGT1A3)	DEF2WXN	UD13_HUMAN	Metabolism	[29]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A10 (UGT1A10)	DEL5N6Y	UD110_HUMAN	Metabolism	[29]

Losartan Interacts with 2 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9)	OTGLBN29	CP2C9_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[30]
Interleukin-1 alpha (IL1A)	OTPSGILV	IL1A_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[30]

Test Results of This Drug Combination in Other Disease Systems

Indication	DrugCom ID	Cell Line	Status	REF
Hypertension	DCWO32W	N. A.	Phase 3	[31]

References

• [1] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01176032) ALiskiren or Losartan Effects on bioMARKers of Myocardial Remodeling
• [2] Amlodipine FDA Label
• [3] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6981).
• [4] Losartan FDA Label
• [5] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 590).
• [6] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04343001) Coronavirus Response - Active Support for Hospitalised Covid-19 Patients. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
• [7] A first drug combination for the treatment of arterial hypertension with a calcium channel antagonist (amlodipine besylate) and an angiotensin receptor blocker (valsartan): Exforge. Rev Med Liege. 2007 Nov;62(11):688-94.
• [8] Amlodipine metabolism in human liver microsomes and roles of CYP3A4/5 in the dihydropyridine dehydrogenation. Drug Metab Dispos. 2014 Feb;42(2):245-9.
• [9] Inhibition of human cytochrome P450 enzymes by 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium antagonists: prediction of in vivo drug-drug interactions. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2000 Feb-Mar;55(11-12):843-52.
• [10] Cell-based high-throughput screening for aromatase inhibitors in the Tox21 10K library. Toxicol Sci. 2015 Oct;147(2):446-57.
• [11] Inhibitory effects of antihypertensive drugs on human cytochrome P450 2J2 activity: Potent inhibition by azelnidipine and manidipine. Chem Biol Interact. 2019 Jun 1;306:1-9.
• [12] Amlodipine inhibits cell proliferation via PKD1-related pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008 May 2;369(2):376-81. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.02.075. Epub 2008 Feb 25.
• [13] Effects of amlodipine on TGF--induced Smad2, 4 expressions in adriamycin toxicity of rat mesangial cells. Arch Toxicol. 2011 Jun;85(6):663-8. doi: 10.1007/s00204-011-0667-4. Epub 2011 Feb 20.
• [14] Additive beneficial effects of atorvastatin combined with amlodipine in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. Int J Cardiol. 2011 Feb 3;146(3):319-25. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.07.002. Epub 2009 Aug 3.
• [15] Platelet morphology and plasma indices of platelet activation in essential hypertension: effects of amlodipine-based antihypertensive therapy. Ann Med. 2004;36(7):552-7. doi: 10.1080/07853890410017386.
• [16] Role of transforming growth factor-beta1 in the progression of chronic allograft nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16 Suppl 1:114-6. doi: 10.1093/ndt/16.suppl_1.114.
• [17] G1 cell cycle arrest by amlodipine, a dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel blocker, in human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 2007 Apr 1;73(7):943-53. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.12.011. Epub 2006 Dec 14.
• [18] Amlodipine improves endothelial function and metabolic parameters in patients with hypertension. Int J Cardiol. 2009 Mar 20;133(1):23-31. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.11.058. Epub 2008 Jan 15.
• [19] Association of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 inhibition in in vitro assays with drug-induced liver injury. J Toxicol Sci. 2021;46(4):167-176. doi: 10.2131/jts.46.167.
• [20] Pharmacogenetic association of the NPPA T2238C genetic variant with cardiovascular disease outcomes in patients with hypertension. JAMA. 2008 Jan 23;299(3):296-307. doi: 10.1001/jama.299.3.296.
• [21] Comparing antihypertensive effect and plasma ciclosporin concentration between amlodipine and valsartan regimens in hypertensive renal transplant patients receiving ciclosporin therapy. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2011 Dec 1;11(6):401-9. doi: 10.2165/11593800-000000000-00000.
• [22] Radioligand binding assays: application of [(125)I]angiotensin II receptor binding. Methods Mol Biol. 2009;552:131-41.
• [23] Controversies of renin-angiotensin system inhibition during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020 Apr 3.
• [24] Active transport of the angiotensin-II antagonist losartan and its main metabolite EXP 3174 across MDCK-MDR1 and caco-2 cell monolayers. Br J Pharmacol. 2000 Mar;129(6):1235-43.
• [25] High-affinity interaction of sartans with H+/peptide transporters. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009 Jan;37(1):143-9.
• [26] Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):83-448.
• [27] The human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT1A3 is highly selective towards N2 in the tetrazole ring of losartan, candesartan, and zolarsartan. Biochem Pharmacol. 2008 Sep 15;76(6):763-72.
• [28] Drug-drug interaction between losartan and paclitaxel in human liver microsomes with different CYP2C8 genotypes. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2015 Jun;116(6):493-8.
• [29] Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675.
• [30] ADReCS-Target: target profiles for aiding drug safety research and application. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D911-D917. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx899.
• [31] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04074551) A Phase 3 Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Co-administered HGP0608, HGP0904 and HCP1306 Versus HCP1701 in Patients With Hypertension and Dyslipidemia