Details of the Drug

General Information of Drug (ID: DMTY9LU)

• Drug Name: Piperazine
• Synonyms: Anthalazine; Antiren; Diethylenediamine; Diethyleneimine; Dispermine; Eraverm; Hexahydropyrazine; Lumbrical; PZE; Piperazidine; Piperazin; Pipersol; Upixon; Uvilon; Vermex; Vermizine; Wurmirazin; Piperazin [German]; Piperazin [Germany]; Piperazine Dihydrochloride Dihydrochloride Hydrate; Piperazine [USAN]; Piperazine anhydrous; Piperazinium oleate; Pyrazine hexahydride; LTBB000432; Piperazine [UN2579] [Corrosive]; Eraverm (VAN); PIPERAZINE (HEXAHYDRATE); Piperazine (USP); Piperazine Hexa-Hydrate; Piperazine, anhydrous; Pyrazine, hexahy; Vermizine (TN); Worm-away; Asca-Trol No. 3; Worm-A-Ton; Hexahydro-1,4-diazine; 1,4-Diazacyclohexane; 1,4-Diethylenediamine; 1,4-Piperazine

Indication

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Ascariasis	1F62	Approved	[1], [2]
Enterobiasis	1F65	Approved	[1], [2]

• Therapeutic Class: Antinematodal Agents
• Drug Type: Small molecular drug
• #Ro5 Violations (Lipinski): 0:
  Molecular Weight (mw); 86.14
  Topological Polar Surface Area (xlogp); -1.5
  Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds); 0
  Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor); 2
  Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc); 2
• ADMET Property:
  Absorption: The drug is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract [3]
  BDDCS Class: Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) Class 3: high solubility and low permeability [4]
  Elimination: 50% of drug is excreted from urine in the unchanged form [4]
  Metabolism: The drug is metabolized via the liver [3]
  MRTD: The Maximum Recommended Therapeutic Dose (MRTD) of drug that ensured maximising efficacy and moderate side effect is 580.466 micromolar/kg/day [5]
  Water Solubility: The ability of drug to dissolve in water is measured as 260 mg/mL [4]
• Chemical Identifiers:
  Formula: C4H10N2
  IUPAC Name: piperazine
  Canonical SMILES: C1CNCCN1
  InChI: InChI=1S/C4H10N2/c1-2-6-4-3-5-1/h5-6H,1-4H2
  InChIKey: GLUUGHFHXGJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
• Cross-matching ID:
  PubChem CID: 4837
  ChEBI ID: CHEBI:28568
  CAS Number: 110-85-0
  DrugBank ID: DB00592
  TTD ID: D01XLM
  INTEDE ID: DR1297
  ACDINA ID: D00535

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (GAR)	TTNJYV2	NOUNIPROTAC	Antagonist	[6]

Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme (DME)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)	DECB0K3	CP2D6_HUMAN	Substrate	[7]

Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) Information of This Drug

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Disease Different from Piperazine (Comorbidity)

DDI Drug Name	DDI Drug ID	Severity	Mechanism	Comorbidity	REF
Polyethylene glycol	DM4I1JP	Moderate	Increased risk of lowers seizure threshold by the combination of Piperazine and Polyethylene glycol.	Irritable bowel syndrome [DD91]	[27]
Bupropion	DM5PCS7	Major	Decreased metabolism of Piperazine caused by Bupropion mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Nicotine use disorder [6C4A]	[28]

Drug Inactive Ingredient(s) (DIG) and Formulation(s) of This Drug

DIG

DIG Name	DIG ID	PubChem CID	Functional Classification
FD&C blue no. 1	E00263	19700	Colorant
Isopropyl alcohol	E00070	3776	Antimicrobial preservative; Solvent
Brushite	E00392	104805	Diluent
Magnesium stearate	E00208	11177	lubricant
Vinylpyrrolidone	E00668	Not Available	Binding agent; Coating agent; Disintegrant; Film/membrane-forming agent; Solubilizing agent; Suspending agent
Water	E00035	962	Solvent

Pharmaceutical Formulation

Formulation Name	Drug Dosage	Dosage Form	Route
Piperazine 100 mg tablet	100 mg	Chewable Tablet	Oral

Jump to Detail Pharmaceutical Formulation Page of This Drug

References

• [1] Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
• [2] FDA Approved Drug Products from FDA Official Website. 2009. Application Number: (ANDA) 080671.
• [3] FDA approval: ado-trastuzumab emtansine for the treatment of patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2014 Sep 1;20(17):4436-41.
• [4] BDDCS applied to over 900 drugs
• [5] Estimating the safe starting dose in phase I clinical trials and no observed effect level based on QSAR modeling of the human maximum recommended daily dose
• [6] Cyclooctadepsipeptides--an anthelmintically active class of compounds exhibiting a novel mode of action. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2003 Sep;22(3):318-31.
• [7] Chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and hepatic metabolism of designer drugs of the amphetamine (ecstasy), piperazine, and pyrrolidinophenone types: a synopsis. Ther Drug Monit. 2004 Apr;26(2):127-31.
• [8] Inhibitory effects of anticancer drugs on dextromethorphan-O-demethylase activity in human liver microsomes. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1993;32(6):491-5.
• [9] Effect of genetic polymorphism on the metabolism of endogenous neuroactive substances, progesterone and p-tyramine, catalyzed by CYP2D6. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2004 Oct 22;129(1-2):117-23.
• [10] CYP2D6 polymorphisms and tamoxifen metabolism: clinical relevance. Curr Oncol Rep. 2010 Jan;12(1):7-15.
• [11] Metabolic interactions between acetaminophen (paracetamol) and two flavonoids, luteolin and quercetin, through in-vitro inhibition studies. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2017 Dec;69(12):1762-1772.
• [12] Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675.
• [13] Inhibition of cytochrome P450 2D6: structure-activity studies using a series of quinidine and quinine analogues. Chem Res Toxicol. 2003 Apr;16(4):450-9.
• [14] Effects of propofol on human hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 activities. Xenobiotica. 1998 Sep;28(9):845-53.
• [15] Pharmacogenetics of schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet. 2000 Spring;97(1):98-106.
• [16] Roles of CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 in nicotine C-oxidation by human liver microsomes. Arch Toxicol. 1999 Mar;73(2):65-70.
• [17] Structure-activity relationship for human cytochrome P450 substrates and inhibitors. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):69-82.
• [18] DrugBank: a knowledgebase for drugs, drug actions and drug targets. Nucleic Acids Res. 2008 Jan;36(Database issue):D901-6.
• [19] Neurosteroid analogues. 11. Alternative ring system scaffolds: gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor modulation and anesthetic actions of benz[f]indenes. J Med Chem. 2006 Jul 27;49(15):4595-605.
• [20] 3-demethoxy-3-glycosylaminothiocolchicines: Synthesis of a new class of putative muscle relaxant compounds. J Med Chem. 2006 Sep 7;49(18):5571-7.
• [21] Glutamate- and GABA-based CNS therapeutics. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2006 Feb;6(1):7-17.
• [22] Synthesis and binding affinity of 2-phenylimidazo[1,2-alpha]pyridine derivatives for both central and peripheral benzodiazepine receptors. A new se... J Med Chem. 1997 Sep 12;40(19):3109-18.
• [23] 2018 FDA drug approvals.Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2019 Feb;18(2):85-89.
• [24] DP-VPA D-Pharm. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2002 Jun;3(6):921-3.
• [25] Structural requirements for agonist actions at the benzodiazepine receptor: studies with analogues of 6-(benzyloxy)-4-(methoxymethyl)-beta-carbolin... J Med Chem. 1990 Mar;33(3):1062-9.
• [26] Anti-obesity drugs. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008 Jun;9(8):1339-50.
• [27] Product Information. Suprep Bowel Prep Kit (magnesium/potassium/sodium sulfates). Braintree Laboratories, Braintree, MA.
• [28] Canadian Pharmacists Association.