General Information of Drug (ID: DMOM8AL)

Drug Name
Scopolamine Drug Info
Synonyms
Atroscine; Euscopol; Hyosceine; Hysco; Isoscopil; Kwells; SEE; Scop; Scopamin; Scopolaminhydrobromid; Scopos; Sereen; Tranaxine; Transcop; Triptone; Atroscine Hydrobromide; Hydroscine hydrobromide; Hyocine F hydrobromide; Hyoscine bromide; Hyoscyine hydrobromide; SCOPOLAMINE BROMIDE; Scopolamine Hyoscine; Scopolaminium bromide; Scopolammonium bromide; Tropane alkaloid; MOLI001381; NCI61806; Borrachero (TN); Burundanga (TN); Hyoscine (TN); L-Hyoscine hydrobromide; Scopoderm-TTS; Scopolamine (INN); Transderm scop (TN); Levo-duboisine (TN); Xy-, (-)-tropate (ester); (-)-Scopolamine hydrobromide trihydrate; 1alphaH,5alphaH-Tropan-3alpha-ol, 6beta,7beta-epo; 1alphaH,5alphaH-Tropan-3alpha-ol, 6beta,7beta-epoxy-, (-)-tropate (ester); 3-Oxa-9-azatricyclo(3.3.1.O(sup 2,4))nonan-7-ol, 9-methyl-, tropate (ester); 9-methyl-3-oxa-9-azatricyclo[3.3.1.0~2,4~]non-7-yl tropate
Indication
Disease Entry ICD 11 Status REF
Addictive disorder 6C50-6C5Z Approved [1]
Allergic rhinitis CA08.0 Approved [2]
Common cold CA00 Approved [2]
Cough MD12 Approved [2]
Irritable bowel syndrome DD91.0 Approved [2]
Major depressive disorder 6A70.3 Approved [2]
Mydriasis LA11.62 Approved [2]
Nausea MD90 Approved [1]
Peptic ulcer DA61 Approved [2]
Vasomotor/allergic rhinitis CA08 Approved [2]
Iridocyclitis Investigative [2]
Uveitis 9A96.Z Investigative [2]
Therapeutic Class
Antispasmodics
Cross-matching ID
PubChem CID
3000322
ChEBI ID
CHEBI:16794
CAS Number
CAS 114-49-8
TTD Drug ID
DMOM8AL
VARIDT Drug ID
DR01000

Molecule-Related Drug Atlas

Molecule-Related Drug Atlas
Molecule Type:
DTT
DOT
Drug Status:
Approved Drug(s)
Clinical Trial Drug(s)
Investigative Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Acetylcholine DMDF79Z Cataract 9B10 Approved [8]
Tiotropium DMFDC0Q Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CA22 Approved [9]
Darifenacin DMWXLYZ Overactive bladder GC50.0 Approved [10]
Methylscopolamine DM5VWOB Peptic ulcer DA61 Approved [11]
Clidinium DMUMQZ0 Abdominal stomach pain DD91.4 Approved [12]
Oxybutynin hydrochloride DMF2KLU Urinary incontinence MF50.2 Approved [13]
Incruse Ellipta DM32GSJ Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CA22 Approved [14]
Revefenacin DMMP5SI Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CA22 Approved [15]
Isopropamide iodide DMQYV60 Allergic rhinitis CA08.0 Approved [16]
SUN-101 DMXNZQK Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CA22 Phase 3 [17]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug(s) Affected By Acetylcholinesterase (ACHE)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Acetylcholine DMDF79Z Cataract 9B10 Approved [18]
Imipramine DM2NUH3 Depression 6A70-6A7Z Approved [19]
Colchicine DM2POTE Acute gout flare FA25.0 Approved [20]
Methotrexate DM2TEOL Anterior urethra cancer Approved [21]
Tretinoin DM49DUI Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [22]
L-Glutamic Acid DM4PUDW Schizophrenia 6A20 Approved [20]
Tacrine DM51FY6 Alzheimer disease 8A20 Approved [23]
Chlorpromazine DMBGZI3 Acute intermittent hepatic porphyria 5C58.11 Approved [24]
Neostigmine DM6T2J3 Myasthenia gravis 8C6Y Approved [25]
Testosterone DM7HUNW Hot flushes GA30 Approved [26]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Fulvestrant DM0YZC6 Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [27]
Tretinoin DM49DUI Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [28]
Alitretinoin DMME8LH Kaposi sarcoma 2B57 Approved [28]
Methamphetamine DMPM4SK Anxiety Approved [29]
Triclosan DMZUR4N Malaria 1F40-1F45 Approved [30]
Nicotine DMWX5CO Lung cancer 2C25.0 Approved [5]
Benzo(a)pyrene DMN7J43 N. A. N. A. Phase 1 [31]
bisphenol A DM2ZLD7 Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [32]
2-AMINO-1-METHYL-6-PHENYLIMIDAZO[4,5-B]PYRIDINE DMNQL17 Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [33]
Elaidoylamide DMP8VDT Discovery agent N.A. Investigative [34]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Hydrogen peroxide DM1NG5W Infectious disease 1A00-CA43.1 Approved [35]
Colchicine DM2POTE Acute gout flare FA25.0 Approved [36]
Methotrexate DM2TEOL Anterior urethra cancer Approved [21]
Tretinoin DM49DUI Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [37]
Panobinostat DM58WKG Chronic graft versus host disease Approved [38]
Arsenic trioxide DM61TA4 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2A85 Approved [39]
Leflunomide DMR8ONJ Arthritis FA20 Approved [40]
Ciclosporin DMAZJFX Graft-versus-host disease 4B24 Approved [41]
Valproate DMCFE9I Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [42]
Ivermectin DMDBX5F Intestinal strongyloidiasis due to nematode parasite 1F6B Approved [43]
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Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Cannabidiol DM0659E Dravet syndrome 8A61.11 Approved [44]
Tretinoin DM49DUI Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [37]
Hydroquinone DM6AVR4 Melasma ED60.1 Approved [45]
Valproate DMCFE9I Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [46]
Alitretinoin DMME8LH Kaposi sarcoma 2B57 Approved [47]
Cupric Sulfate DMP0NFQ Fungal infection 1F29-1F2F Approved [48]
Decitabine DMQL8XJ Acute myelogenous leukaemia 2A41 Approved [49]
Cisplatin DMRHGI9 Adenocarcinoma 2D40 Approved [50]
Arsenic DMTL2Y1 N. A. N. A. Approved [51]
Estradiol DMUNTE3 Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [52]
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Drug(s) Affected By Neuromodulin (GAP43)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Verapamil DMA7PEW Angina pectoris BA40 Approved [53]
Sulindac DM2QHZU Acute myelogenous leukaemia 2A41 Approved [53]
Tretinoin DM49DUI Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [54]
Panobinostat DM58WKG Chronic graft versus host disease Approved [38]
Arsenic trioxide DM61TA4 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2A85 Approved [55]
Methazolamide DM7J2TA Glaucoma/ocular hypertension 9C61 Approved [53]
Calcitriol DM8ZVJ7 Congenital alopecia LC30 Approved [56]
Lovastatin DM9OZWQ Arteriosclerosis BD40 Approved [57]
Valproate DMCFE9I Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [58]
Megestrol DMDH9KX Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [53]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Ciclosporin DMAZJFX Graft-versus-host disease 4B24 Approved [59]
Valproate DMCFE9I Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [46]
Atropine DMEN6X7 Organophosphate poisoning NE6Z Approved [7]
Galantamine DMEO794 Alzheimer disease 8A20 Approved [7]
Rivastigmine DMG629M Alzheimer disease 8A20 Approved [7]
Estradiol DMUNTE3 Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [60]
Nicotine DMWX5CO Lung cancer 2C25.0 Approved [61]
Carbamazepine DMZOLBI Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [62]
CYTISINE DMUF0BJ Tobacco dependence 6C4A.2 Phase 3 [63]
Benzo(a)pyrene DMN7J43 N. A. N. A. Phase 1 [31]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Fulvestrant DM0YZC6 Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [27]
Selenium DM25CGV N. A. N. A. Approved [64]
Valproate DMCFE9I Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [46]
Atropine DMEN6X7 Organophosphate poisoning NE6Z Approved [7]
Galantamine DMEO794 Alzheimer disease 8A20 Approved [7]
Rivastigmine DMG629M Alzheimer disease 8A20 Approved [7]
Rosiglitazone DMILWZR Chronic kidney disease GB61 Approved [65]
Arsenic DMTL2Y1 N. A. N. A. Approved [66]
Estradiol DMUNTE3 Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [67]
Nicotine DMWX5CO Lung cancer 2C25.0 Approved [65]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Fulvestrant DM0YZC6 Breast cancer 2C60-2C65 Approved [68]
Hydrogen peroxide DM1NG5W Infectious disease 1A00-CA43.1 Approved [69]
Cladribine DM3JDRP Hairy cell leukaemia 2A82.2 Approved [70]
Quercetin DM3NC4M Obesity 5B81 Approved [71]
Troglitazone DM3VFPD Diabetic complication 5A2Y Approved [72]
Tretinoin DM49DUI Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [73]
Cyclophosphamide DM4O2Z7 Advanced cancer 2A00-2F9Z Approved [74]
Acetic Acid, Glacial DM4SJ5Y infection in the ear canal AA0Y Approved [75]
Arsenic trioxide DM61TA4 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2A85 Approved [76]
Hydroquinone DM6AVR4 Melasma ED60.1 Approved [77]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)
Drug(s) Affected By Histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2)
Drug Name Drug ID Indication ICD 11 Highest Status REF
Hydrogen peroxide DM1NG5W Infectious disease 1A00-CA43.1 Approved [78]
Tretinoin DM49DUI Acne vulgaris ED80 Approved [79]
Acetic Acid, Glacial DM4SJ5Y infection in the ear canal AA0Y Approved [80]
Arsenic trioxide DM61TA4 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2A85 Approved [81]
Hydroquinone DM6AVR4 Melasma ED60.1 Approved [82]
Valproate DMCFE9I Epilepsy 8A60-8A68 Approved [83]
Ivermectin DMDBX5F Intestinal strongyloidiasis due to nematode parasite 1F6B Approved [43]
Mifepristone DMGZQEF Cushing disease 5A70 Approved [84]
Decitabine DMQL8XJ Acute myelogenous leukaemia 2A41 Approved [85]
Menadione DMSJDTY Vitamin K deficiency 5B59 Approved [86]
⏷ Show the Full List of 10 Drug(s)

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Molecular Interaction Atlas

Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)
DTT Name DTT ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (CHRM) TTOXS3C NOUNIPROTAC Antagonist [3]

Drug Off-Target (DOT)
DOT Name DOT ID UniProt ID Interaction REF
Acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) OT2H8HG6 ACES_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [4]
Choline O-acetyltransferase (CHAT) OTEJWQ45 CLAT_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [4]
DNA cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) OTM2DGTK DNMT1_HUMAN Drug Response [5]
Histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) OTUYVFKN HDAC2_HUMAN Drug Response [5]
Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) OT6UYT3X MTAP2_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [6]
Neurofilament heavy polypeptide (NEFH) OTMSCW5I NFH_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [6]
Neuromodulin (GAP43) OT2OTGGV NEUM_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [6]
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 (CHRNA4) OT1H0ZXC ACHA4_HUMAN Protein Interaction/Cellular Processes [7]
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 (CHRNB2) OTNAT2M5 ACHB2_HUMAN Protein Interaction/Cellular Processes [7]

References

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2 Scopolamine FDA Label
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27 DNA methylome-wide alterations associated with estrogen receptor-dependent effects of bisphenols in breast cancer. Clin Epigenetics. 2019 Oct 10;11(1):138. doi: 10.1186/s13148-019-0725-y.
28 Effects of all-trans and 9-cis retinoic acid on differentiating human neural stem cells in vitro. Toxicology. 2023 Mar 15;487:153461. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153461. Epub 2023 Feb 16.
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30 Transcriptome and DNA methylome dynamics during triclosan-induced cardiomyocyte differentiation toxicity. Stem Cells Int. 2018 Oct 29;2018:8608327.
31 Air pollution and DNA methylation alterations in lung cancer: A systematic and comparative study. Oncotarget. 2017 Jan 3;8(1):1369-1391. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.13622.
32 Environmental pollutant induced cellular injury is reflected in exosomes from placental explants. Placenta. 2020 Jan 1;89:42-49. doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2019.10.008. Epub 2019 Oct 17.
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34 Effects of oleamide on choline acetyltransferase and cognitive activities. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2003 Jun;67(6):1284-91.
35 Minimal peroxide exposure of neuronal cells induces multifaceted adaptive responses. PLoS One. 2010 Dec 17;5(12):e14352. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014352.
36 Establishment of a 13 genes-based molecular prediction score model to discriminate the neurotoxic potential of food relevant-chemicals. Toxicol Lett. 2022 Feb 1;355:1-18. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.10.013. Epub 2021 Nov 5.
37 Development of a neural teratogenicity test based on human embryonic stem cells: response to retinoic acid exposure. Toxicol Sci. 2011 Dec;124(2):370-7.
38 A transcriptome-based classifier to identify developmental toxicants by stem cell testing: design, validation and optimization for histone deacetylase inhibitors. Arch Toxicol. 2015 Sep;89(9):1599-618.
39 Systems analysis of transcriptome and proteome in retinoic acid/arsenic trioxide-induced cell differentiation/apoptosis of promyelocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 May 24;102(21):7653-8.
40 Endoplasmic reticulum stress and MAPK signaling pathway activation underlie leflunomide-induced toxicity in HepG2 Cells. Toxicology. 2017 Dec 1;392:11-21.
41 Comparison of HepG2 and HepaRG by whole-genome gene expression analysis for the purpose of chemical hazard identification. Toxicol Sci. 2010 May;115(1):66-79.
42 Neuronal and cardiac toxicity of pharmacological compounds identified through transcriptomic analysis of human pluripotent stem cell-derived embryoid bodies. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2021 Dec 15;433:115792. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115792. Epub 2021 Nov 3.
43 Quantitative proteomics reveals a broad-spectrum antiviral property of ivermectin, benefiting for COVID-19 treatment. J Cell Physiol. 2021 Apr;236(4):2959-2975. doi: 10.1002/jcp.30055. Epub 2020 Sep 22.
44 Cannabidiol Activates Neuronal Precursor Genes in Human Gingival Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. J Cell Biochem. 2017 Jun;118(6):1531-1546. doi: 10.1002/jcb.25815. Epub 2016 Dec 29.
45 Keratinocyte-derived IL-36gama plays a role in hydroquinone-induced chemical leukoderma through inhibition of melanogenesis in human epidermal melanocytes. Arch Toxicol. 2019 Aug;93(8):2307-2320.
46 Integrative omics data analyses of repeated dose toxicity of valproic acid in vitro reveal new mechanisms of steatosis induction. Toxicology. 2018 Jan 15;393:160-170.
47 Tryptanthrin induces growth inhibition and neuronal differentiation in the human neuroblastoma LA-N-1 cells. Chem Biol Interact. 2013 Apr 25;203(2):512-21. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.03.001. Epub 2013 Mar 13.
48 Physiological and toxicological transcriptome changes in HepG2 cells exposed to copper. Physiol Genomics. 2009 Aug 7;38(3):386-401.
49 Epigenetic silencing of novel tumor suppressors in malignant melanoma. Cancer Res. 2006 Dec 1;66(23):11187-93. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1274.
50 Low doses of cisplatin induce gene alterations, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia cells. Biomark Insights. 2016 Aug 24;11:113-21.
51 Arsenic metabolites affect expression of the neurofilament and tau genes: an in-vitro study into the mechanism of arsenic neurotoxicity. Toxicol In Vitro. 2007 Sep;21(6):1104-12. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.04.007. Epub 2007 Apr 27.
52 Estradiol and selective estrogen receptor modulators differentially regulate target genes with estrogen receptors alpha and beta. Mol Biol Cell. 2004 Mar;15(3):1262-72. doi: 10.1091/mbc.e03-06-0360. Epub 2003 Dec 29.
53 Discovery of molecular mechanisms of neuroprotection using cell-based bioassays and oligonucleotide arrays. Physiol Genomics. 2002 Oct 29;11(2):45-52. doi: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00064.2002.
54 Arsenic trioxide inhibits neuroblastoma growth in vivo and promotes apoptotic cell death in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Oct 14;277(1):179-85. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3651.
55 Identification of transcriptome signatures and biomarkers specific for potential developmental toxicants inhibiting human neural crest cell migration. Arch Toxicol. 2016 Jan;90(1):159-80.
56 Large-scale in silico and microarray-based identification of direct 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 target genes. Mol Endocrinol. 2005 Nov;19(11):2685-95.
57 Lovastatin induces neuronal differentiation and apoptosis of embryonal carcinoma and neuroblastoma cells: enhanced differentiation and apoptosis in combination with dbcAMP. Mol Cell Biochem. 2010 Dec;345(1-2):1-11. doi: 10.1007/s11010-010-0553-z. Epub 2010 Aug 9.
58 The neuroprotective action of the mood stabilizing drugs lithium chloride and sodium valproate is mediated through the up-regulation of the homeodomain protein Six1. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2009 Feb 15;235(1):124-34.
59 Cyclosporine A--induced oxidative stress in human renal mesangial cells: a role for ERK 1/2 MAPK signaling. Toxicol Sci. 2012 Mar;126(1):101-13.
60 17-Estradiol Activates HSF1 via MAPK Signaling in ER-Positive Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel). 2019 Oct 11;11(10):1533. doi: 10.3390/cancers11101533.
61 Repetitive nicotine exposure leads to a more malignant and metastasis-prone phenotype of SCLC: a molecular insight into the importance of quitting smoking during treatment. Toxicol Sci. 2010 Aug;116(2):467-76. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq138. Epub 2010 May 10.
62 Molecular modelling of the interactions of carbamazepine and a nicotinic receptor involved in the autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. Br J Pharmacol. 2002 Jul;136(6):883-95. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704786.
63 ABT-089 [2-methyl-3-(2-(S)-pyrrolidinylmethoxy)pyridine]: I. A potent and selective cholinergic channel modulator with neuroprotective properties. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997 Oct;283(1):235-46.
64 Selenium and vitamin E: cell type- and intervention-specific tissue effects in prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009 Mar 4;101(5):306-20.
65 Rosiglitazone inhibits alpha4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression in human lung carcinoma cells through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-independent signals. Mol Cancer Ther. 2009 Jan;8(1):110-8. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-08-0719.
66 Prenatal arsenic exposure and the epigenome: identifying sites of 5-methylcytosine alterations that predict functional changes in gene expression in newborn cord blood and subsequent birth outcomes. Toxicol Sci. 2015 Jan;143(1):97-106. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu210. Epub 2014 Oct 10.
67 The C terminus of the human nicotinic alpha4beta2 receptor forms a binding site required for potentiation by an estrogenic steroid. J Neurosci. 2001 Sep 1;21(17):6561-8. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-17-06561.2001.
68 mTOR inhibition reverses acquired endocrine therapy resistance of breast cancer cells at the cell proliferation and gene-expression levels. Cancer Sci. 2008 Oct;99(10):1992-2003. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00955.x.
69 Oxidative stress-induced epigenetic changes associated with malignant transformation of human kidney epithelial cells. Oncotarget. 2017 Feb 14;8(7):11127-11143. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.12091.
70 Comparative effects of retinoic acid, vitamin D and resveratrol alone and in combination with adenosine analogues on methylation and expression of phosphatase and tensin homologue tumour suppressor gene in breast cancer cells. Br J Nutr. 2012 Mar;107(6):781-90. doi: 10.1017/S0007114511003631. Epub 2011 Aug 1.
71 Multifaceted preventive effects of single agent quercetin on a human prostate adenocarcinoma cell line (PC-3): implications for nutritional transcriptomics and multi-target therapy. Med Oncol. 2011 Dec;28(4):1395-404. doi: 10.1007/s12032-010-9603-3. Epub 2010 Jul 2.
72 Effects of ciglitazone and troglitazone on the proliferation of human stomach cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol. 2009 Jan 21;15(3):310-20.
73 The low-toxicity 9-cis UAB30 novel retinoid down-regulates the DNA methyltransferases and has anti-telomerase activity in human breast cancer cells. Int J Oncol. 2007 Mar;30(3):641-50.
74 Cyclophosphamide perturbs cytosine methylation in Jurkat-T cells through LSD1-mediated stabilization of DNMT1 protein. Chem Res Toxicol. 2011 Nov 21;24(11):2040-3. doi: 10.1021/tx2003849. Epub 2011 Nov 1.
75 DNA methyltransferase inhibitors coordinately induce expression of the human reelin and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 genes. Mol Pharmacol. 2007 Mar;71(3):644-53. doi: 10.1124/mol.106.030635. Epub 2006 Oct 25.
76 Arsenic trioxide inhibits DNA methyltransferase and restores methylation-silenced genes in human liver cancer cells. Hum Pathol. 2006 Mar;37(3):298-311.
77 Hypomethylation mediated by decreased DNMTs involves in the activation of proto-oncogene MPL in TK6 cells treated with hydroquinone. Toxicol Lett. 2012 Mar 25;209(3):239-45. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.12.020. Epub 2012 Jan 8.
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