Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DC7OGH1)

• Drug Combination Name: Fludarabine + Digitoxin
• Indication: Large cell lung carcinoma; Status: Investigative [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Fludarabine (DMVRLT7): Small molecular drug
  Digitoxin (DMWVIGP): Small molecular drug
• High-throughput Screening Result:
  Testing Cell Line: NCI-H460
  Zero Interaction Potency (ZIP) Score: 3.09
  Bliss Independence Score: 5.66
  Loewe Additivity Score: 1.28
  LHighest Single Agent (HSA) Score: 6.49

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Fludarabine

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Acute myelogenous leukaemia	2A41	Approved	[2]
Cutaneous melanoma	2C30	Approved	[2]
Haematological malignancy	2B33.Y	Approved	[3]
Hematologic disease	3C0Z	Approved	[2]
Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma	N.A.	Approved	[2]
Immunodeficiency	4A00-4A85	Approved	[2]
Large granular lymphocytic leukemia	2A90.1	Approved	[2]
Lung cancer	2C25.0	Approved	[2]
MALT lymphoma	N.A.	Approved	[2]
Multiple sclerosis	8A40	Approved	[2]
Myeloproliferative neoplasm	2A20	Approved	[2]
Nodal marginal zone lymphoma	2A85.0	Approved	[2]
Primary cutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified	N.A.	Approved	[2]
Recurrent adult burkitt lymphoma	2A85.6	Approved	[2]
Small intestine lymphoma	N.A.	Approved	[2]
Splenic marginal zone lymphoma	N.A.	Approved	[2]
Systemic lupus erythematosus	4A40.0	Approved	[2]
Systemic sclerosis	4A42	Approved	[2]
Testicular lymphoma	N.A.	Approved	[2]
Classic Hodgkin lymphoma	N.A.	Investigative	[2]
Colon cancer	2B90.Z	Investigative	[2]
Gastric cancer	2B72	Investigative	[2]
Neuroblastoma	2D11.2	Investigative	[2]

Fludarabine Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Adenosine deaminase (ADA)	TTLP57V	ADA_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[8]

Fludarabine Interacts with 22 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10A (TNFRSF10A)	OTBPCU2O	TR10A_HUMAN	Affects Expression	[9]
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10B (TNFRSF10B)	OTA1CPBV	TR10B_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[10]
Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53)	OTIE1VH3	P53_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[10]
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)	OTHZ1RIA	PCNA_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[11]
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9)	OTB2QDAV	MMP9_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[12]
Histone H2AX (H2AX)	OT18UX57	H2AX_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[5]
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 (FAS)	OTP9XG86	TNR6_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[13]
DNA cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1)	OTM2DGTK	DNMT1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[14]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3)	OTCYKGKO	MK03_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[6]
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1)	OTH85PI5	MK01_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[6]
RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT1)	OT8H2YY7	AKT1_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[15]
Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 (MAP2K2)	OTUE7Z91	MP2K2_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[15]
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (CDKN1A)	OTQWHCZE	CDN1A_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[11]
Caspase-3 (CASP3)	OTIJRBE7	CASP3_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[13]
Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase PTEN (PTEN)	OTOWDUNT	PTEN_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[14]
Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MAP2K1)	OT4Y9NQI	MP2K1_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[15]
Bcl-2-like protein 1 (BCL2L1)	OTRC5K9O	B2CL1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[12]
Induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 (MCL1)	OT2YYI1A	MCL1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[12]
Caspase-8 (CASP8)	OTA8TVI8	CASP8_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[13]
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1A)	OTADSC03	HIF1A_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[6]
Bcl-2-binding component 3, isoforms 3/4 (BBC3)	OTUAXDAY	BBC3B_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[7]
Growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF15)	OTWQN50N	GDF15_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[11]

Indication(s) of Digitoxin

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Arrhythmia	BC9Z	Approved	[4]
Congestive cardiac insufficiency	BD1Z	Approved	[4]
Heart failure	BD10-BD13	Approved	[4]

Digitoxin Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase (SPT ATPase)	TTQ38E9	AT1A1_HUMAN; AT1A2_HUMAN; AT1A3_HUMAN; AT1B1_HUMAN; AT1B2_HUMAN; AT1B3_HUMAN	Inhibitor	[16]

Digitoxin Interacts with 1 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1)	DTUGYRD	MDR1_HUMAN	Substrate	[17]

Digitoxin Interacts with 3 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[18]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1)	DEYGVN4	UD11_HUMAN	Metabolism	[19]
Sulfotransferase 1A1 (SULT1A1)	DEYWLRK	ST1A1_HUMAN	Metabolism	[20]

Digitoxin Interacts with 22 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1 (ABCB1)	OTEJROBO	MDR1_HUMAN	Increases Transport	[21]
Nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3)	OTLDT7NR	NOS3_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[22]
Serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk1 (CHEK1)	OTTTI622	CHK1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[23]
Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5 (BIRC5)	OTILXZYL	BIRC5_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[23]
Serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk2 (CHEK2)	OT8ZPCNS	CHK2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[23]
Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53)	OTIE1VH3	P53_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[23]
Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1)	OTW1SC2N	CDK1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[23]
Interleukin-8 (CXCL8)	OTS7T5VH	IL8_HUMAN	Decreases Secretion	[24]
G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-B1 (CCNB1)	OT19S7E5	CCNB1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[23]
Ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 (RPS6KB1)	OTAELNGX	KS6B1_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[25]
G1/S-specific cyclin-D1 (CCND1)	OT8HPTKJ	CCND1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[25]
NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha (NFKBIA)	OTFT924M	IKBA_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[24]
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 6 (PTPN6)	OT33XNZM	PTN6_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[25]
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (CDKN1A)	OTQWHCZE	CDN1A_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[23]
Caspase-3 (CASP3)	OTIJRBE7	CASP3_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[23]
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B)	OTNY5LLZ	CDN1B_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[23]
Caspase-9 (CASP9)	OTD4RFFG	CASP9_HUMAN	Increases Cleavage	[23]
Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase PTEN (PTEN)	OTOWDUNT	PTEN_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[25]
Cytochrome c (CYCS)	OTBFALJD	CYC_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[23]
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (EIF4EBP1)	OTHBQVD5	4EBP1_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[25]
Caspase-8 (CASP8)	OTA8TVI8	CASP8_HUMAN	Increases Cleavage	[23]
E3 SUMO-protein ligase PIAS3 (PIAS3)	OT3TWH9R	PIAS3_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[25]

Test Results of This Drug Combination in Other Disease Systems

Indication	DrugCom ID	Cell Line	Status	REF
Adult T acute lymphoblastic leukemia	DCR46XO	MOLT-4	Investigative	[26]
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma	DCK2NC0	SR	Investigative	[26]
Malignant melanoma	DCW6HZB	UACC62	Investigative	[1]

References

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• [2] Fludarabine FDA Label
• [3] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 4802).
• [4] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6782).
• [5] Role of histone deacetylase inhibitor-induced reactive oxygen species and DNA damage in LAQ-824/fludarabine antileukemic interactions. Mol Cancer Ther. 2008 Oct;7(10):3285-97. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-08-0385.
• [6] 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-2-fluoroadenine inhibits expression of vascular endothelial growth factor through hypoxia-inducible factor-1 in human ovarian cancer cells. Mol Pharmacol. 2004 Jul;66(1):178-86. doi: 10.1124/mol.66.1.178.
• [7] MDM2 antagonists activate p53 and synergize with genotoxic drugs in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Blood. 2006 May 15;107(10):4109-14. doi: 10.1182/blood-2005-08-3273. Epub 2006 Jan 26.
• [8] Purine nucleoside analogs in indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Oncology (Williston Park). 2000 Jun;14(6 Suppl 2):13-5.
• [9] Role of the TRAIL/APO2-L death receptors in chlorambucil- and fludarabine-induced apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncogene. 2003 Nov 13;22(51):8356-69. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207004.
• [10] Differential effects of chemotherapeutic drugs versus the MDM-2 antagonist nutlin-3 on cell cycle progression and induction of apoptosis in SKW6.4 lymphoblastoid B-cells. J Cell Biochem. 2008 May 15;104(2):595-605. doi: 10.1002/jcb.21649.
• [11] Functional integrity of the p53-mediated apoptotic pathway induced by the nongenotoxic agent nutlin-3 in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). Blood. 2006 May 15;107(10):4122-9. doi: 10.1182/blood-2005-11-4465. Epub 2006 Jan 26.
• [12] Matrix metalloproteinase-9 is involved in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell response to fludarabine and arsenic trioxide. PLoS One. 2014 Jun 23;9(6):e99993. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099993. eCollection 2014.
• [13] Caspase 8 activation independent of Fas (CD95/APO-1) signaling may mediate killing of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells by cytotoxic drugs or gamma radiation. Blood. 2001 Nov 1;98(9):2800-7. doi: 10.1182/blood.v98.9.2800.
• [14] Comparative effects of retinoic acid, vitamin D and resveratrol alone and in combination with adenosine analogues on methylation and expression of phosphatase and tensin homologue tumour suppressor gene in breast cancer cells. Br J Nutr. 2012 Mar;107(6):781-90. doi: 10.1017/S0007114511003631. Epub 2011 Aug 1.
• [15] The histone deacetylase inhibitor MS-275 interacts synergistically with fludarabine to induce apoptosis in human leukemia cells. Cancer Res. 2004 Apr 1;64(7):2590-600. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-2631.
• [16] Treatment of congestive heart failure--current status of use of digitoxin. Eur J Clin Invest. 2001;31 Suppl 2:10-7.
• [17] The association of ABCB1 polymorphisms and elevated serum digitoxin concentrations in geriatric patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2008 Apr;64(4):367-72.
• [18] Species differences in the toxicity and cytochrome P450 IIIA-dependent metabolism of digitoxin. Mol Pharmacol. 1991 Nov;40(5):859-67.
• [19] Use of a human liver microsome bank in drug glucuronidation studies. Toxicol In Vitro. 1991;5(5-6):559-62.
• [20] Hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase and a specific UDP-glucuronosyltransferase are involved in the metabolism of digitoxin in man. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1992 Aug;346(2):226-33.
• [21] Heterogeneous transport of digitalis-like compounds by P-glycoprotein in vesicular and cellular assays. Toxicol In Vitro. 2016 Apr;32:138-45. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.12.009. Epub 2015 Dec 17.
• [22] Digitoxin elicits anti-inflammatory and vasoprotective properties in endothelial cells: Therapeutic implications for the treatment of atherosclerosis? Atherosclerosis. 2009 Oct;206(2):390-6.
• [23] Digitoxin and a synthetic monosaccharide analog inhibit cell viability in lung cancer cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2012 Jan 1;258(1):51-60. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.10.007. Epub 2011 Oct 18.
• [24] Digitoxin mimics gene therapy with CFTR and suppresses hypersecretion of IL-8 from cystic fibrosis lung epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 May 18;101(20):7693-8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0402030101. Epub 2004 May 10.
• [25] Digitoxin promotes apoptosis and inhibits proliferation and migration by reducing HIF-1 and STAT3 in KRAS mutant human colon cancer cells. Chem Biol Interact. 2022 Jan 5;351:109729. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109729. Epub 2021 Oct 28.
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