Details of Disease

General Information of Disease (ID: DISHTRXG)

Disease Name	Cocaine addiction
Synonyms	cocaine addiction
Disease Class	6C45: Cocaine use disorder
Definition	A psychologically and socially impaired state, with or without physiological changes, that develops as a result of using cocaine and which leads to compulsive behaviors to acquire the substance.
Disease Hierarchy	DIS9IXRC: Drug dependence DISHTRXG: Cocaine addiction
ICD Code	ICD-11 ICD-11: 6C45.2 ICD-10 ICD-10: F14.2
Disease Identifiers	MONDO ID MONDO_0005186 MESH ID D019970 UMLS CUI C0600427 MedGen ID 154705 HPO ID HP:0033513 SNOMED CT ID 31956009

Drug-Interaction Atlas (DIA) of This Disease

Drug-Interaction Atlas (DIA)

This Disease is Treated as An Indication in 3 Approved Drug(s)

Drug Name	Drug ID	Highest Status	Drug Type	REF
Cocaine	DMSOX7I	Approved	Small molecular drug	[1]
Propranolol	DM79NTF	Approved	Small molecular drug	[2]
Vigabatrin	DMYT0OG	Approved	Small molecular drug	[3]
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This Disease is Treated as An Indication in 11 Clinical Trial Drug(s)

Drug Name	Drug ID	Highest Status	Drug Type	REF
Ecopipam	DMS9R43	Phase 3	Small molecular drug	[4]
Neboglamine	DMAEEV3	Phase 2	Small molecular drug	[5]
NS 2359	DMI5HFU	Phase 2	Small molecular drug	[6]
RBP-8000	DM6B7HJ	Phase 2	NA	[7]
TA-CD	DMS42TP	Phase 2	NA	[8]
TA-CD cocaine abuse vaccine	DM8MUF4	Phase 2	NA	[8]
TA-CD vaccine	DM4MNMO	Phase 2	NA	[9]
TNX-1300	DMAJ6YL	Phase 2	Recombinant protein	[10]
TV-1380	DM1R236	Phase 2	NA	[11]
EMB-001	DMV5W1P	Phase 1	NA	[12]
RTI-336	DMY8D5O	Phase 1	Small molecular drug	[13]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 11 Drug(s)

This Disease is Treated as An Indication in 4 Discontinued Drug(s)

Drug Name	Drug ID	Highest Status	Drug Type	REF
BP-897	DMAQ6DS	Discontinued in Phase 2	Small molecular drug	[14]
Vanoxerine	DMBQPA5	Discontinued in Phase 1	Small molecular drug	[13]
GPI-2138	DMQ7ZVY	Terminated	NA	[15]
RTI-113	DMF6WGM	Terminated	Small molecular drug	[16]
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This Disease is Treated as An Indication in 1 Investigative Drug(s)

Drug Name	Drug ID	Highest Status	Drug Type	REF
O-2442	DMK8AGF	Investigative	NA	[17]
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Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) of This Disease

Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA)

This Disease Is Related to 81 DTT Molecule(s)

Gene Name	DTT ID	Evidence Level	Mode of Inheritance	REF
ADRA1A	TTNGILX	Limited	Biomarker	[18]
AVP	TTJ8EWH	Limited	Biomarker	[19]
CCKBR	TTVFO0U	Limited	Biomarker	[20]
CDK5	TTL4Q97	Limited	Altered Expression	[21]
CHRM5	TTH18TF	Limited	Biomarker	[22]
CRH	TTA7YIZ	Limited	Biomarker	[23]
CRHBP	TT3PKZE	Limited	Biomarker	[24]
CRHR1	TT7EFHR	Limited	Biomarker	[25]
CRHR2	TTIY658	Limited	Biomarker	[24]
EGR1	TTE8LGD	Limited	Therapeutic	[26]
EHMT2	TTS6RZT	Limited	Therapeutic	[27]
ESR2	TTOM3J0	Limited	Biomarker	[28]
FGF2	TTGKIED	Limited	Biomarker	[29]
FOS	TTOM5AU	Limited	Biomarker	[30]
GALR1	TTX3HNZ	Limited	Genetic Variation	[31]
GDNF	TTF23ML	Limited	Therapeutic	[32]
GHRL	TT1OCL0	Limited	Biomarker	[33]
GRIA1	TTVPQTF	Limited	Biomarker	[34]
GRIA2	TTWM461	Limited	Biomarker	[35]
GRIN1	TTLD29N	Limited	Biomarker	[36]
GRM5	TTHS256	Limited	Biomarker	[37]
HCRT	TTU5HJP	Limited	Biomarker	[38]
HCRTR1	TT60Q8D	Limited	Biomarker	[39]
HDAC4	TTTQGH8	Limited	Therapeutic	[40]
HDAC5	TTUELN5	Limited	Altered Expression	[41]
HTR1A	TTSQIFT	Limited	Biomarker	[42]
HTR2A	TTJQOD7	Limited	Biomarker	[43]
ILK	TT7ALZG	Limited	Biomarker	[44]
MAOA	TT3WG5C	Limited	Biomarker	[45]
MAPK1	TT4TQBX	Limited	Biomarker	[46]
MAPK3	TT1MG9E	Limited	Biomarker	[47]
MC4R	TTD0CIQ	Limited	Biomarker	[48]
NTRK2	TTKN7QR	Limited	Biomarker	[49]
POMC	TT21AKM	Limited	Biomarker	[50]
PRL	TTJ2TSA	Limited	Biomarker	[51]
RHOA	TTP2U16	Limited	Biomarker	[52]
RPS6KA5	TTYXEPL	Limited	Biomarker	[53]
RUNX2	TTD6SZ8	Limited	Biomarker	[52]
SIGMAR1	TT5TPI6	Limited	Genetic Variation	[54]
SLC18A2	TTNZRI3	Limited	Biomarker	[55]
SLC1A2	TT2F078	Limited	Therapeutic	[56]
SMAD1	TT9GR53	Limited	Biomarker	[52]
SMAD3	TTHQZV7	Limited	Biomarker	[57]
SMARCA4	TTVQEZS	Limited	Biomarker	[57]
SNCA	TT08OSU	Limited	Biomarker	[58]
DRD1	TTZFYLI	Disputed	Genetic Variation	[59]
BCHE	TT3MSAO	Strong	Genetic Variation	[60]
BDNF	TTSMLOH	Strong	Altered Expression	[61]
CACNA1D	TT7RGTM	Strong	Genetic Variation	[62]
CES1	TTMF541	Strong	Therapeutic	[63]
CHRM4	TTQ3JTF	Strong	Genetic Variation	[64]
CHRNA5	TTH2QRX	Strong	Genetic Variation	[65]
CHRNB4	TTTVAFQ	Strong	Biomarker	[66]
CNR1	TT6OEDT	Strong	Biomarker	[67]
COMT	TTKWFB8	Strong	Biomarker	[68]
CREB1	TTH4AN3	Strong	Biomarker	[69]
DBH	TTYIP79	Strong	Biomarker	[70]
FDFT1	TTFQEO5	Strong	Biomarker	[71]
GABRA2	TTBMV1G	Strong	Genetic Variation	[72]
GABRG2	TT06RH5	Strong	Biomarker	[73]
GAD1	TTKGEP3	Strong	Biomarker	[73]
GAD2	TT7UY6K	Strong	Biomarker	[73]
GRM2	TTXJ47W	Strong	Altered Expression	[74]
GSTP1	TT40K12	Strong	Genetic Variation	[75]
HTR1B	TTK8CXU	Strong	Biomarker	[76]
HTR2C	TTWJBZ5	Strong	Biomarker	[77]
MECP2	TTTAU9R	Strong	Genetic Variation	[78]
NGF	TTDN3LF	Strong	Biomarker	[79]
NPY	TT64REZ	Strong	Biomarker	[80]
NPY2R	TTJ6WK9	Strong	Genetic Variation	[81]
NR3C1	TTOZRK6	Strong	Genetic Variation	[25]
OPRD1	TT27RFC	Strong	Genetic Variation	[82]
OPRK1	TTQW87Y	Strong	Biomarker	[83]
OPRL1	TTNT7K8	Strong	Altered Expression	[84]
OPRM1	TTKWM86	Strong	Biomarker	[85]
RGS4	TTGTKX9	Strong	Biomarker	[86]
SCARB1	TTRE324	Strong	Biomarker	[71]
STK38	TT27XFN	Strong	Genetic Variation	[87]
TAAR1	TTIU98M	Strong	Biomarker	[88]
TACR3	TTBPGLU	Strong	Biomarker	[89]
TYK2	TTBYWP2	Strong	Biomarker	[90]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 81 DTT(s)

This Disease Is Related to 1 DME Molecule(s)

Gene Name	DME ID	Evidence Level	Mode of Inheritance	REF
CES2	DETHCPD	Limited	Therapeutic	[91]
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This Disease Is Related to 52 DOT Molecule(s)

Gene Name	DOT ID	Evidence Level	Mode of Inheritance	REF
AGO2	OT4JY32Q	Limited	Biomarker	[92]
ANKK1	OT0OM1O0	Limited	Biomarker	[93]
ARC	OTN2QQPG	Limited	Biomarker	[26]
CAMK2A	OTJGX19T	Limited	Genetic Variation	[94]
CLOCK	OTNEOJY7	Limited	Genetic Variation	[95]
FOSB	OTW6C05J	Limited	Biomarker	[96]
GPSM1	OTA0SJBG	Limited	Biomarker	[97]
HOMER1	OTWFD3SI	Limited	Biomarker	[98]
JUND	OTNKACJD	Limited	Therapeutic	[99]
MANEA	OTV7L8I6	Limited	Biomarker	[100]
NCOR2	OTY917X0	Limited	Genetic Variation	[101]
NCS1	OT6JHAWM	Limited	Biomarker	[102]
NPS	OTEG25A2	Limited	Biomarker	[103]
NSF	OTKRJ2ZT	Limited	Biomarker	[104]
OR3A2	OT8BO5UR	Limited	Genetic Variation	[101]
SMAD5	OTQNSVCQ	Limited	Biomarker	[52]
SMURF1	OT5UIZR8	Limited	Biomarker	[52]
FAM53B	OTVD7OU6	moderate	Genetic Variation	[105]
APOL2	OT303Q7B	Strong	Biomarker	[71]
ATP9B	OTRTYQOK	Strong	Biomarker	[90]
BAZ1A	OTWHOVZS	Strong	Biomarker	[106]
C1QL2	OTL4HR5T	Strong	Genetic Variation	[87]
CALM2	OTNYA92F	Strong	Biomarker	[71]
CAMK2B	OTS9YK3E	Strong	Biomarker	[71]
CCSER1	OTVLD4J3	Strong	Biomarker	[90]
CHRNA3	OTCZQY1U	Strong	Genetic Variation	[66]
CHRNA6	OTT6W86V	Strong	Genetic Variation	[107]
CHRNB3	OTE5XENW	Strong	Genetic Variation	[66]
COL21A1	OT7GS82E	Strong	Biomarker	[90]
DNAH8	OTGES2OU	Strong	Biomarker	[90]
EXTL3	OT2BRUBN	Strong	Biomarker	[108]
GABBR1	OTU5A52J	Strong	Biomarker	[73]
GCC1	OTDOE6U8	Strong	Biomarker	[71]
GPHN	OTAKK1SV	Strong	Biomarker	[73]
HOMER2	OT4JGKJF	Strong	Genetic Variation	[109]
ICE2	OTJ3BXND	Strong	Biomarker	[90]
KALRN	OT8WRCBH	Strong	Biomarker	[110]
KCTD20	OTJLEFX1	Strong	Genetic Variation	[87]
KLHL5	OTRDVST4	Strong	Biomarker	[90]
NFAT5	OTKIE59S	Strong	Genetic Variation	[111]
NLN	OTFRITPU	Strong	Biomarker	[112]
NOL3	OT1K0L0D	Strong	Altered Expression	[84]
NTNG1	OTF48IID	Strong	Genetic Variation	[113]
NTNG2	OTTY88DL	Strong	Biomarker	[113]
OPN4	OT1LZ7TS	Strong	Biomarker	[112]
PDYN	OTEJ6430	Strong	Biomarker	[114]
PNOC	OTJEAADN	Strong	Altered Expression	[84]
PRMT6	OT5V3XIN	Strong	Biomarker	[115]
SPINT2	OTQV7BKQ	Strong	Biomarker	[116]
SRCIN1	OTQZNQQ5	Strong	Therapeutic	[115]
SYT13	OTG94RJ4	Strong	Biomarker	[90]
TENM3	OTWY13GR	Strong	Biomarker	[90]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 52 DOT(s)

References

1	Cocaine FDA Label
2	Propranolol FDA Label
3	Vigabatrin FDA Label
4	URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 3304).
5	Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800004810)
6	Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)
7	ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01846481) A Randomized, 4-sequence, 2-period, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled Study With a DSM-IV-TR Diagnosis of Cocaine Abuse. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
8	ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00969878) Multisite Controlled Trial of Cocaine Vaccine. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
9	Clinical pipeline report, company report or official report of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)
10	ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01846481) A Randomized, 4-sequence, 2-period, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled Study With a DSM-IV-TR Diagnosis of Cocaine Abuse (RBP-8000). U.S. National Institutes of Health.
11	ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01887366) Efficacy and Safety of TV-1380 as Treatment for Facilitation of Abstinence in Cocaine-Dependent Subjects. U.S. National Institutes of Health.
12	Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800029334)
13	Emerging pharmacological strategies in the fight against cocaine addiction. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2006 Mar;11(1):91-8.
14	URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 7625).
15	Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800011199)
16	Trusted, scientifically sound profiles of drug programs, clinical trials, safety reports, and company deals, written by scientists. Springer. 2015. Adis Insight (drug id 800009629)
17	URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Target id: 927).
18	Pharmacogenetic randomized trial for cocaine abuse: disulfiram and 1A-adrenoceptor gene variation.Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013 Nov;23(11):1401-7. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.05.014. Epub 2013 Jul 10.
19	Persistent increase in hypothalamic arginine vasopressin gene expression during protracted withdrawal from chronic escalating-dose cocaine in rodents.Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011 Sep;36(10):2062-75. doi: 10.1038/npp.2011.97. Epub 2011 Jun 15.
20	The role of cholecystokinin (CCK), CCK-A or CCK-B receptor antagonists in the spontaneous preference for drugs of abuse (alcohol or cocaine) in naive rats. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1998 Oct;20(8):679-97.
21	Neuroadaptive changes and behavioral effects after a sensitization regime of MDPV.Neuropharmacology. 2019 Jan;144:271-281. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.10.005. Epub 2018 Oct 12.
22	Role for M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in cocaine addiction.J Neurosci Res. 2003 Oct 1;74(1):91-6. doi: 10.1002/jnr.10728.
23	Response to corticotropin-releasing hormone infusion in cocaine-dependent individuals.Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009 Apr;66(4):422-30. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.9.
24	Stress-induced relapse to cocaine seeking: roles for the CRF(2) receptor and CRF-binding protein in the ventral tegmental area of the rat.Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2007 Aug;193(2):283-94. doi: 10.1007/s00213-007-0782-3. Epub 2007 Apr 17.
25	Effects of crack cocaine addiction and stress-related genes on peripheral BDNF levels.J Psychiatr Res. 2017 Jul;90:78-85. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.02.011. Epub 2017 Feb 11.
26	Relapse to cocaine seeking increases activity-regulated gene expression differentially in the prefrontal cortex of abstinent rats.Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2008 May;198(1):77-91. doi: 10.1007/s00213-008-1090-2. Epub 2008 Mar 3.
27	Essential role of the histone methyltransferase G9a in cocaine-induced plasticity.Science. 2010 Jan 8;327(5962):213-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1179438.
28	Estrogen receptor beta, but not alpha, mediates estrogen's effect on cocaine-induced reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-seeking behavior in ovariectomized female rats.Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007 Jun;32(6):1334-45. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301249. Epub 2006 Nov 29.
29	Neonatal FGF2 alters cocaine self-administration in the adult rat.Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2009 Mar;92(1):100-4. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2008.10.018. Epub 2008 Nov 5.
30	c-Fos expression associated with reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior by response-contingent conditioned cues.Synapse. 2009 Oct;63(10):823-35. doi: 10.1002/syn.20666.
31	Drug addiction and stress-response genetic variability: association study in African Americans.Ann Hum Genet. 2014 Jul;78(4):290-8. doi: 10.1111/ahg.12064. Epub 2014 Apr 26.
32	Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-conjugated nanoparticles suppress acquisition of cocaine self-administration in rats.Exp Neurol. 2005 Jul;194(1):97-105. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.01.020.
33	Correlation between serum ghrelin levels and cocaine-seeking behaviour triggered by cocaine-associated conditioned stimuli in rats.Addict Biol. 2007 Mar;12(1):22-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2007.00052.x.
34	Contributions of nucleus accumbens core and shell GluR1 containing AMPA receptors in AMPA- and cocaine-primed reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior.Brain Res. 2008 Jun 18;1215:173-82. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.03.088. Epub 2008 Apr 13.
35	Phosphorylation-dependent trafficking of GluR2-containing AMPA receptors in the nucleus accumbens plays a critical role in the reinstatement of cocaine seeking.J Neurosci. 2008 Oct 22;28(43):11061-70. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1221-08.2008.
36	N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors on striatal neurons are essential for cocaine cue reactivity in mice.Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Apr 15;67(8):778-80. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.12.023. Epub 2010 Feb 10.
37	Glutamatergic Biomarkers for Cocaine Addiction: A Longitudinal Study Using MR Spectroscopy and mGluR5 PET in Self-Administering Rats.J Nucl Med. 2018 Jun;59(6):952-959. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.117.202614. Epub 2018 Mar 1.
38	Increased Number and Activity of a Lateral Subpopulation of Hypothalamic Orexin/Hypocretin Neurons Underlies the Expression ofan Addicted State in Rats.Biol Psychiatry. 2019 Jun 1;85(11):925-935. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.07.022. Epub 2018 Aug 7.
39	Hypocretin receptor 1 involvement in cocaine-associated behavior: Therapeutic potential and novel mechanistic insights.Brain Res. 2020 Mar 15;1731:145894. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.07.027. Epub 2018 Jul 30.
40	Histone deacetylase 5 epigenetically controls behavioral adaptations to chronic emotional stimuli.Neuron. 2007 Nov 8;56(3):517-29. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.09.032.
41	Genome-wide DNA methylation profile in the peripheral blood of cocaine and crack dependents.Braz J Psychiatry. 2019 Nov-Dec;41(6):485-493. doi: 10.1590/1516-4446-2018-0092.
42	5-HT1A agonist/antagonist modification of cocaine stimulant effects: implications for cocaine mechanisms.Behav Brain Res. 2002 Apr 15;132(1):37-46. doi: 10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00383-7.
43	Association study of 37 genes related to serotonin and dopamine neurotransmission and neurotrophic factors in cocaine dependence.Genes Brain Behav. 2013 Feb;12(1):39-46. doi: 10.1111/gbb.12013. Epub 2013 Jan 10.
44	Integrin-linked kinase is involved in cocaine sensitization by regulating PSD-95 and synapsin I expression and GluR1 Ser845 phosphorylation.J Mol Neurosci. 2010 Mar;40(3):284-94. doi: 10.1007/s12031-009-9218-3. Epub 2009 Jul 24.
45	Gene x disease interaction on orbitofrontal gray matter in cocaine addiction.Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011 Mar;68(3):283-94. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.10.
46	Aerobic exercise attenuates reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior and associated neuroadaptations in the prefrontal cortex.Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Oct 15;68(8):774-7. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.06.022. Epub 2010 Aug 8.
47	Neuronal scaffolding protein spinophilin is integral for cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization and ERK1/2 activation.Mol Brain. 2019 Feb 25;12(1):15. doi: 10.1186/s13041-019-0434-7.
48	Blockade of melanocortin transmission inhibits cocaine reward.Eur J Neurosci. 2005 Apr;21(8):2233-42. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04038.x.
49	Elevated BDNF after cocaine withdrawal facilitates LTP in medial prefrontal cortex by suppressing GABA inhibition.Neuron. 2010 Sep 9;67(5):821-33. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.012.
50	Role of mu- and delta-opioid receptors in the nucleus accumbens in cocaine-seeking behavior.Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009 Jul;34(8):1946-57. doi: 10.1038/npp.2009.28. Epub 2009 Mar 11.
51	Relationship of serum prolactin with severity of drug use and treatment outcome in cocaine dependence.Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004 Oct;176(1):74-81. doi: 10.1007/s00213-004-1856-0. Epub 2004 Apr 3.
52	E3 Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase SMURF1 in the Nucleus Accumbens Mediates Cocaine Seeking.Biol Psychiatry. 2018 Dec 15;84(12):881-892. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.07.013. Epub 2018 Jul 21.
53	Parsing molecular and behavioral effects of cocaine in mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase-1-deficient mice.J Neurosci. 2005 Dec 7;25(49):11444-54. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1711-05.2005.
54	A2AR-D2R Heteroreceptor Complexes in Cocaine Reward and Addiction.Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2018 Dec;39(12):1008-1020. doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.10.007. Epub 2018 Oct 29.
55	Bakuchiol analogs inhibit monoamine transporters and regulate monoaminergic functions.Biochem Pharmacol. 2008 May 1;75(9):1835-47. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.01.014. Epub 2008 Feb 7.
56	Upregulation of GLT1 attenuates cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in rats.J Neurosci. 2009 Jul 22;29(29):9239-43. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1746-09.2009.
57	BRG1 in the Nucleus Accumbens Regulates Cocaine-Seeking Behavior.Biol Psychiatry. 2016 Nov 1;80(9):652-660. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.04.020. Epub 2016 May 6.
58	Alpha synuclein protein levels are increased in serum from recently abstinent cocaine abusers.Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008 Apr 1;94(1-3):246-50. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.09.020. Epub 2007 Dec 4.
59	HIV-related cognitive impairment shows bi-directional association with dopamine receptor DRD1 and DRD2 polymorphisms in substance-dependent and substance-independent populations.J Neurovirol. 2013 Oct;19(5):495-504. doi: 10.1007/s13365-013-0204-8.
60	Butyrylcholinesterase: A Multifaceted Pharmacological Target and Tool.Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2020;21(1):99-109. doi: 10.2174/1389203720666191107094949.
61	Deletion of the serotonin transporter perturbs BDNF signaling in the central amygdala following long-access cocaine self-administration.Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019 Dec 1;205:107610. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107610. Epub 2019 Oct 6.
62	Enhancing VTA Ca(v)1.3 L-type Ca(2+) channel activity promotes cocaine and mood-related behaviors via overlapping AMPA receptor mechanisms in the nucleus accumbens. Mol Psychiatry. 2017 Dec;22(12):1735-1745. doi: 10.1038/mp.2017.9. Epub 2017 Feb 14.
63	Structural basis of heroin and cocaine metabolism by a promiscuous human drug-processing enzyme. Nat Struct Biol. 2003 May;10(5):349-56. doi: 10.1038/nsb919.
64	African-specific variability in the acetylcholine muscarinic receptor M4: association with cocaine and heroin addiction.Pharmacogenomics. 2016 Jun;17(9):995-1003. doi: 10.2217/pgs-2016-0028. Epub 2016 Jun 7.
65	Positive Selection on Loci Associated with Drug and Alcohol Dependence.PLoS One. 2015 Aug 13;10(8):e0134393. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134393. eCollection 2015.
66	Rare missense variants in CHRNB3 and CHRNA3 are associated with risk of alcohol and cocaine dependence.Hum Mol Genet. 2014 Feb 1;23(3):810-9. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddt463. Epub 2013 Sep 20.
67	Further evidence for association of polymorphisms in the CNR1 gene with cocaine addiction: confirmation in an independent sample and meta-analysis.Addict Biol. 2013 Jul;18(4):702-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00346.x. Epub 2011 Jul 25.
68	Could the inter-individual variability in cocaine-induced psychotic effects influence the development of cocaine addiction? Towards a new pharmacogenetic approach to addictions.Med Hypotheses. 2010 Dec;75(6):600-4. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.07.043.
69	Evidence for beta1-adrenergic receptor involvement in amygdalar corticotropin-releasing factor gene expression: implications for cocaine withdrawal.Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009 Apr;34(5):1135-48. doi: 10.1038/npp.2008.102. Epub 2008 Jul 2.
70	Pharmacogenetics of Dopamine -Hydroxylase in cocaine dependence therapy with doxazosin.Addict Biol. 2019 May;24(3):531-538. doi: 10.1111/adb.12611. Epub 2018 Mar 2.
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