Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DCLTXS0)

• Drug Combination Name: Lamivudine + Atazanavir
• Indication: Human Immunodeficiency Virus; Status: Phase 1 [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Lamivudine (DMI347A): Small molecular drug
  Atazanavir (DMSYRBX): Small molecular drug

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Lamivudine

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Chronic HBV infection	1E51.0Z	Approved	[2]
Chronic hepatitis B virus infection	N.A.	Approved	[3]
Human immunodeficiency virus infection	1C62	Approved	[2]
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection	1C62	Approved	[4]
Diarrhea	ME05.1	Investigative	[3]

Lamivudine Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Human immunodeficiency virus Reverse transcriptase (HIV RT)	TT84ETX	POL_HV1B1	Modulator	[5]

Lamivudine Interacts with 3 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2)	DTI7UX6	ABCG2_HUMAN	Substrate	[6]
Organic cation transporter 2 (SLC22A2)	DT9IDPW	S22A2_HUMAN	Substrate	[7]
Organic cation transporter 1 (SLC22A1)	DTT79CX	S22A1_HUMAN	Substrate	[8]

Lamivudine Interacts with 3 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Deoxy-5'-nucleotidase 1 (NT5C)	DE4E31Z	NT5C_HUMAN	Metabolism	[9]
Phosphorylcholine transferase A (PCYT1A)	DEQYXD4	PCY1A_HUMAN	Metabolism	[10]
Phosphorylethanolamine transferase (PCYT2)	DEIX1PO	PCY2_HUMAN	Metabolism	[10]

Lamivudine Interacts with 19 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Solute carrier family 22 member 2 (SLC22A2)	OTGFK1AL	S22A2_HUMAN	Increases Uptake	[11]
Solute carrier family 22 member 1 (SLC22A1)	OT7817I4	S22A1_HUMAN	Increases Uptake	[11]
BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3-like (BNIP3L)	OTJKOMXE	BNI3L_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[12]
G1/S-specific cyclin-E2 (CCNE2)	OTBBUKQQ	CCNE2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[13]
Metalloproteinase inhibitor 1 (TIMP1)	OTOXC51H	TIMP1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[14]
Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein (TGFB1)	OTV5XHVH	TGFB1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[14]
Interferon gamma (IFNG)	OTXG9JM7	IFNG_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[15]
Collagen alpha-1(III) chain (COL3A1)	OTT1EMLM	CO3A1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[16]
Albumin (ALB)	OTVMM513	ALBU_HUMAN	Affects Binding	[17]
Interstitial collagenase (MMP1)	OTI4I2V1	MMP1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[14]
Endothelin-1 (EDN1)	OTZCACEG	EDN1_HUMAN	Increases Secretion	[12]
Cyclin-A2 (CCNA2)	OTPHHYZJ	CCNA2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[13]
Nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3)	OTLDT7NR	NOS3_HUMAN	Decreases Phosphorylation	[12]
G1/S-specific cyclin-D2 (CCND2)	OTDULQF9	CCND2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[13]
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter (SLC6A4)	OT6FGDLW	SC6A4_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[18]
DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein (DDIT3)	OTI8YKKE	DDIT3_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[13]
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (CDKN1A)	OTQWHCZE	CDN1A_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[13]
Actin, aortic smooth muscle (ACTA2)	OTEDLG8E	ACTA_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[16]
Solute carrier family 22 member 3 (SLC22A3)	OTQYGVXX	S22A3_HUMAN	Increases Uptake	[11]

Indication(s) of Atazanavir

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Human immunodeficiency virus infection	1C62	Approved	[2]

Atazanavir Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Human immunodeficiency virus Protease (HIV PR)	TT5FNQT	POL_HV1B1	Modulator	[21]

Atazanavir Interacts with 5 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Metabolism	[22]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1)	DEYGVN4	UD11_HUMAN	Metabolism	[23]
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)	DEIBDNY	CP3A5_HUMAN	Metabolism	[22]
Cytochrome P450 3A7 (CYP3A7)	DERD86B	CP3A7_HUMAN	Metabolism	[22]
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9)	DE5IED8	CP2C9_HUMAN	Metabolism	[24]

Atazanavir Interacts with 47 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	OTQGYY83	CP3A4_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
Bile salt export pump (ABCB11)	OTRU7THO	ABCBB_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[25]
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3 (ABCC3)	OTC3IJV4	MRP3_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2 (NR1I2)	OTC5U0N5	NR1I2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase C2 domain-containing subunit gamma (PIK3C2G)	OTW3LY1C	P3C2G_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
Aflatoxin B1 aldehyde reductase member 3 (AKR7A3)	OTW3GO4Y	ARK73_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
Ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme ATG7 (ATG7)	OTVT4YA1	ATG7_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
Albumin (ALB)	OTVMM513	ALBU_HUMAN	Affects Binding	[17]
Catalase (CAT)	OTHEBX9R	CATA_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
Superoxide dismutase , mitochondrial (SOD2)	OTIWXGZ9	SODM_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (SERPINE1)	OTT0MPQ3	PAI1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1)	OTTOIX77	ICAM1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[26]
Epoxide hydrolase 1 (EPHX1)	OTBKWQER	HYEP_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
Glutathione S-transferase A1 (GSTA1)	OTA7K5XA	GSTA1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
Heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1)	OTC1W6UX	HMOX1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[26]
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1)	OT68M7RD	CSF1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
C-C motif chemokine 3 (CCL3)	OTW2H3ND	CCL3_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[27]
Endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP (HSPA5)	OTFUIRAO	BIP_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2)	OTAD2HEL	CCL2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[27]
Fos-related antigen 1 (FOSL1)	OT9YTYMB	FOSL1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
Glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPX2)	OTXI2NTI	GPX2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 (ATF4)	OTRFV19J	ATF4_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 alpha (ATF6)	OTAFHAVI	ATF6A_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6)	OTOYO4S7	CP2B6_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
Cytochrome P450 7A1 (CYP7A1)	OT8Z5KLD	CP7A1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha (PIK3R1)	OT5BZ1J9	P85A_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein (DDIT3)	OTI8YKKE	DDIT3_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6 (MAP2K6)	OTK13JKC	MP2K6_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
Flavin-containing monooxygenase 1 (FMO1)	OTTHSQKP	FMO1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
Sulfotransferase 2A1 (SULT2A1)	OT0ISKQ4	ST2A1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP5 (FKBP5)	OT404F9K	FKBP5_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
Sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1)	OTGY5D5J	SQSTM_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
Hepatic sodium/bile acid cotransporter (SLC10A1)	OTUJVMCL	NTCP_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 (NR1I3)	OTS3SGH7	NR1I3_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPKAPK3)	OT7IWJNI	MAPK3_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
Glutathione S-transferase A3 (GSTA3)	OTJ3REE3	GSTA3_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 10 (DNAJC10)	OTD2EG0R	DJC10_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL)	OTDSLC81	MLKL_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 9 (DNAJC9)	OTDBQBNZ	DNJC9_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 2 (ABCC2)	OTJSIGV5	MRP2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
Bile acid receptor (NR1H4)	OTWZLPTB	NR1H4_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
Microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (MAP1LC3B)	OTUYHB84	MLP3B_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase CYLD (CYLD)	OT37FKH0	CYLD_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
Transcription factor MafF (MAFF)	OT9B7MX0	MAFF_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
Endophilin-B1 (SH3GLB1)	OTAZ5OP8	SHLB1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 (SLCO1B1)	OTNEN8QK	SO1B1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[20]
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1 (ABCB1)	OTEJROBO	MDR1_HUMAN	Increases Transport	[28]

Test Results of This Drug Combination in Other Disease Systems

Indication	DrugCom ID	Cell Line	Status	REF
HIV	DCHS312	N. A.	Phase 3	[29]

References

• [1] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02652793) Simplification From Tenofovir Plus Lamivudine or Emtricitabine Plus Ritonavir-Boosted-Protease Inhibitor to Ritonavir-Boosted-Atazanavir Plus Lamivudine in Virologically-Suppressed-HIVInfected Adults With Osteopenia
• [2] Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. J Nat Prod. 2007 Mar;70(3):461-77.
• [3] Lamivudine FDA Label
• [4] Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
• [5] Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
• [6] The effect of ABCG2 V12M, Q141K and Q126X, known functional variants in vitro, on the disposition of lamivudine. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2007 Nov;64(5):645-54.
• [7] Genetic variants of organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) and OCT2 significantly reduce lamivudine uptake. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2012 Apr;33(3):170-8.
• [8] Relevance of the organic cation transporters 1 and 2 for antiretroviral drug therapy in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Drug Metab Dispos. 2008 Aug;36(8):1616-23.
• [9] Nucleoside and nucleotide HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors: 25 years after zidovudine. Antiviral Res. 2010 Jan;85(1):39-58.
• [10] Model for intracellular Lamivudine metabolism in peripheral blood mononuclear cells ex vivo and in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected adolescents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006 Aug;50(8):2686-94.
• [11] Transport of lamivudine [(-)-beta-L-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine] and high-affinity interaction of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors with human organic cation transporters 1, 2, and 3. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009 Apr;329(1):252-61. doi: 10.1124/jpet.108.146225. Epub 2009 Jan 13.
• [12] Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors induce a mitophagy-associated endothelial cytotoxicity that is reversed by coenzyme Q10 cotreatment. Toxicol Sci. 2013 Aug;134(2):323-34. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kft105. Epub 2013 May 2.
• [13] Zidovudine induces S-phase arrest and cell cycle gene expression changes in human cells. Mutagenesis. 2005 Mar;20(2):139-46. doi: 10.1093/mutage/gei019. Epub 2005 Mar 22.
• [14] Effect of lamivudine treatment on plasma levels of transforming growth factor beta1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 and metalloproteinase-1 in patients with chronic hepatitis B. World J Gastroenterol. 2004 Sep 15;10(18):2661-5. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i18.2661.
• [15] Lamivudine plus interleukin-12 combination therapy in chronic hepatitis B: antiviral and immunological activity. Hepatology. 2005 Nov;42(5):1028-36. doi: 10.1002/hep.20888.
• [16] Decreasing fibrogenesis: an immunohistochemical study of paired liver biopsies following lamivudine therapy for chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol. 2001 Dec;35(6):749-55. doi: 10.1016/s0168-8278(01)00218-5.
• [17] Binding of anti-HIV drugs to human serum albumin. IUBMB Life. 2004 Oct;56(10):609-14. doi: 10.1080/15216540400016286.
• [18] Serotonin transporter mRNA expression is decreased by lamivudine and ribavirin and increased by interferon in immune cells. Scand J Immunol. 2006 Feb;63(2):106-15. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2005.01715.x.
• [19] Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for UGT1A1 and Atazanavir Prescribing. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2016 Apr;99(4):363-9. doi: 10.1002/cpt.269. Epub 2015 Nov 9.
• [20] Robustness testing and optimization of an adverse outcome pathway on cholestatic liver injury. Arch Toxicol. 2020 Apr;94(4):1151-1172. doi: 10.1007/s00204-020-02691-9. Epub 2020 Mar 10.
• [21] Hollow-fiber unit evaluation of a new human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor, BMS-232632, for determination of the linked pharmacod... J Infect Dis. 2001 Apr 1;183(7):1126-9.
• [22] Atazanavir: effects on P-glycoprotein transport and CYP3A metabolism in vitro. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Jun;33(6):764-70.
• [23] In vitro inhibition of UDP glucuronosyltransferases by atazanavir and other HIV protease inhibitors and the relationship of this property to in vivo bilirubin glucuronidation. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Nov;33(11):1729-39.
• [24] Atazanavir for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pharmacotherapy. 2004 Dec;24(12):1732-47.
• [25] Early identification of clinically relevant drug interactions with the human bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11). Toxicol Sci. 2013 Dec;136(2):328-43.
• [26] Heme oxygenase-1-derived bilirubin counteracts HIV protease inhibitor-mediated endothelial cell dysfunction. Free Radic Biol Med. 2016 May;94:218-29. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.03.003. Epub 2016 Mar 8.
• [27] Some HIV antiretrovirals increase oxidative stress and alter chemokine, cytokine or adiponectin production in human adipocytes and macrophages. Antivir Ther. 2007;12(4):489-500.
• [28] Interactions of protease inhibitors atazanavir and ritonavir with ABCB1, ABCG2, and ABCC2 transporters: Effect on transplacental disposition in rats. Reprod Toxicol. 2018 Aug;79:57-65. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.05.008. Epub 2018 May 30.
• [29] ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01620944) Open-Label Study Comparing Efficacy and Safety of ATV/RTV+3TC With ATV/RTV+TDF/FTC in HIV-Infected, Treatment Nave Subjects, Followed by Treatment With ATV/RTV+3TC