Details of the Drug

General Information of Drug (ID: DMUYNEI)

Drug Name
Amoxicillin
Synonyms
AMPC; Actimoxi; Amoclen; Amolin; Amopen; Amopenixin; Amoxi; Amoxibiotic; Amoxicaps; Amoxicilina; Amoxicillanyl; Amoxicilline; Amoxicillinum; Amoxiden; Amoxil; Amoxivet; Amoxycillin; Anemolin; Aspenil; Biomox; Bristamox; Cemoxin; Clamoxyl; Delacillin; DisperMox; Efpenix; Flemoxin; Hiconcil; Histocillin; Hydroxyampicillin; Ibiamox; Imacillin; Lamoxy; Larotid; Moxacin; Moxal; Moxatag; Ospamox; Pamoxicillin; Piramox; Polymox; Robamox; Sumox; Tolodina; Trimox; Unicillin; Utimox; Vetramox; Wymox; AMOXICILLIN CRYSTALLINE; AMOXICILLIN PEDIATRIC; Amoxicillin anhydrous; Amoxicilline [INN]; Amoxycillin Trihydrate; Metafarma capsules; Metifarma capsules; Sawamox PM; BLP 1410; AMK (TN); Actimoxi (TN); Alphamox (TN); Amoksibos (TN); Amoksiklav (TN); Amoxi-Mast; Amoxibiotic (TN); Amoxicilina (TN); Amoxicilina [INN-Spanish]; Amoxicillin (INN); Amoxicillin (TN); Amoxicillin (anhydrous); Amoxicilline [INN-French]; Amoxicillinum [INN-Latin]; Amoxiclav (TN); Amoxidal (TN); Amoxil (TN); Amoxin (TN); Apo-Amoxi; Augmentin (TN); BL-P 1410; BRL-2333; Bactox (TN); Betalaktam (TN); Cilamox (TN); Clamoxyl (TN); Curam (TN); D-Amoxicillin; Dedoxil (TN); Dispermox (TN); Duomox (TN); Enhancin (TN); Geramox (TN); Gimalxina (TN); Hiconcil (TN); Isimoxin (TN); Klavox (TN); Lamoxy (TN); Moxatag (TN); Moxilen (TN); Moxypen (TN); Moxyvit (TN); Nobactam (TN); Novamoxin (TN); Ospamox (TN); P-Hydroxyampicillin; Pamoxicillin (TN); Panamox (TN); Panklav (TN); Polymox (TN); Ro 10-8756; Samthongcillin (TN); Sandoz (TN); Senox (TN); Sinacilin (TN); Tolodina (TN); Trimox (TN); Wymox (TN); Yucla (TN); Zerrsox (TN); Zimox (TN); Apo-Amoxi (TN); Alpha-Amino-p-hydroxybenzylpenicillin; D-2-Amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamidopenicillanic acid; D-(-)-alpha-Amino-p-hydroxybenzylpenicillin; (-)-6-(2-Amino-2-(P-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo-(3.2.0)heptane-2-carboxylic acid; (2S,5R,6R)-6-[[(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid; (2S,5R,6R)-6-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino}-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid; 4-Thia-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)heptane-2-carboxylic acid, 6-(2-amino-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-, D-(8CI); 6-(D-(-)-alpha-Amino-p-hydroxyphenylacetamido)penicillanic acid; 6-(D-(-)-p-Hydroxy-alpha-aminobenzyl)penicillin; 6-(p-Hydroxy-alpha-aminophenylacetamido)penicillanic acid; 6beta-[(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido]-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carbonyl; 6beta-[(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido]-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid
Indication
Disease Entry ICD 11 Status REF
Acute otitis media AB00 Approved [1]
Bacterial infection 1A00-1C4Z Approved [2]
Staphylococcus aureus infection N.A. Approved [1]
Streptococcal pneumonia N.A. Approved [1]
Urinary tract infection GC08 Approved [1]
Pneumonia due to Klebsiella pneumoniae CA40.03 Investigative [1]
Sinusitis CA0A.Z Investigative [1]
⏷ Show the Full List of Indication(s)
Therapeutic Class
Antibiotics
Affected Organisms
Enteric bacteria and other eubacteriaGram negative and gram positive bacteriaStreptococcus pyogenesStreptococcus pneumoniaeSalmonella typhiBorrelia burgdorferiChlamydia psittaciChlamydia pneumoniae
ATC Code
J01CA04: Amoxicillin
J01CA: Penicillins with extended spectrum
J01C: BETA-LACTAM ANTIBACTERIALS, PENICILLINS
J01: ANTIBACTERIALS FOR SYSTEMIC USE
J: ANTIINFECTIVES FOR SYSTEMIC USE
J01CA04: Amoxicillin
J01CA: Penicillins with extended spectrum
J01C: BETA-LACTAM ANTIBACTERIALS, PENICILLINS
J01: ANTIBACTERIALS FOR SYSTEMIC USE
J: ANTIINFECTIVES FOR SYSTEMIC USE
Drug Type
Small molecular drug
Structure
3D MOL 2D MOL
#Ro5 Violations (Lipinski): 0 Molecular Weight (mw) 365.4
Logarithm of the Partition Coefficient (xlogp) -2
Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds) 4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor) 4
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc) 7
ADMET Property
Absorption AUC
The area under the plot of plasma concentration (AUC) of drug is 27.29 +/- 4.72 mgh/L [3]
Absorption Cmax
The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of drug is 3.93 +/- 1.13 mg/L [3]
Absorption Tmax
The time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) is 1.31 +/- 0.33 h [3]
BDDCS Class
Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) Class 3: high solubility and low permeability [4]
Bioavailability
The bioavailability of drug is 60% [3]
Clearance
The clearance of drug is 21.3 L/h [5]
Elimination
125mg to 1g doses are 70-78% eliminated in the urine after 6 hours [6]
Half-life
The concentration or amount of drug in body reduced by one-half in 61.3 minutes [3]
Metabolism
The drug is metabolized via the liver [7]
MRTD
The Maximum Recommended Therapeutic Dose (MRTD) of drug that ensured maximising efficacy and moderate side effect is 68.41612 micromolar/kg/day [8]
Unbound Fraction
The unbound fraction of drug in plasma is 0.85% [9]
Vd
The volume of distribution (Vd) of drug is 27.7 L [5]
Water Solubility
The ability of drug to dissolve in water is measured as 3.5 mg/mL [4]
Chemical Identifiers
Formula
C16H19N3O5S
IUPAC Name
(2S,5R,6R)-6-[[(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
Canonical SMILES
CC1([C@@H](N2[C@H](S1)[C@@H](C2=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](C3=CC=C(C=C3)O)N)C(=O)O)C
InChI
InChI=1S/C16H19N3O5S/c1-16(2)11(15(23)24)19-13(22)10(14(19)25-16)18-12(21)9(17)7-3-5-8(20)6-4-7/h3-6,9-11,14,20H,17H2,1-2H3,(H,18,21)(H,23,24)/t9-,10-,11+,14-/m1/s1
InChIKey
LSQZJLSUYDQPKJ-NJBDSQKTSA-N
Cross-matching ID
PubChem CID
33613
ChEBI ID
CHEMBL1082
CAS Number
26787-78-0
UNII
9EM05410Q9
DrugBank ID
DB01060
TTD ID
D0F6EO
VARIDT ID
DR00190
INTEDE ID
DR0104
ACDINA ID
D00035
Drug-Molecule Activity Atlas (DMA)NEW Click to Jump to the Detailed DMA Information of This Drug
Drug Pharmacogenomic Perturbation (DPP)NEW Click to Jump to the Detailed DPP Information of This Drug
Drug ADMET Endpoint Profile (DAE)NEW Click to Jump to the Detailed DAE Information of This Drug
Combinatorial Drugs (CBD) Click to Jump to the Detailed CBD Information of This Drug
Repurposed Drugs (RPD) Click to Jump to the Detailed RPD Information of This Drug

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug


Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)
DTT Name DTT ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Bacterial Cell membrane (Bact CM) TTXT4D5 NOUNIPROTAC Modulator [10]

Drug Transporter (DTP)
DTP Name DTP ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Peptide transporter 2 (SLC15A2) DT8QKNP S15A2_HUMAN Substrate [11]
Peptide transporter 1 (SLC15A1) DT9G7XN S15A1_HUMAN Substrate [11]
Organic anion transporter 1 (SLC22A6) DTQ23VB S22A6_HUMAN Substrate [12]
P-glycoprotein 1 (ABCB1) DTUGYRD MDR1_HUMAN Substrate [13]

Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme (DME)
DME Name DME ID UniProt ID MOA REF
Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase (CYP2C19) DEGTFWK CP2CJ_HUMAN Substrate [14]
Metallo-beta-lactamase (blaM) DEK9VG2 BLAN1_KLEPN Substrate [15]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DEW193R BLA1_KLEPN Substrate [15]
New delhi metallo-beta-lactamase NDM-1 (blaNDM) DEBGCYQ A0A345N7K5_SALET Substrate [16]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DE7IH52 AMPC_CITFR Substrate [17]
Metallo-beta-lactamase (blaM) DEPCQ12 Q68K11_ALCXX Substrate [15]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DEV0KWQ Q8KT52_9BACT Substrate [17], [18]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DEACNTL Q2F4C6_SHISO Substrate [19]
N-acylhomoserine lactone acylase (lacA) DEIU0XN A0A0A1VBK6_9BURK Substrate [20]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DET9I1W BLAC_BACUN Substrate [21]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DENJ2SQ BLAB_BACFG Substrate [21]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DED0TBR A0A414M273_9BACE Substrate [22]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DEX8KJO A6NX15_9FIRM Substrate [23]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DEAYSTX C0W968_9FIRM Substrate [24]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DERGEVU C3WC84_FUSMR Substrate [25], [26]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DEQMISO F9Z530_ODOSD Substrate [25], [26]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DEHFJ4G Q8KT51_9BACT Substrate [25], [26]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DEHPJRC Q8KT60_9BACT Substrate [25], [26]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DEITMS0 Q9XBM2_ACIFE Substrate [27]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DE5HV8P A0A4Q5I6I2_9BACE Substrate [21]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DE47ARF B5WXV2_9BACT Substrate [28]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DEG2PK9 B5WXV3_BACOV Substrate [21]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DEWHJ7A B5WXV7_BACT4 Substrate [21]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DEU1RXB BLAC_BACVU Substrate [21], [29]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DETDS7E A0A2S0LB67_9FLAO Substrate [17]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DE37FJH C6JIU1_FUSVA Substrate [25]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DEC7JEF A0A1S1G219_9NEIS Substrate [17]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DEP7MN1 Q9X4S7_PREIN Substrate [30]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DEAILCM A0A246EJV2_9BACT Substrate [30], [17]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DET4XFN Q8KT59_9BACT Substrate [17]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DEE8742 O32372_CAPOC Substrate [31]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DEY09SU C9MN73_9BACT Substrate [17]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DEQLVCA C9LD75_9BACT Substrate [30]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DE2IL34 C2M7J0_CAPGI Substrate [31]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DE1NJIW B6VMJ3_PHOAA Substrate [32], [33]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DEDIMN9 A0A413GBG0_9BACE Substrate [21]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DEJ8X2W A0A412YFL9_9BACE Substrate [21]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DEFEVNH A0A381DV31_9FLAO Substrate [31]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DEAPGXV A0A347B2J2_9BACT Substrate [17]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DE0PDVC A0A2A3N1K0_CAPSP Substrate [31]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DEQL32N A0A250F962_9FLAO Substrate [31]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DE9HF0I A0A120A1C6_BACSE Substrate [21]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DESHI6O A0A108T9G3_9BACE Substrate [21]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DEZS3N4 A0A069QS91_PRELO Substrate [17]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DE5NSUX A0A095XPV0_9FIRM Substrate [17]
Beta-lactamase (blaB) DEQ1CTE A0A2T4TNV5_9BACT Substrate [34]

Drug Off-Target (DOT)
DOT Name DOT ID UniProt ID Interaction REF
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10 (AKR1B10) OTOA4HTH AK1BA_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [35]
HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ beta 1 chain (HLA-DQB1) OTVVI3UI DQB1_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [36]
Interleukin-8 (CXCL8) OTS7T5VH IL8_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [37]
Organic solute transporter subunit alpha (SLC51A) OTDJRZ0P OSTA_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [38]
Sulfiredoxin-1 (SRXN1) OTYDBO4L SRXN1_HUMAN Gene/Protein Processing [35]
Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA) Jump to Detail Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) Information of This Drug

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Disease Different from Amoxicillin (Comorbidity)
DDI Drug Name DDI Drug ID Severity Mechanism Comorbidity REF
Anisindione DM2C48U Moderate Increased risk of bleeding by the combination of Amoxicillin and Anisindione. Coagulation defect [3B10] [39]

Drug Inactive Ingredient(s) (DIG) and Formulation(s) of This Drug

DIG
DIG Name DIG ID PubChem CID Functional Classification
Allura red AC dye E00338 33258 Colorant
Aspartame E00402 134601 Flavoring agent
D&C red no. 28 E00491 6097185 Colorant
D&C red no. 30 E00456 3000709 Colorant
D&C red no. 33 E00261 19116 Colorant
FD&C blue no. 1 E00263 19700 Colorant
FD&C blue no. 2 E00446 2723854 Colorant
Isopropyl alcohol E00070 3776 Antimicrobial preservative; Solvent
Mannitol E00103 6251 Diluent; Flavoring agent; Lyophilization aid; Plasticizing agent; Tonicity agent
methylparaben E00149 7456 Antimicrobial preservative
Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate E00141 7175 Antimicrobial preservative
Quinoline yellow WS E00309 24671 Colorant
Sodium citrate anhydrous E00102 6224 Alkalizing agent; Buffering agent; Complexing agent; Emulsifying agent
Sodium lauryl sulfate E00464 3423265 Emulsifying agent; Modified-release agent; Penetration agent; Solubilizing agent; Surfactant; lubricant
Sunset yellow FCF E00255 17730 Colorant
Ammonia E00007 222 Alkalizing agent
Beta-D-lactose E00099 6134 Diluent; Dry powder inhaler carrier; Lyophilization aid
Butyl alcohol E00011 263 Flavoring agent; Solvent
Carmellose sodium E00625 Not Available Disintegrant
Citric acid monohydrate E00271 22230 Acidulant; Antioxidant; Buffering agent; Complexing agent; Flavoring agent
Crospovidone E00626 Not Available Disintegrant
Eisenoxyd E00585 56841934 Colorant
FD&C red no. 3 E00629 Not Available Colorant
Ferric hydroxide oxide yellow E00539 23320441 Colorant
Ferrosoferric oxide E00231 14789 Colorant
Lactose monohydrate E00393 104938 Binding agent; Diluent; Dry powder inhaler carrier; Lyophilization aid
Magnesium stearate E00208 11177 lubricant
Polyethylene glycol 3350 E00652 Not Available Coating agent; Diluent; Ointment base; Plasticizing agent; Solvent; Suppository base; lubricant
Polyethylene glycol 400 E00653 Not Available Coating agent; Diluent; Ointment base; Plasticizing agent; Solvent; Suppository base; lubricant
Polyoxyl 35 castor oil E00660 Not Available Emulsifying agent; Solubilizing agent; Surfactant
Polyvinyl alcohol E00666 Not Available Coating agent; Emulsion stabilizing agent; Film/Membrane-forming agent
Potassium hydroxide E00233 14797 Alkalizing agent
Povidone E00667 Not Available Binding agent; Coating agent; Disintegrant; Film/membrane-forming agent; Solubilizing agent; Suspending agent
Propylene glycol E00040 1030 Antimicrobial preservative; Humectant; Plasticizing agent; Solvent
Saccharose E00091 5988 Binding agent; Coating agent; Cryoprotectant; Diluent; Flavoring agent; Suspending agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Silicon dioxide E00670 Not Available Anticaking agent; Opacifying agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Soybean lecithin E00637 Not Available Other agent
Talc E00520 16211421 Anticaking agent; Diluent; Glidant; lubricant
Titanium dioxide E00322 26042 Coating agent; Colorant; Opacifying agent
Triacetin E00080 5541 Humectant; Plasticizing agent; Solvent
Triethyl citrate E00128 6506 Plasticizing agent; Solvent
Water E00035 962 Solvent
⏷ Show the Full List of 42 Pharmaceutical Excipients of This Drug
Pharmaceutical Formulation
Formulation Name Drug Dosage Dosage Form Route
Amoxicillin 775 mg tablet 775 mg Extended Release Tablet Oral
Amoxicillin 250 mg tablet 250 mg Chewable Tablet Oral
Amoxicillin 775 mg tablet 775 mg Extended Release Oral Tablet Oral
Amoxicillin 200 mg/5 ml suspension 200 mg/5 ml Oral Suspension Oral
Amoxicillin 400 mg/5 ml suspension 400 mg/5 ml Oral Suspension Oral
Amoxicillin 250 mg capsule 250 mg Oral Capsule Oral
Amoxicillin 500 mg capsule 500 mg Oral Capsule Oral
Amoxicillin 125 mg tablet 125 mg Chewable Tablet Oral
Amoxicillin 500 mg tablet 500 mg Oral Tablet Oral
Amoxicillin 875 mg tablet 875 mg Oral Tablet Oral
Jump to Detail Pharmaceutical Formulation Page of This Drug

References

1 Amoxicillin FDA Label
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3 Comparative clinical pharmacology of amoxicillin and ampicillin administered orally. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1972 Jun;1(6):504-7. doi: 10.1128/aac.1.6.504.
4 BDDCS applied to over 900 drugs
5 de Velde F, de Winter BC, Koch BC, van Gelder T, Mouton JW: Non-linear absorption pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin: consequences for dosing regimens and clinical breakpoints. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016 Oct;71(10):2909-17. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkw226. Epub 2016 Jun 20.
6 Bodey GP, Nance J: Amoxicillin: in vitro and pharmacological studies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1972 Apr;1(4):358-62. doi: 10.1128/aac.1.4.358.
7 Bauman JN, Frederick KS, Sawant A, Walsky RL, Cox LM, Obach RS, Kalgutkar AS: Comparison of the bioactivation potential of the antidepressant and hepatotoxin nefazodone with aripiprazole, a structural analog and marketed drug. Drug Metab Dispos. 2008 Jun;36(6):1016-29. doi: 10.1124/dmd.108.020545. Epub 2008 Mar 10.
8 Estimating the safe starting dose in phase I clinical trials and no observed effect level based on QSAR modeling of the human maximum recommended daily dose
9 Trend Analysis of a Database of Intravenous Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Humans for 1352 Drug Compounds
10 Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
11 Interactions of amoxicillin and cefaclor with human renal organic anion and peptide transporters. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 Apr;34(4):547-55.
12 The anti-influenza drug oseltamivir exhibits low potential to induce pharmacokinetic drug interactions via renal secretion-correlation of in vivo and in vitro studies. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002 Jan;30(1):13-9.
13 Human intestinal transporter database: QSAR modeling and virtual profiling of drug uptake, efflux and interactions. Pharm Res. 2013 Apr;30(4):996-1007.
14 High-dose rabeprazole/amoxicillin therapy as the second-line regimen after failure to eradicate H. pylori by triple therapy with the usual doses of a proton pump inhibitor, clarithromycin and amoxicillin. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003 Nov-Dec;50(54):2274-8.
15 Interspecies dissemination of a mobilizable plasmid harboring blaIMP-19 and the possibility of horizontal gene transfer in a single patient. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016 Aug 22;60(9):5412-9.
16 Genomic characterization of an extensively-drug resistance Salmonella enterica serotype Indiana strain harboring bla NDM-1 gene isolated from a chicken carcass in China. Microbiol Res. 2017 Nov;204:48-54.
17 Detection and characterization of beta-lactamase genes in subgingival bacteria from patients with refractory periodontitis. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2005 Jan 15;242(2):319-24.
18 Antimicrobial drugs used in the management of anaerobic infections in children. Drugs. 1983 Dec;26(6):520-9.
19 IncU plasmid harbouring bla CTX-M-8 in multidrug-resistant Shigella sonnei in Brazil. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2018 Sep;14:99-100.
20 A novel quorum-quenching N-acylhomoserine lactone acylase from Acidovorax sp. strain MR-S7 mediates antibiotic resistance. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2017 Jun 16;83(13). pii: e00080-17.
21 Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes in Bacteroides spp. and Prevotella spp. Dutch clinical isolates. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019 Sep;25(9):1156.e9-1156.e13.
22 Major phenylpropanoid-derived metabolites in the human gut can arise from microbial fermentation of protein. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2013 Mar;57(3):523-35.
23 The prevalence of beta-lactamase producing bacteria in subgingival plaque and their sensitivity to Augmentin. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1990 Jun;28(3):180-4.
24 ACI-1 beta-lactamase is widespread across human gut microbiomes in Negativicutes due to transposons harboured by tailed prophages. Environ Microbiol. 2018 Jun;20(6):2288-2300.
25 Beta-lactamase production and susceptibilities to amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, ticarcillin, ticarcillin-clavulanate, cefoxitin, imipenem, and metronidazole of 320 non-Bacteroides fragilis Bacteroides isolates and 129 fusobacteria from 28 U.S. centers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1990 Aug;34(8):1546-50.
26 Effect of CO2 on susceptibilities of anaerobes to erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, and roxithromycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994 Feb;38(2):211-6.
27 ACI-1 from Acidaminococcus fermentans: characterization of the first beta-lactamase in Anaerobic cocci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000 Nov;44(11):3144-9.
28 Presence of the cfxA gene in Bacteroides distasonis. Res Microbiol. 2003 Jun;154(5):369-74.
29 Beta-lactamase production, beta-lactam sensitivity and resistance to synergy with clavulanate of 737 Bacteroides fragilis group organisms from thirty-three US centres. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1990 Sep;26(3):361-70.
30 Prevotella strains and lactamic resistance gene distribution in different oral environments of children with pulp necrosis. Int Endod J. 2018 Nov;51(11):1196-1204.
31 High prevalence of beta-lactam and macrolide resistance genes in human oral Capnocytophaga species. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014 Feb;69(2):381-4.
32 Yersinia enterocolitica and Photorhabdus asymbiotica beta-lactamases BlaA are exported by the twin-arginine translocation pathway. Int J Med Microbiol. 2013 Jan;303(1):16-24.
33 Xenorhabdus luminescens (DNA hybridization group 5) from human clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 1989 Jul;27(7):1594-600. Case Reports
34 High prevalence of cfxA beta-lactamase in aminopenicillin-resistant Prevotella strains isolated from periodontal pockets. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2002 Apr;17(2):85-8.
35 Characterization of drug-specific signaling between primary human hepatocytes and immune cells. Toxicol Sci. 2017 Jul 1;158(1):76-89.
36 Systems pharmacological analysis of drugs inducing stevens-johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Chem Res Toxicol. 2015 May 18;28(5):927-34. doi: 10.1021/tx5005248. Epub 2015 Apr 3.
37 Systemic drugs inducing non-immediate cutaneous adverse reactions and contact sensitizers evoke similar responses in THP-1 cells. J Appl Toxicol. 2015 Apr;35(4):398-406. doi: 10.1002/jat.3033. Epub 2014 Aug 4.
38 Molecular mechanisms of hepatotoxic cholestasis by clavulanic acid: Role of NRF2 and FXR pathways. Food Chem Toxicol. 2021 Dec;158:112664. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112664. Epub 2021 Nov 9.
39 Alexander DP, Russo ME, Fohrman DE, Rothstein G "Nafcillin-induced platelet dysfunction and bleeding." Antimicrob Agents Chemother 23 (1983): 59-62. [PMID: 6830209]