Details of the Drug Combination

General Information of Drug Combination (ID: DC93VD1)

• Drug Combination Name: Bleomycin + Thioguanine
• Indication: Glioblastoma; Status: Investigative [1]
• Component Drugs:
  Bleomycin (DMNER5S): Small molecular drug
  Thioguanine (DM7NKEV): Small molecular drug
• High-throughput Screening Result:
  Testing Cell Line: SNB-75
  Zero Interaction Potency (ZIP) Score: 8.28
  Bliss Independence Score: 11.1
  Loewe Additivity Score: 11.43
  LHighest Single Agent (HSA) Score: 12.65

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug Combination

Indication(s) of Bleomycin

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Cervical cancer	2C77.0	Approved	[2]
Head and neck cancer	2D42	Approved	[2]
Hodgkin lymphoma	2B30	Approved	[3]
Penile cancer	N.A.	Approved	[2]
Testicular germ cell tumor	N.A.	Approved	[2]
Classic Hodgkin lymphoma	N.A.	Investigative	[2]
Follicular lymphoma	2A80	Investigative	[2]

Bleomycin Interacts with 1 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Human Deoxyribonucleic acid (hDNA)	TTUTN1I	NOUNIPROTAC	Breaker	[12]

Bleomycin Interacts with 1 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Bleomycin hydrolase (BLMH)	DECH1VP	BLMH_HUMAN	Metabolism	[13]

Bleomycin Interacts with 41 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Bleomycin hydrolase (BLMH)	OT2QPWQJ	BLMH_HUMAN	Affects Response To Substance	[14]
Superoxide dismutase (SOD1)	OT39TA1L	SODC_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[15]
Catalase (CAT)	OTHEBX9R	CATA_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[15]
Superoxide dismutase , mitochondrial (SOD2)	OTIWXGZ9	SODM_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[15]
Interstitial collagenase (MMP1)	OTI4I2V1	MMP1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[16]
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF2)	OT1M7D28	CSF2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[16]
Interleukin-8 (CXCL8)	OTS7T5VH	IL8_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[16]
C-X-C motif chemokine 2 (CXCL2)	OTEJCYMY	CXCL2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[16]
Mucin-5AC (MUC5AC)	OTJV8O04	MUC5A_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[16]
Proheparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HBEGF)	OTLU00JS	HBEGF_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[16]
Transmembrane protein 250 (TMEM250)	OTLJ4G5G	TM250_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[8]
Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1)	OTWA9KFU	SOCS1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[17]
Serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk2 (CHEK2)	OT8ZPCNS	CHK2_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[18]
Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein (TGFB1)	OTV5XHVH	TGFB1_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[9]
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)	OT4IE164	TNFA_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[19]
Interleukin-1 beta (IL1B)	OT0DWXXB	IL1B_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[9]
Fibronectin (FN1)	OTB5ZN4Q	FINC_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[9]
Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53)	OTIE1VH3	P53_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[20]
Interleukin-6 (IL6)	OTUOSCCU	IL6_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[9]
Histone H2AX (H2AX)	OT18UX57	H2AX_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[21]
Cathepsin S (CTSS)	OT3PXIPM	CATS_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[22]
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3B)	OTL3L14B	GSK3B_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[23]
Max-interacting protein 1 (MXI1)	OTUQ9E0D	MXI1_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[8]
Actin, aortic smooth muscle (ACTA2)	OTEDLG8E	ACTA_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[9]
Unconventional myosin-Ie (MYO1E)	OTM9YSIZ	MYO1E_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[8]
Transcription intermediary factor 1-beta (TRIM28)	OTE38OBF	TIF1B_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[18]
Serine-protein kinase ATM (ATM)	OTQVOHLT	ATM_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[18]
Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 1A (SMC1A)	OT9ZMRK9	SMC1A_HUMAN	Increases Phosphorylation	[18]
7SK snRNA methylphosphate capping enzyme (MEPCE)	OTRBQEYP	MEPCE_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[8]
Transmembrane protein 87A (TMEM87A)	OT8ATDVX	TM87A_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[8]
Terminal nucleotidyltransferase 4B (TENT4B)	OTUF6FWW	PAPD5_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[8]
Lipase member H (LIPH)	OTRGYLKL	LIPH_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[8]
Abasic site processing protein HMCES (HMCES)	OTVRDL6U	HMCES_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[8]
Small integral membrane protein 14 (SMIM14)	OT47IF19	SIM14_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[8]
Kelch-like protein 42 (KLHL42)	OTK6WARI	KLH42_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[8]
Inactive cell surface hyaluronidase CEMIP2 (CEMIP2)	OT9I1XUO	CEIP2_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[8]
ERBB receptor feedback inhibitor 1 (ERRFI1)	OT7VZ2IZ	ERRFI_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[8]
Transmembrane and coiled-coil domain protein 3 (TMCC3)	OTAIQ6V6	TMCC3_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[8]
Lactosylceramide alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase (ST3GAL5)	OT27CCUF	SIAT9_HUMAN	Decreases Expression	[8]
Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 2 (BIRC2)	OTFXFREP	BIRC2_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[24]
DNA cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1)	OTM2DGTK	DNMT1_HUMAN	Affects Response To Substance	[25]

Indication(s) of Thioguanine

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Acute lymphocytic leukaemia	2B33.3	Approved	[4]
Acute myelogenous leukaemia	2A41	Approved	[5]
Acute myeloid leukaemia	2A60	Approved	[6]
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)	1D64	Preclinical	[7]
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)	1D65	Preclinical	[7]

Thioguanine Interacts with 3 DTT Molecule(s)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
MERS-CoV papain-like proteinase (PL-PRO)	TTYJOLE	R1AB_CVEMC (854-2740)	Inhibitor	[7]
Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH)	TTCAQMW	NOUNIPROTAC	Intercalator	[26]
SARS-CoV papain-like proteinase (PL-PRO)	TTRGHB2	R1AB_CVHSA (819-2740)	Inhibitor	[7]

Thioguanine Interacts with 3 DTP Molecule(s)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2)	DTI7UX6	ABCG2_HUMAN	Substrate	[27]
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (ABCC4)	DTCSGPB	MRP4_HUMAN	Substrate	[28]
Concentrative Na(+)-nucleoside cotransporter 3 (SLC28A3)	DT4YL5R	S28A3_HUMAN	Substrate	[29]

Thioguanine Interacts with 2 DME Molecule(s)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT)	DEFQ8VO	TPMT_HUMAN	Metabolism	[30]
Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT1)	DEVXTP5	HPRT_HUMAN	Metabolism	[31]

Thioguanine Interacts with 11 DOT Molecule(s)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Mode of Action	REF
Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT)	OTFOX70W	TPMT_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[32]
Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT1)	OTOEEEXG	HPRT_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[33]
Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT)	OTFOX70W	TPMT_HUMAN	Increases ADR	[34]
Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 (IMPDH2)	OTPG0K7E	IMDH2_HUMAN	Increases Expression	[35]
Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53)	OTIE1VH3	P53_HUMAN	Increases Activity	[36]
Dystrophin (DMD)	OTD21T5J	DMD_HUMAN	Increases Splicing	[37]
Occludin (OCLN)	OTSUTVWL	OCLN_HUMAN	Decreases Activity	[38]
DNA mismatch repair protein Msh2 (MSH2)	OT10H1AB	MSH2_HUMAN	Increases Response To Substance	[39]
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 5 (ABCC5)	OT34G4US	MRP5_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[40]
Caspase-8 (CASP8)	OTA8TVI8	CASP8_HUMAN	Increases Response To Substance	[36]
Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 2 (BIRC2)	OTFXFREP	BIRC2_HUMAN	Decreases Response To Substance	[24]

Test Results of This Drug Combination in Other Disease Systems

Indication	DrugCom ID	Cell Line	Status	REF
Adult acute myeloid leukemia	DCG9PGF	HL-60(TB)	Investigative	[1]
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma	DCMMBL5	SR	Investigative	[1]
Childhood T acute lymphoblastic leukemia	DCZPNDG	CCRF-CEM	Investigative	[1]
Chronic myelogenous leukemia	DCEYOBA	K-562	Investigative	[1]
Glioma	DCX3ZNP	SF-268	Investigative	[1]
Papillary renal cell carcinoma	DCNZ7XA	ACHN	Investigative	[1]
Renal cell carcinoma	DC9YGPN	SN12C	Investigative	[1]
Breast adenocarcinoma	DCCADC7	MDA-MB-468	Investigative	[41]
Colon adenocarcinoma	DCC5QOG	COLO 205	Investigative	[41]
Colon carcinoma	DCXXL8P	KM12	Investigative	[41]
Invasive ductal carcinoma	DCD6PWO	HS 578T	Investigative	[41]
Adenocarcinoma	DC65PZ9	SW-620	Investigative	[42]
High grade ovarian serous adenocarcinoma	DCOU7CJ	OVCAR-8	Investigative	[42]
Large cell lung carcinoma	DCY2XLW	NCI-H460	Investigative	[42]
Lung adenocarcinoma	DCU2OEZ	EKVX	Investigative	[42]
Malignant melanoma	DC46K49	LOX IMVI	Investigative	[42]
Melanoma	DC9SK92	SK-MEL-2	Investigative	[42]
Mixed endometrioid and clear cell carcinoma	DC1UVZV	IGROV1	Investigative	[42]

References

• [1] Recurrent recessive mutation in deoxyguanosine kinase causes idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension.Hepatology. 2016 Jun;63(6):1977-86. doi: 10.1002/hep.28499. Epub 2016 Mar 31.
• [2] Bleomycin FDA Label
• [3] Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. J Nat Prod. 2007 Mar;70(3):461-77.
• [4] Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2015
• [5] Thioguanine FDA Label
• [6] URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 6845).
• [7] Thiopurine analogs and mycophenolic acid synergistically inhibit the papain-like protease of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Antiviral Res. 2015 Mar;115:9-16.
• [8] Development and validation of the TGx-HDACi transcriptomic biomarker to detect histone deacetylase inhibitors in human TK6 cells. Arch Toxicol. 2021 May;95(5):1631-1645. doi: 10.1007/s00204-021-03014-2. Epub 2021 Mar 26.
• [9] Pulmonary fibrosis model using micro-CT analyzable human PSC-derived alveolar organoids containing alveolar macrophage-like cells. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2022 Aug;38(4):557-575. doi: 10.1007/s10565-022-09698-1. Epub 2022 Mar 10.
• [10] An antisense oligonucleotide targeted to human Ku86 messenger RNA sensitizes M059K malignant glioma cells to ionizing radiation, bleomycin, and etoposide but not DNA cross-linking agents. Cancer Res. 2002 Oct 15;62(20):5888-96.
• [11] XRCC1 deficiency sensitizes human lung epithelial cells to genotoxicity by crocidolite asbestos and Libby amphibole. Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Dec;118(12):1707-13. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1002312. Epub 2010 Aug 11.
• [12] Bleomycin and talisomycin sequence-specific strand scission of DNA: a mechanism of double-strand cleavage. Cancer Res. 1982 Jul;42(7):2779-85.
• [13] The C-terminus of human bleomycin hydrolase is required for protection against bleomycin-induced chromosomal damage. Mutat Res. 1998 Oct 12;421(1):1-7.
• [14] Genetic polymorphisms of DNA repair and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes: role in mutagen sensitivity. Carcinogenesis. 2002 Jun;23(6):1003-8. doi: 10.1093/carcin/23.6.1003.
• [15] Age-dependent basal level and induction capacity of copper-zinc and manganese superoxide dismutase and other scavenging enzyme activities in leukocytes from young and elderly adults. Am J Pathol. 1993 Jul;143(1):312-20.
• [16] Agents associated with lung inflammation induce similar responses in NCI-H292 lung epithelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro. 2008 Oct;22(7):1782-8.
• [17] Characterization of DNA reactive and non-DNA reactive anticancer drugs by gene expression profiling. Mutat Res. 2007 Jun 1;619(1-2):16-29. doi: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2006.12.007. Epub 2007 Feb 8.
• [18] Direct activation of ATM by resveratrol under oxidizing conditions. PLoS One. 2014 Jun 16;9(6):e97969. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097969. eCollection 2014.
• [19] Enhanced IL-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha release and messenger RNA expression in macrophages from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis or after asbestos exposure. J Immunol. 1993 May 1;150(9):4188-96.
• [20] Synergistic anticancer activity of dietary tea polyphenols and bleomycin hydrochloride in human cervical cancer cell: Caspase-dependent and independent apoptotic pathways. Chem Biol Interact. 2016 Mar 5;247:1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.01.012. Epub 2016 Jan 29.
• [21] Distinct mechanisms of cell-kill by triapine and its terminally dimethylated derivative Dp44mT due to a loss or gain of activity of their copper(II) complexes. Biochem Pharmacol. 2014 Oct 1;91(3):312-22. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.08.006. Epub 2014 Aug 15.
• [22] Radiation-induced cathepsin S is involved in radioresistance. Int J Cancer. 2009 Apr 15;124(8):1794-801. doi: 10.1002/ijc.24095.
• [23] Bleomycin-induced nuclear factor-kappaB activation in human bronchial epithelial cells involves the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta. Toxicol Lett. 2009 Jun 22;187(3):194-200. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.02.023. Epub 2009 Mar 13.
• [24] Expression and prognostic significance of IAP-family genes in human cancers and myeloid leukemias. Clin Cancer Res. 2000 May;6(5):1796-803.
• [25] DNA methylation inhibitor 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine induces reversible genome-wide DNA damage that is distinctly influenced by DNA methyltransferases 1 and 3B. Mol Cell Biol. 2008 Jan;28(2):752-71. doi: 10.1128/MCB.01799-07. Epub 2007 Nov 8.
• [26] Immune effector cells produce lethal DNA damage in cells treated with a thiopurine. Cancer Res. 2009 Mar 15;69(6):2393-9.
• [27] ABC transporters and their role in nucleoside and nucleotide drug resistance. Biochem Pharmacol. 2012 Apr 15;83(8):1073-83.
• [28] Multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4/ABCC4) mediates efflux of bimane-glutathione. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2004 Feb;36(2):247-57.
• [29] Involvement of the concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 and equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 in the resistance of T-lymphoblastic cell lines to thiopurines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Apr 28;343(1):208-15.
• [30] Usefulness of thiopurine methyltransferase and thiopurine metabolite analysis in clinical practice in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2010 Jul-Sep;73(3):331-5.
• [31] Qualitative and quantitative difference in mutation induction between carbon- and neon-ion beams in normal human cells. Biol Sci Space. 2003 Dec;17(4):302-6.
• [32] ADReCS-Target: target profiles for aiding drug safety research and application. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018 Jan 4;46(D1):D911-D917. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx899.
• [33] CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout screens and target identification via whole-genome sequencing uncover host genes required for picornavirus infection. J Biol Chem. 2017 Jun 23;292(25):10664-10671. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M117.782425. Epub 2017 Apr 26.
• [34] Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guidelines for thiopurine methyltransferase genotype and thiopurine dosing. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Mar;89(3):387-91. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2010.320. Epub 2011 Jan 26.
• [35] Petit E, Langouet S, Akhdar H, Nicolas-Nicolaz C, Guillouzo A, Morel F. Differential toxic effects of azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine on human hepatocytes. Toxicol In Vitro. 2008;22(3):632-642. [PMID: 18222062]
• [36] Important role of caspase-8 for chemosensitivity of ALL cells. Clin Cancer Res. 2011 Dec 15;17(24):7605-13. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-0513. Epub 2011 Oct 18.
• [37] The effect of 6-thioguanine on alternative splicing and antisense-mediated exon skipping treatment for duchenne muscular dystrophy. PLoS Curr. 2012 Dec 12;4:ecurrents.md.597d700f92eaa70de261ea0d91821377. doi: 10.1371/currents.md.597d700f92eaa70de261ea0d91821377.
• [38] The thiopurine methyltransferase genetic polymorphism is associated with thioguanine-related veno-occlusive disease of the liver in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Oct;80(4):375-83. doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2006.07.002.
• [39] The effect of Msh2 knockdown on methylating agent induced toxicity in DNA glycosylase deficient cells. Toxicology. 2010 Jan 31;268(1-2):111-7. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.12.008. Epub 2009 Dec 16.
• [40] The multidrug resistance protein 5 (ABCC5) confers resistance to 5-fluorouracil and transports its monophosphorylated metabolites. Mol Cancer Ther. 2005 May;4(5):855-63.
• [41] Biologically active neutrophil chemokine pattern in tonsillitis.Clin Exp Immunol. 2004 Mar;135(3):511-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2003.02390.x.
• [42] Loss of function mutations in VARS encoding cytoplasmic valyl-tRNA synthetase cause microcephaly, seizures, and progressive cerebral atrophy.Hum Genet. 2018 Apr;137(4):293-303. doi: 10.1007/s00439-018-1882-3. Epub 2018 Apr 24.