Details of the Drug

General Information of Drug (ID: DMD8Q3J)

Drug Name

Gemfibrozil

Synonyms

ApoGemfibrozil; Ausgem; Bolutol; Brozil; Cholespid; Clearol; Decrelip; Elmogan; Fetinor; Fibratol; Fibrocit; GFZ; Gemd; Gemfibril; Gemfibromax; Gemfibrosil; Gemfibrozilo; Gemfibrozilum; Gemhexal; Gemlipid; Gemnpid; GenGemfibrozil; Genlip; Gozid; Hidil; Hipolixan; Innogem; Innogen; Ipolipid; Jezil; Lanaterom; Lifibron; Lipazil; Lipigem; Lipira; Lipizyl; Lipozid; Lipur; Litarek; Lopid; Micolip; Normolip; NuGemfibrozil; Pilder; Polyxit; Progemzal; Reducel; Regulip; Renabrazin; Sinelip; Synbrozil; Taborcil; Tentroc; Trialmin; Alphapharm Brand of Gemfibrozil; Apo Gemfibrozil; Apotex Brand of Gemfibrozil; Bayvit Brand of Gemfibrozil; Bexal Brand of Gemfibrozil; Biochemie Brand of Gemfibrozil; Bull Brand of Gemfibrozil; Cantabria Brand of Gemfibrozil; Chem mart Brand of Gemfibrozil; Chem mart Gemfibrozil; DBL Gemfibrozil; Douglas Brand of Gemfibrozil; Farmasierra Brand of Gemfibrozil; Faulding Brand of Gemfibrozil;Ferrer Brand of Gemfibrozil; Gemfibrozilo Bayvit; Gemfibrozilo Bexal; Gemfibrozilo Ur; Gen Gemfibrozil; GenRX Gemfibrozil; Genpharm Brand of Gemfibrozil; Gevilon Uno; Healthsense Brand of Gemfibrozil; Healthsense Gemfibrozil; Hexal Brand of Gemfibrozil; Ipsen Brand of Gemfibrozil; Lipox Gemfi; Lopid R; Menarini Brand of Gemfibrozil; Novo Gemfibrozil; Novopharm Brand of Gemfibrozil; Nu Gemfibrozil; Nu Pharm Brand of Gemfibrozil; PMS Gemfibrozil; Parke Davis Brand of Gemfibrozil; Pfizer Brand of Gemfibrozil; Pharmascience Brand of Gemfibrozil; Quimifar Brand of Gemfibrozil; SBPA Gemfibrozil; Sigma Brand of Gemfibrozil; TAD Brand of Gemfibrozil; Terry White Chemists Brand of Gemfibrozil; Terry White Chemists Gemfibrozil; United Drug Brand of Gemfibrozil; Warner Lambert Brand of Gemfibrozil; CI719; Gemfi 1A Pharma; Apo-Gemfibrozil; Bayvit, Gemfibrozilo; Gem-S; Gemfibrozil, GenRX; Gemfibrozil, Healthsense; Gemfibrozil, SBPA; Gemfibrozilo [INN-Spanish]; Gemfibrozilum [INN-Latin]; Gen-Fibro;Gen-Gemfibrozil; Jezil (TN); Lopid (TN); Low-Lip; Novo-Gemfibrozil; Nu-Gemfibrozil; Nu-Pharm Brand of Gemfibrozil; PMS-Gemfibrozil; TEVA-A; WL-Gemfibrozil; Warner-Lambert Brand of Gemfibrozil; GEMFIBROZIL (SEE ALSO PEROXISOME PROJECT (GEMFIBROZIL)); Gemfibrozil [USAN:BAN:INN]; Gen-Fibro (TN); PEROXISOME PROJECT (GEMFIBROZIL) (SEE ALSO GEMFIBROZIL); Gemfibrozil (JAN/USP/INN); Gemcor, Lopid, Jezil,Gen-Fibro, Gemfibrozil; 1A Brand of Gemfibrozil; 2,2-Dimethyl-5-(2,5-dimethylphenoxy)pentanoic acid; 2,2-Dimethyl-5-(2,5-dimethylphenoxy)valeriansaeure; 2,2-Dimethyl-5-(2,5-xylyloxy)valeriansaeure; 2,2-Dimethyl-5-(2,5-xylyloxy)valeric acid; 5-(2,5-Dimethyl-Phenoxy)-2,2-Dimethyl-Pentanoic Acid; 5-(2,5-Dimethylphenoxy)-2,2-dimethylpentanoic acid; 5-[(2,5-dimethylphenyl)oxy]-2,2-dimethylpentanoic acid

Indication

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Hyperlipidaemia	5C80	Approved	[1]
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Therapeutic Class

Antilipemic Agents

Drug Type

Small molecular drug

Structure

3D MOL

2D MOL

#Ro5 Violations (Lipinski): 0

Molecular Weight (mw)

250.33

Logarithm of the Partition Coefficient (xlogp)

3.8

Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds)

Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor)

Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc)

ADMET Property

Absorption Cmax: The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of drug is 46 +/- 16 mg/L [2]
Absorption Tmax: The time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) is 2.2 +/- 1.1 h [2]
BDDCS Class: Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) Class 2: low solubility and high permeability [3]
Bioavailability: 98% of drug becomes completely available to its intended biological destination(s) [4]
Clearance: The clearance of drug is 6.0 L/h [5]
Elimination: Approximately 70% of a dose of gemfibrozil is eliminated in the urine [2]
Half-life: The concentration or amount of drug in body reduced by one-half in 1.5 hours [2]
Metabolism: The drug is metabolized via UGT2B7, but also by UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A9, UGT2B4, UGT2B17 [6]
MRTD: The Maximum Recommended Therapeutic Dose (MRTD) of drug that ensured maximising efficacy and moderate side effect is 79.8911 micromolar/kg/day [7]
Vd: The volume of distribution (Vd) of drug is 0.8 L/kg [5]
Water Solubility: The ability of drug to dissolve in water is measured as 0.019 mg/mL [3]

Chemical Identifiers

Formula: C15H22O3
IUPAC Name: 5-(2,5-dimethylphenoxy)-2,2-dimethylpentanoic acid
Canonical SMILES: CC1=CC(=C(C=C1)C)OCCCC(C)(C)C(=O)O
InChI: InChI=1S/C15H22O3/c1-11-6-7-12(2)13(10-11)18-9-5-8-15(3,4)14(16)17/h6-7,10H,5,8-9H2,1-4H3,(H,16,17)
InChIKey: HEMJJKBWTPKOJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Cross-matching ID

PubChem CID: 3463
ChEBI ID: CHEBI:5296
CAS Number: 25812-30-0
DrugBank ID: DB01241
TTD ID: D05VIX
VARIDT ID: DR00540
INTEDE ID: DR0766
ACDINA ID: D00300

Combinatorial Drugs (CBD)

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Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)	TTOF3WZ	LIPL_HUMAN	Activator	[8]

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Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme (DME)

DME Name	DME ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	DE4LYSA	CP3A4_HUMAN	Substrate	[9]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1)	DEYGVN4	UD11_HUMAN	Substrate	[10]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 (UGT2B7)_{Main DME}	DEB3CV1	UD2B7_HUMAN	Substrate	[10]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9 (UGT1A9)	DE85D2P	UD19_HUMAN	Substrate	[10]
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A3 (UGT1A3)	DEF2WXN	UD13_HUMAN	Substrate	[11]
Catechol-2,3-dioxygenase (caD)	DEFKSVZ	A0A371SLU3_9BACI	Substrate	[12]

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Drug Off-Target (DOT)

DOT Name	DOT ID	UniProt ID	Interaction	REF
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10 (AKR1B10)	OTOA4HTH	AK1BA_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[13]
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)	OTTRZGU7	ACE2_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[14]
Apolipoprotein A-I (APOA1)	OT5THARI	APOA1_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[15]
Apolipoprotein B-100 (APOB)	OTH0UOCZ	APOB_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[15]
Bifunctional epoxide hydrolase 2 (EPHX2)	OTPTRCNW	HYES_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[16]
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2)	OTLLBX48	CP1A2_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[17]
Cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8)	OTHCWT42	CP2C8_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[18]
Cytochrome P450 2J2 (CYP2J2)	OTJBTEH8	CP2J2_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[16]
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)	OTQGYY83	CP3A4_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[18]
Cytochrome P450 7A1 (CYP7A1)	OT8Z5KLD	CP7A1_HUMAN	Gene/Protein Processing	[19]

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Molecular Interaction Atlas (MIA)

MIA Detail

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Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) Information of This Drug

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Disease Different from Gemfibrozil (Comorbidity)

DDI Drug Name	DDI Drug ID	Severity	Mechanism	Comorbidity	REF
Insulin-glulisine	DMQI0FU	Moderate	Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Gemfibrozil and Insulin-glulisine.	Acute diabete complication [5A2Y]	[20]
Insulin-aspart	DMX7V28	Moderate	Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Gemfibrozil and Insulin-aspart.	Acute diabete complication [5A2Y]	[21]
Erdafitinib	DMI782S	Major	Decreased metabolism of Gemfibrozil caused by Erdafitinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Bladder cancer [2C94]	[22]
Pexidartinib	DMS2J0Z	Major	Decreased metabolism of Gemfibrozil caused by Pexidartinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Bone/articular cartilage neoplasm [2F7B]	[23]
Tucatinib	DMBESUA	Major	Decreased metabolism of Gemfibrozil caused by Tucatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Breast cancer [2C60-2C6Y]	[24]
Revefenacin	DMMP5SI	Moderate	Decreased clearance of Gemfibrozil due to the transporter inhibition by Revefenacin.	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [CA22]	[25]
Lacosamide	DMVM6QR	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Gemfibrozil caused by Lacosamide mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Epilepsy/seizure [8A61-8A6Z]	[26]
ABT-333	DM7TOWX	Major	Decreased metabolism of Gemfibrozil caused by ABT-333 mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Hepatitis virus infection [1E50-1E51]	[27]
GS-9857	DMYU6P5	Moderate	Decreased clearance of Gemfibrozil due to the transporter inhibition by GS-9857.	Hepatitis virus infection [1E50-1E51]	[28]
Etravirine	DMGV8QU	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Gemfibrozil caused by Etravirine mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[29]
Pirfenidone	DM6VZFQ	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Gemfibrozil caused by Pirfenidone mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Idiopathic interstitial pneumonitis [CB03]	[30]
Lesinurad	DMUR64T	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Gemfibrozil caused by Lesinurad mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Inborn purine/pyrimidine/nucleotide metabolism error [5C55]	[31]
ITI-007	DMUQ1DO	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Gemfibrozil caused by ITI-007 mediated inhibition of UGT.	Insomnia [7A00-7A0Z]	[32]
Eluxadoline	DMYZ0P1	Major	Decreased clearance of Gemfibrozil due to the transporter inhibition by Eluxadoline.	Irritable bowel syndrome [DD91]	[30]
Brigatinib	DM7W94S	Minor	Decreased metabolism of Gemfibrozil caused by Brigatinib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Lung cancer [2C25]	[33]
PF-06463922	DMKM7EW	Moderate	Increased metabolism of Gemfibrozil caused by PF-06463922 mediated induction of UGT.	Lung cancer [2C25]	[26]
Hydroxychloroquine	DMSIVND	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Gemfibrozil caused by Hydroxychloroquine mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Malaria [1F40-1F45]	[26]
Arry-162	DM1P6FR	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Gemfibrozil caused by Arry-162 mediated inhibition of UGT.	Melanoma [2C30]	[26]
Dabrafenib	DMX6OE3	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Gemfibrozil caused by Dabrafenib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Melanoma [2C30]	[26]
Siponimod	DM2R86O	Major	Decreased metabolism of Gemfibrozil caused by Siponimod mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Multiple sclerosis [8A40]	[26]
Ozanimod	DMT6AM2	Major	Decreased metabolism of Gemfibrozil caused by Ozanimod mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Multiple sclerosis [8A40]	[26]
Lonafarnib	DMGM2Z6	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Gemfibrozil caused by Lonafarnib mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Premature ageing appearance [LD2B]	[34]
Enzalutamide	DMGL19D	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Gemfibrozil caused by Enzalutamide mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Prostate cancer [2C82]	[35]
Selexipag	DMAHSU0	Major	Decreased metabolism of Gemfibrozil caused by Selexipag mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Pulmonary hypertension [BB01]	[36]
As-1670542	DMV05SW	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Gemfibrozil caused by As-1670542 mediated inhibition of CYP450 enzyme.	Thrombocytopenia [3B64]	[30]
Insulin-detemir	DMOA4VW	Moderate	Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Gemfibrozil and Insulin-detemir.	Type-1/2 diabete [5A10-5A11]	[20]
Insulin degludec	DMPL395	Moderate	Increased risk of hypoglycemia by the combination of Gemfibrozil and Insulin degludec.	Type-1/2 diabete [5A10-5A11]	[20]
Elagolix	DMB2C0E	Major	Decreased clearance of Gemfibrozil due to the transporter inhibition by Elagolix.	Uterine fibroid [2E86]	[37]
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⏷ Show the Full List of 28 DDI Information of This Drug

Drug Inactive Ingredient(s) (DIG) and Formulation(s) of This Drug

DIG

DIG Name	DIG ID	PubChem CID	Functional Classification
FD&C blue no. 1	E00263	19700	Colorant
Isopropyl alcohol	E00070	3776	Antimicrobial preservative; Solvent
methylparaben	E00149	7456	Antimicrobial preservative
Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate	E00141	7175	Antimicrobial preservative
Sodium lauryl sulfate	E00464	3423265	Emulsifying agent; Modified-release agent; Penetration agent; Solubilizing agent; Surfactant; lubricant
Butyl alcohol	E00011	263	Flavoring agent; Solvent
Calcium stearate	E00244	15324	lubricant
Carmellose sodium	E00625	Not Available	Disintegrant
Crospovidone	E00626	Not Available	Disintegrant
Hypromellose	E00634	Not Available	Coating agent
Magnesium stearate	E00208	11177	lubricant
Magnesium sulfate	E00281	24083	Vaccine adjuvant
Polyethylene glycol 3350	E00652	Not Available	Coating agent; Diluent; Ointment base; Plasticizing agent; Solvent; Suppository base; lubricant
Polyethylene glycol 400	E00653	Not Available	Coating agent; Diluent; Ointment base; Plasticizing agent; Solvent; Suppository base; lubricant
Polyethylene glycol 4000	E00654	Not Available	Coating agent; Diluent; Ointment base; Plasticizing agent; Solvent; Suppository base; lubricant
Polysorbate 80	E00665	Not Available	Dispersing agent; Emollient; Emulsifying agent; Plasticizing agent; Solubilizing agent; Surfactant; Suspending agent
Polyvinyl alcohol	E00666	Not Available	Coating agent; Emulsion stabilizing agent; Film/Membrane-forming agent
Povidone	E00667	Not Available	Binding agent; Coating agent; Disintegrant; Film/membrane-forming agent; Solubilizing agent; Suspending agent
Propylene glycol	E00040	1030	Antimicrobial preservative; Humectant; Plasticizing agent; Solvent
Silicon dioxide	E00670	Not Available	Anticaking agent; Opacifying agent; Viscosity-controlling agent
Talc	E00520	16211421	Anticaking agent; Diluent; Glidant; lubricant
Titanium dioxide	E00322	26042	Coating agent; Colorant; Opacifying agent
Triacetin	E00080	5541	Humectant; Plasticizing agent; Solvent
Water	E00035	962	Solvent
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⏷ Show the Full List of 24 Pharmaceutical Excipients of This Drug

Pharmaceutical Formulation

Formulation Name	Drug Dosage	Dosage Form	Route
Gemfibrozil 600 mg tablet	600 mg	Oral Tablet	Oral

Jump to Detail Pharmaceutical Formulation Page of This Drug

References

1	URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 3439).
2	FDA Approved Drug Products: Gemfibrozil Oral Tablets
3	BDDCS applied to over 900 drugs
4	Critical Evaluation of Human Oral Bioavailability for Pharmaceutical Drugs by Using Various Cheminformatics Approaches
5	Varma MV, Lin J, Bi YA, Kimoto E, Rodrigues AD: Quantitative Rationalization of Gemfibrozil Drug Interactions: Consideration of Transporters-Enzyme Interplay and the Role of Circulating Metabolite Gemfibrozil 1-O-beta-Glucuronide. Drug Metab Dispos. 2015 Jul;43(7):1108-18. doi: 10.1124/dmd.115.064303. Epub 2015 May 4.
6	Farlow MR: Clinical pharmacokinetics of galantamine. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2003;42(15):1383-92. doi: 10.2165/00003088-200342150-00005.
7	Estimating the safe starting dose in phase I clinical trials and no observed effect level based on QSAR modeling of the human maximum recommended daily dose
8	Mode of action of fibrates in the regulation of triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol metabolism. Drugs Today (Barc). 2006 Jan;42(1):39-64.
9	Clinical pharmacokinetics of fibric acid derivatives (fibrates). Clin Pharmacokinet. 1998 Feb;34(2):155-62.
10	The UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 isozyme is responsible for gemfibrozil glucuronidation in the human liver. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007 Nov;35(11):2040-4.
11	Comprehensive pharmacogenomic study reveals an important role of UGT1A3 in montelukast pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2018 Jul;104(1):158-168.
12	Genomic, proteomic, and metabolite characterization of gemfibrozil-degrading organism Bacillus sp. GeD10. Environ Sci Technol. 2016 Jan 19;50(2):744-55.
13	Inhibiting wild-type and C299S mutant AKR1B10; a homologue of aldose reductase upregulated in cancers. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008 Apr 28;584(2-3):213-21.
14	Effect of common medications on the expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry receptors in liver tissue. Arch Toxicol. 2020 Dec;94(12):4037-4041. doi: 10.1007/s00204-020-02869-1. Epub 2020 Aug 17.
15	Niacin, but not gemfibrozil, selectively increases LP-AI, a cardioprotective subfraction of HDL, in patients with low HDL cholesterol. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001 Nov;21(11):1783-9. doi: 10.1161/hq1001.096624.
16	Expression of cytochrome P450 epoxygenases and soluble epoxide hydrolase is regulated by hypolipidemic drugs in dose-dependent manner. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2018 Sep 15;355:156-163.
17	Cytochrome P450 inhibition potential of new psychoactive substances of the tryptamine class. Toxicol Lett. 2016 Jan 22;241:82-94.
18	Comparative effects of fibrates on drug metabolizing enzymes in human hepatocytes. Pharm Res. 2005 Jan;22(1):71-8.
19	Fibrates modify the expression of key factors involved in bile-acid synthesis and biliary-lipid secretion in gallstone patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2004 Feb;59(12):855-61. doi: 10.1007/s00228-003-0704-1. Epub 2003 Dec 18.
20	Abad S, Moachon L, Blanche P, Bavoux F, Sicard D, Salmon-Ceron D "Possible interaction between glicazide, fluconazole and sulfamethoxazole resulting in severe hypoglycaemia." Br J Clin Pharmacol 52 (2001): 456-7. [PMID: 11678792]
21	Asplund K, Wiholm BE, Lithner F "Glibenclamide-associated hypoglycaemia: a report on 57 cases." Diabetologia 24 (1983): 412-7. [PMID: 6411511]
22	Product Information. Balversa (erdafitinib). Janssen Products, LP, Horsham, PA.
23	Product Information. Turalio (pexidartinib). Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Parsippany, NJ.
24	Product Information. Tukysa (tucatinib). Seattle Genetics Inc, Bothell, WA.
25	Product Information. Nexletol (bempedoic acid). Esperion Therapeutics, Ann Arbor, MI.
26	Cerner Multum, Inc. "Australian Product Information.".
27	Ogilvie BW, Zhang D, Li W, et al. "Glucuronidation converts gemfibrozil to a potent, metabolism-dependent inhibitor of CYP2C8: implications for drug-drug interactions." Drug Metab Dispos 34 (2006): 191-7. [PMID: 16299161]
28	Product Information. Vosevi (sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir). Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA.
29	Product Information. Intelence (etravirine). Ortho Biotech Inc, Bridgewater, NJ.
30	Cerner Multum, Inc. "UK Summary of Product Characteristics.".
31	Product Information. Zurampic (lesinurad). Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE.
32	Product Information. Caplyta (lumateperone). Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc., New York, NY.
33	Product Information. Alunbrig (brigatinib). Ariad Pharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, MA.
34	Product Information. Zokinvy (lonafarnib). Eiger BioPharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA.
35	Product Information. Xtandi (enzalutamide). Astellas Pharma US, Inc, Deerfield, IL.
36	Agencia Espaola de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios Healthcare "Centro de informacion online de medicamentos de la AEMPS - CIMA.".
37	Product Information. Orilissa (elagolix). AbbVie US LLC, North Chicago, IL.